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Mitrakos A, Kekou K, Tilemis FN, Svingou M, Papadimas G, Sofocleous C, Traeger-Synodinos J, Tzetis M. Nablus mask-like facial syndrome: Report of an atypical case with 8q21.3-q22.1 deletion. Am J Med Genet A 2024:e63826. [PMID: 39037278 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Nablus mask-like facial syndrome (NMLFS) is a rare condition characterized by unique facial features, initially described in a 4-year-old boy from Nablus, Palestine. These features include expressionless facial appearance, tight facial skin, blepharophimosis, sparse eyebrows, and a flat nose. Genetic studies have identified a deletion of 8q22.1 as the cause of the syndrome, however while 26 patients have been reported with the deletion, only 13 displayed the characteristic facial features. Here we report on a 35-year-old male with 8q21.3-q22.1 deletion identified by whole exome sequencing and Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) that presents with typical and atypical features, including neurodevelopmental disorder, mild facial features, and myopathy, which has not been described in a patient with NMLFS to date. Further research will be required to understand the underlying pathogenetic mechanism of this rare genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mitrakos
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Ag. Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
- University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic and Malignant Disorders in Childhood, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Ag. Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - K Kekou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Ag. Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - F-N Tilemis
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Ag. Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
- University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic and Malignant Disorders in Childhood, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Ag. Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - M Svingou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Ag. Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - G Papadimas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - C Sofocleous
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Ag. Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - J Traeger-Synodinos
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Ag. Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - M Tzetis
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Ag. Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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2
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Abughofah Y, Witten AJ, Belal A, Wilson S. Atlantoaxial dislocation in the setting of NMLFS. Eur J Med Genet 2024; 69:104947. [PMID: 38729602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2024.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nablus mask-like facial syndrome (NMFLS) is an extremely rare genetic syndrome characterized by facial dysmorphia as well as developmental delay. In the present report we describe a potential association between non-traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation and NMFLS in an 11-year old female lacking typical facial features of NMFLS. CASE DESCRIPTION An 11-year-old female with autism presented with symptoms of persistent headache and vomiting as well as neck stiffness. Further investigation and CT imaging revealed congenital malformation of the skull base and craniocervical junction with complete posterior subluxation of the left occipital condyle. MRI findings later corroborated the findings on CT. CONCLUSIONS The patient was successfully treated with occipitocervical fusion. The findings in this case suggest the possibility that atlanto-occipital instability and generalized occipitocervical may be associated with NMFLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousaf Abughofah
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Andrew J Witten
- Indiana University Department of Neurological Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ahmed Belal
- Indiana University Department of Neurological Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Saul Wilson
- Indiana University Department of Neurological Surgery, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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3
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Tilemis FN, Marinakis NM, Veltra D, Svingou M, Kekou K, Mitrakos A, Tzetis M, Kosma K, Makrythanasis P, Traeger-Synodinos J, Sofocleous C. Germline CNV Detection through Whole-Exome Sequencing (WES) Data Analysis Enhances Resolution of Rare Genetic Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1490. [PMID: 37510394 PMCID: PMC10379589 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-Exome Sequencing (WES) has proven valuable in the characterization of underlying genetic defects in most rare diseases (RDs). Copy Number Variants (CNVs) were initially thought to escape detection. Recent technological advances enabled CNV calling from WES data with the use of accurate and highly sensitive bioinformatic tools. Amongst 920 patients referred for WES, 454 unresolved cases were further analysed using the ExomeDepth algorithm. CNVs were called, evaluated and categorized according to ACMG/ClinGen recommendations. Causative CNVs were identified in 40 patients, increasing the diagnostic yield of WES from 50.7% (466/920) to 55% (506/920). Twenty-two CNVs were available for validation and were all confirmed; of these, five were novel. Implementation of the ExomeDepth tool promoted effective identification of phenotype-relevant and/or novel CNVs. Among the advantages of calling CNVs from WES data, characterization of complex genotypes comprising both CNVs and SNVs minimizes cost and time to final diagnosis, while allowing differentiation between true or false homozygosity, as well as compound heterozygosity of variants in AR genes. The use of a specific algorithm for calling CNVs from WES data enables ancillary detection of different types of causative genetic variants, making WES a critical first-tier diagnostic test for patients with RDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon-Nikolaos Tilemis
