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De Coster T, Masset H, Tšuiko O, Catteeuw M, Zhao Y, Dierckxsens N, Aparicio AL, Dimitriadou E, Debrock S, Peeraer K, de Ruijter-Villani M, Smits K, Van Soom A, Vermeesch JR. Parental genomes segregate into distinct blastomeres during multipolar zygotic divisions leading to mixoploid and chimeric blastocysts. Genome Biol 2022; 23:201. [PMID: 36184650 PMCID: PMC9528162 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During normal zygotic division, two haploid parental genomes replicate, unite and segregate into two biparental diploid blastomeres. Results Contrary to this fundamental biological tenet, we demonstrate here that parental genomes can segregate to distinct blastomeres during the zygotic division resulting in haploid or uniparental diploid and polyploid cells, a phenomenon coined heterogoneic division. By mapping the genomic landscape of 82 blastomeres from 25 bovine zygotes, we show that multipolar zygotic division is a tell-tale of whole-genome segregation errors. Based on the haplotypes and live-imaging of zygotic divisions, we demonstrate that various combinations of androgenetic, gynogenetic, diploid, and polyploid blastomeres arise via distinct parental genome segregation errors including the formation of additional paternal, private parental, or tripolar spindles, or by extrusion of paternal genomes. Hence, we provide evidence that private parental spindles, if failing to congress before anaphase, can lead to whole-genome segregation errors. In addition, anuclear blastomeres are common, indicating that cytokinesis can be uncoupled from karyokinesis. Dissociation of blastocyst-stage embryos further demonstrates that whole-genome segregation errors might lead to mixoploid or chimeric development in both human and cow. Yet, following multipolar zygotic division, fewer embryos reach the blastocyst stage and diploidization occurs frequently indicating that alternatively, blastomeres with genome-wide errors resulting from whole-genome segregation errors can be selected against or contribute to embryonic arrest. Conclusions Heterogoneic zygotic division provides an overarching paradigm for the development of mixoploid and chimeric individuals and moles and can be an important cause of embryonic and fetal arrest following natural conception or IVF. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-022-02763-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine De Coster
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Heleen Masset
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olga Tšuiko
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maaike Catteeuw
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dierckxsens
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ainhoa Larreategui Aparicio
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eftychia Dimitriadou
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Debrock
- Leuven University Fertility Center, University Hospitals of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Peeraer
- Leuven University Fertility Center, University Hospitals of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marta de Ruijter-Villani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Woman and Baby, Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3508, GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Smits
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joris Robert Vermeesch
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Masset H, Tšuiko O, Vermeesch JR. Genome-wide abnormalities in embryos: Origins and clinical consequences. Prenat Diagn 2021; 41:554-563. [PMID: 33524193 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ploidy or genome-wide chromosomal anomalies such as triploidy, diploid/triploid mixoploidy, chimerism, and genome-wide uniparental disomy are the cause of molar pregnancies, embryonic lethality, and developmental disorders. While triploidy and genome-wide uniparental disomy can be ascribed to fertilization or meiotic errors, the mechanisms causing mixoploidy and chimerism remain shrouded in mystery. Different models have been proposed, but all remain hypothetical and controversial, are deduced from the developmental persistent genomic constitutions present in the sample studied and lack direct evidence. New single-cell genomic methodologies, such as single-cell genome-wide haplotyping, provide an extended view of the constitution of normal and abnormal embryos and have further pinpointed the existence of mixoploidy in cleavage-stage embryos. Based on those recent findings, we suggest that genome-wide anomalies, which persist in fetuses and patients, can for a large majority be explained by a noncanonical first zygotic cleavage event, during which maternal and paternal genomes in a single zygote, segregate to different blastomeres. This process, termed heterogoneic division, provides an overarching theoretical basis for the different presentations of mixoploidy and chimerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Masset
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olga Tšuiko