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos M Marinakis
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Research University Institute for the Study and Prevention of Genetic and Malignant Disease of Childhood, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Danai Veltra
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Research University Institute for the Study and Prevention of Genetic and Malignant Disease of Childhood, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Svingou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Kekou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Mitrakos
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Research University Institute for the Study and Prevention of Genetic and Malignant Disease of Childhood, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tzetis
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kosma
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Periklis Makrythanasis
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Medical School, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Joanne Traeger-Synodinos
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christalena Sofocleous
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, St. Sophia's Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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4
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Monawwer SA, Ali S, Naeem R, Ali SH, Rabbani A, Khan M, Qazi SS, Shah SMI, Farooqui SK. Moebius Syndrome: An Updated Review of Literature. Child Neurol Open 2023; 10:2329048X231205405. [PMID: 37868706 PMCID: PMC10588417 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x231205405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Moebius Syndrome, is a rare, non-progressive congenital neuropathological syndrome characterized primarily by the underdevelopment of the facial (CN VII) and abducens nerve (CN VI). Other features of Moebius Syndrome include facial nerve paresis, ophthalmoplegias, orthodontic deficiencies (including crowded dentition, swollen and hyperplastic gingiva, dental calculus, etc.), musculoskeletal abnormalities, and impaired mental function. Due to the rarity of the disorder, very few case studies have been reported in the literature. This article summarizes the significant features of the disease according to commonalities in reported cases, along with several newly recognized features cited in recent literature. We have explored the different diagnostic criteria and the newly recognized imaging modalities that may be used. Understandably, the condition detrimentally affects a patient's quality of life; thus, treatment measures have also been outlined. This study aims to provide updated literature on Moebius Syndrome MBS and improve understanding of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajjad Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Raahim Naeem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hasan Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Azkah Rabbani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Maria Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saba Saleem Qazi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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5
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Cuppari C, Salpietro A, Ceravolo I, Iapadre G, Fusco M, Sallemi A, Mancuso A, Farello G, Ceravolo MD. Ciliopathies: Genetic Counseling. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractJoubert syndrome (JS) follows autosomal recessive inheritance, with rare X-linked recessive cases. The disease is genetically heterogeneous with neurological features associated with multiorgan involvement (e.g., retinal dystrophy, nephronophthisis, hepatic fibrosis, and polydactyly). The incidence of JS and related disorders is between 1/80,000 and 1/100,000 live births. Many causative genes have been identified, all encoding for proteins of the cilium or the centrosome, making the JS part of a group of diseases called “ciliopathies.” The identification of the molecular defect in couples at risk is allowed by prenatal genetic testing, whereas fetal ultrasound and brain neuroimaging are informative in the first and second trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Cuppari
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Ida Ceravolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | - Monica Fusco
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Sallemi
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Mancuso
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Farello
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Maria Domenica Ceravolo
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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6
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Conti G, Farello G, Ceravolo MD, Fusco M, Cuppari C, Mancuso A, Ceravolo I, David E, Iapadre G, Scorrano G, Fiorile MF, Chimenz R. Joubert Syndrome and Renal Implication. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTwenty-five to 30% of patients with Joubert syndrome (JS) have renal involvement. Two forms of renal disease (RD) have traditionally been described. The less common form is the Dekaban–Arima syndrome, a JS RD that includes congenital blindness and occasional encephalocele. The other, more common RD is juvenile nephronophthisis (NPHP), that presents a progressive interstitial fibrosis, associated with small cysts at the corticomedullary junction. NPHP is the most frequent genetic cause for end-stage RD in the first three decades of life. Symptoms start at approximately 6 years of age with urine concentrating defects, polydipsia, polyuria, and secondary enuresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Conti