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Repnikova E, Roberts J, Kats A, Habeebu S, Schwager C, Joyce J, Manalang M, Amudhavalli SM. Biparental/androgenetic mosaicism in a male with features of overgrowth and placental mesenchymal dysplasia. Clin Genet 2018; 94:564-568. [PMID: 30084132 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biparental/androgenetic mosaicism is a rarely diagnosed condition in humans. It is typically ascertained prenatally on the basis of placental mesenchymal dysplasia. Fetal outcome can range from demise due to intrauterine growth retardation to term delivery. Most of the published cases of liveborns represent females that are either completely normal or have features of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Only two healthy liveborn males with mosaicism detected in the placenta have been described to date. Here, we report another liveborn male with hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma, soft tissue overgrowth on his right fifth toe, hemangiomas over his chest, right buttock and foot, anemia, thrombocytopenia and congenital hypothyroidism with biparental/androgenetic mosaicism detected in the toe mass in addition to the placenta. This new case adds to the existing literature of individuals with biparental/androgenetic mosaicism and expands the range of clinical presentations that may be seen in male patients with this condition. This study also illustrates the important use of single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray in conjunction with short-tandem repeat analysis on affected tissue to provide a diagnosis for patients with features of overgrowth and prior, non-diagnostic, genetic analyses of their peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Repnikova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.,School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - J Roberts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - A Kats
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.,School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - S Habeebu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.,School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - C Schwager
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - J Joyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - M Manalang
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - S M Amudhavalli
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.,Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
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4
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van Zutven LJCM, Mancini GMS, Bindels‐de Heus KGCB, van den Akker ELT, Hulsman LOM, Smit M, Berna Beverloo H. Mixoploidy combined with aneuploidy in a 13 year‐old patient with severe multiple congenital abnormalities and intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:492-495. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Grazia M. S. Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sophia Children's HospitalErasmus MCRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lorette O. M. Hulsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sophia Children's HospitalErasmus MCRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marjan Smit
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sophia Children's HospitalErasmus MCRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - H. Berna Beverloo
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sophia Children's HospitalErasmus MCRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Destouni A, Zamani Esteki M, Catteeuw M, Tšuiko O, Dimitriadou E, Smits K, Kurg A, Salumets A, Van Soom A, Voet T, Vermeesch JR. Zygotes segregate entire parental genomes in distinct blastomere lineages causing cleavage-stage chimerism and mixoploidy. Genome Res 2016; 26:567-78. [PMID: 27197242 PMCID: PMC4864459 DOI: 10.1101/gr.200527.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dramatic genome dynamics, such as chromosome instability, contribute to the remarkable genomic heterogeneity among the blastomeres comprising a single embryo during human preimplantation development. This heterogeneity, when compatible with life, manifests as constitutional mosaicism, chimerism, and mixoploidy in live-born individuals. Chimerism and mixoploidy are defined by the presence of cell lineages with different parental genomes or different ploidy states in a single individual, respectively. Our knowledge of their mechanistic origin results from indirect observations, often when the cell lineages have been subject to rigorous selective pressure during development. Here, we applied haplarithmisis to infer the haplotypes and the copy number of parental genomes in 116 single blastomeres comprising entire preimplantation bovine embryos (n = 23) following in vitro fertilization. We not only demonstrate that chromosome instability is conserved between bovine and human cleavage embryos, but we also discovered that zygotes can spontaneously segregate entire parental genomes into different cell lineages during the first post-zygotic cleavage division. Parental genome segregation was not exclusively triggered by abnormal fertilizations leading to triploid zygotes, but also normally fertilized zygotes can spontaneously segregate entire parental genomes into different cell lineages during cleavage of the zygote. We coin the term "heterogoneic division" to indicate the events leading to noncanonical zygotic cytokinesis, segregating the parental genomes into distinct cell lineages. Persistence of those cell lines during development is a likely cause of chimerism and mixoploidy in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspasia Destouni
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Masoud Zamani Esteki
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Center of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Maaike Catteeuw
- Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Ghent University, Ghent, 9820, Belgium
| | - Olga Tšuiko
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Eftychia Dimitriadou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Katrien Smits
- Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Ghent University, Ghent, 9820, Belgium
| | - Ants Kurg
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Andres Salumets
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, 50410, Estonia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Ghent University, Ghent, 9820, Belgium
| | - Thierry Voet