- Unit of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Farello
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Pediatric Clinic, Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - Maria Domenica Ceravolo
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Monica Fusco
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Caterina Cuppari
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Mancuso
- Unit of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ida Ceravolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuele David
- Ragnostic Unit, A. O. Papardo, Messina, Italy
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Iapadre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Chimenz
- Unit of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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7
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Webb BD, Manoli I, Engle EC, Jabs EW. A framework for the evaluation of patients with congenital facial weakness. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:158. [PMID: 33827624 PMCID: PMC8028830 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a broad differential for patients presenting with congenital facial weakness, and initial misdiagnosis unfortunately is common for this phenotypic presentation. Here we present a framework to guide evaluation of patients with congenital facial weakness disorders to enable accurate diagnosis. The core categories of causes of congenital facial weakness include: neurogenic, neuromuscular junction, myopathic, and other. This diagnostic algorithm is presented, and physical exam considerations, additional follow-up studies and/or consultations, and appropriate genetic testing are discussed in detail. This framework should enable clinical geneticists, neurologists, and other rare disease specialists to feel prepared when encountering this patient population and guide diagnosis, genetic counseling, and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn D Webb
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Irini Manoli
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ethylin W Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Allanson J, Smith A, Forzano F, Lin AE, Raas-Rothschild A, Howley HE, Boycott KM. Nablus syndrome: Easy to diagnose yet difficult to solve. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 178:447-457. [PMID: 30580486 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nablus syndrome was first described by the late Ahmad Teebi in 2000, and 13 individuals have been reported to date. Nablus syndrome can be clinically diagnosed based on striking facial features, including tight glistening skin with reduced facial expression, blepharophimosis, telecanthus, bulky nasal tip, abnormal external ear architecture, upswept frontal hairline, and sparse eyebrows. However, the precise genetic etiology for this rare condition remains elusive. Comparative microarray analyses of individuals with Nablus syndrome (including two mother-son pairs) reveal an overlapping 8q22.1 microdeletion, with a minimal critical region of 1.84 Mb (94.43-96.27 Mb). Whereas this deletion is present in all affected individuals, 13 individuals without Nablus syndrome (including two mother-child pairs) also have the 8q22.1 microdeletion that partially or fully overlaps the minimal critical region. Thus, the 8q22.1 microdeletion is necessary but not sufficient to cause the clinical features characteristic of Nablus syndrome. We discuss possible explanations for Nablus syndrome, including one-locus, two-locus, epigenetic, and environmental mechanisms. We performed exome sequencing for five individuals with Nablus syndrome. Although we failed to identify any deleterious rare coding variants in the critical region that were shared between individuals, we did identify one common SNP in an intronic region that was shared. Clearly, unraveling the genetic mechanism(s) of Nablus syndrome will require additional investigation, including genomic and RNA sequencing of a larger cohort of affected individuals. If successful, it will provide important insights into fundamental concepts such as variable expressivity, incomplete penetrance, and complex disease relevant to both Mendelian and non-Mendelian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Smith
- Department of Genetics, CHEO, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesca Forzano
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust London, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Medical Genetics, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angela E Lin
- Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Annick Raas-Rothschild
- Institute of Rare Disease, Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Heather E Howley
- CHEO Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Department of Genetics, CHEO, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,CHEO Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Lance S, Wong G, Young D. Characterization of the ocular findings in the nablus masklike facial syndrome. J AAPOS 2016; 20:457-459. [PMID: 27647115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nablus masklike facial syndrome (NMLFS), characterized by tight, expressionless facial features resembling a mask, was first described in 2000. Since then, 10 cases have been identified with the same phenotype and genotype. Although detailed descriptions of the facial and external ear characteristics unique to the syndrome exist, no clear description of the ocular anatomic findings and management of ocular complications has been detailed. We present a confirmed case of NMLFS with detailed descriptions of the ocular anatomy encountered in this patient and a discussion regarding the clinical significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lance
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.