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Center of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Sanger-EBI Single Cell Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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Posey JE, Mohrbacher N, Smith JL, Patel A, Potocki L, Breman AM. Triploidy mosaicism (45,X/68,XX) in an infant presenting with failure to thrive. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170:694-8. [PMID: 26566716 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Triploid mosaicism is a rare aneuploidy syndrome characterized by growth retardation, developmental delay, 3-4 syndactyly, microphthalmia, coloboma, cleft lip and/or palate, genitourinary anomalies, and facial or body asymmetry. In the present report, we describe a 3-month-old female presenting with failure to thrive, growth retardation, and developmental delay. A chromosomal microarray demonstrated monosomy X, but her atypical phenotype prompted further evaluation with a chromosome analysis, which demonstrated 45,X/68,XX mixoploidy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with this chromosome complement. Mosaicism in chromosomal aneuploidies is likely under-recognized and may obscure the clinical diagnosis. At a time when comparative genomic hybridization and genome sequencing are increasingly used as diagnostic tools, this report highlights the clinical utility of chromosome analysis when a molecular diagnosis is not consistent with the observed phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nikki Mohrbacher
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Janice L Smith
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ankita Patel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lorraine Potocki
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Amy M Breman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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7
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Kalfa N, Philibert P, Sultan C. Is hypospadias a genetic, endocrine or environmental disease, or still an unexplained malformation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32:187-97. [PMID: 18637150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypospadias is one of the most frequent genital malformations in the male newborn and results from an abnormal penile and urethral development. This process requires a correct genetic programme, time- and space-adapted cellular differentiation, complex tissue interactions, and hormonal mediation through enzymatic activities and hormonal transduction signals. Any disturbance in these regulations may induce a defect in the virilization of the external genitalia and hypospadias. This malformation thus appears to be at the crossroads of various mechanisms implicating genetic and environmental factors. The genes of penile development (HOX, FGF, Shh) and testicular determination (WT1, SRY) and those regulating the synthesis [luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor] and action of androgen (5alpha reductase, androgen receptor) can cause hypospadias if altered. Several chromosomal abnormalities and malformative syndromes include hypospadias, from anterior to penoscrotal forms. More recently, CXorf6 and ATF3 have been reported to be involved. Besides these genomic and hormonal factors, multiple substances found in the environment can also potentially interfere with male genital development because of their similarity to hormones. The proportion of hypospadias cases for which an aetiology is detected varies with the authors but it nevertheless remains low, especially for less severe cases. An interaction between genetic background and environment is likely.
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Gartler SM, Varadarajan KR, Luo P, Norwood TH, Canfield TK, Hansen RS. Abnormal X: autosome ratio, but normal X chromosome inactivation in human triploid cultures. BMC Genet 2006; 7:41. [PMID: 16817970 PMCID: PMC1526452 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-7-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is that aspect of mammalian dosage compensation that brings about equivalence of X-linked gene expression between females and males by inactivating one of the two X chromosomes (Xi) in normal female cells, leaving them with a single active X (Xa) as in male cells. In cells with more than two X's, but a diploid autosomal complement, all X's but one, Xa, are inactivated. This phenomenon is commonly thought to suggest 1) that normal development requires a ratio of one Xa per diploid autosomal set, and 2) that an early event in XCI is the marking of one X to be active, with remaining X's becoming inactivated by default. RESULTS Triploids provide a test of these ideas because the ratio of one Xa per diploid autosomal set cannot be achieved, yet this abnormal ratio should not necessarily affect the one-Xa choice mechanism for XCI. Previous studies of XCI patterns in murine triploids support the single-Xa model, but human triploids mostly have two-Xa cells, whether they are XXX or XXY. The XCI patterns we observe in fibroblast cultures from different XXX human triploids suggest that the two-Xa pattern of XCI is selected for, and may have resulted from rare segregation errors or Xi reactivation. CONCLUSION The initial X inactivation pattern in human triploids, therefore, is likely to resemble the pattern that predominates in murine triploids, i.e., a single Xa, with the remaining X's inactive. Furthermore, our studies of XIST RNA accumulation and promoter methylation suggest that the basic features of XCI are normal in triploids despite the abnormal X:autosome ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M Gartler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics,, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kartik R Varadarajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics,, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics,, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas H Norwood
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Theresa K Canfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics,, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R Scott Hansen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics,, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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