| | - Granger Wong
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - David Young
- Kapiolani Medical Center for Women & Children, Honolulu, Hawaii
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10
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Jamuar SS, Duzkale H, Duzkale N, Zhang C, High FA, Kaban L, Bhattacharya S, Crandall B, Kantarci S, Stoler JM, Lin AE. Deletion of chromosome 8q22.1, a critical region for Nablus mask-like facial syndrome: four additional cases support a role of genetic modifiers in the manifestation of the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167:1400-5. [PMID: 25846266 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saumya S Jamuar
- Harvard Medical School Genetics Training Program, Boston, Massachussetts.,Department of Paediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hatice Duzkale
- Harvard Medical School Genetics Training Program, Boston, Massachussetts.,Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Duzkale
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Harvard Medical School Genetics Training Program, Boston, Massachussetts
| | - Frances A High
- Harvard Medical School Genetics Training Program, Boston, Massachussetts
| | - Leonard Kaban
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts
| | - Soma Bhattacharya
- Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts
| | - Barbara Crandall
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sibel Kantarci
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joan M Stoler
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachussets
| | - Angela E Lin
- Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachussets
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11
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Mazziotti S, D'Angelo T, Ascenti G, Blandino A. Facial abnormalities in Nablus mask-like facial syndrome: multidetector computed tomography findings. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 72:1579-84. [PMID: 24815794 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nablus mask-like facial syndrome (NMLFS) is a rare microdeletion syndrome characterized by a mask-like facial appearance. NMLFS has been reported in only 6 patients and has a recognizable facial appearance, along with other clinical features. The first case of NMLFS has been described by Teebi in 2000, in a 4-year-old Palestinian boy. Three years later, Salpietro et al reported a second example of NMLFS in a 21-month-old girl. The same patient recently came to our hospital to undergo a computed tomography (CT) study to evaluate the degree of development of the zygomatic-maxillary region for orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. To the best of our knowledge, no reports have previously illustrated the maxillofacial CT findings of NMLFS in the radiologic data. We report the multidetector CT (MDCT) facial characteristics/abnormalities of this syndrome, emphasizing the usefulness of multiplanar reformations (MPRs) in preoperative planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Mazziotti
- Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Tommaso D'Angelo
- Resident, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Ascenti
- Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Alfredo Blandino
- Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
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12
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Banka S, Cain SA, Carim S, Daly SB, Urquhart JE, Erdem G, Harris J, Bottomley M, Donnai D, Kerr B, Kingston H, Superti-Furga A, Unger S, Ennis H, Worthington J, Herrick AL, Merry CLR, Yue WW, Kielty CM, Newman WG. Leri's pleonosteosis, a congenital rheumatic disease, results from microduplication at 8q22.1 encompassing GDF6 and SDC2 and provides insight into systemic sclerosis pathogenesis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1249-56. [PMID: 24442880 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leri's pleonosteosis (LP) is an autosomal dominant rheumatic condition characterised by flexion contractures of the interphalangeal joints, limited motion of multiple joints, and short broad metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges. Scleroderma-like skin thickening can be seen in some individuals with LP. We undertook a study to characterise the phenotype of LP and identify its genetic basis. METHODS AND RESULTS Whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping in two families with LP defined microduplications of chromosome 8q22.1 as the cause of this condition. Expression analysis of dermal fibroblasts from affected individuals showed overexpression of two genes, GDF6 and SDC2, within the duplicated region, leading to dysregulation of genes that encode proteins of the extracellular matrix and downstream players in the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathway. Western blot analysis revealed markedly decreased inhibitory SMAD6 levels in patients with LP. Furthermore, in a cohort of 330 systemic sclerosis cases, we show that the minor allele of a missense SDC2 variant, p.Ser71Thr, could confer protection against disease (p<1×10(-5)). CONCLUSIONS Our work identifies the genetic cause of LP in these two families, demonstrates the phenotypic range of the condition, implicates dysregulation of extracellular matrix homoeostasis genes in its pathogenesis, and highlights the link between TGF-β/SMAD signalling, growth/differentiation factor 6 and syndecan-2. We propose that LP is an additional member of the growing 'TGF-β-pathies' group of musculoskeletal disorders, which includes Myhre syndrome, acromicric dysplasia, geleophysic dysplasias, Weill-Marchesani syndromes and stiff skin syndrome. Identification of a systemic sclerosis-protective SDC2 variant lays the foundation for exploration of the role of syndecan-2 in systemic sclerosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Banka
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart A Cain
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sabrya Carim
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah B Daly
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Jill E Urquhart
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Günhan Erdem
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK Department of Environmental Health and Biosafety, Health College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Jade Harris
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Michelle Bottomley
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Dian Donnai
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Bronwyn Kerr
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen Kingston
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Andreas Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sheila Unger
- Department of Genetics, University of Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Holly Ennis
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
| | - Jane Worthington
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, MAHSC, Manchester, UK NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester Academy of Health Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | - Ariane L Herrick
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester Academy of Health Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- Stem Cell Glycobiology Group, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cay M Kielty
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William G Newman
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Manchester, UK
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13
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Peng S, Tan J, Hu S, Zhou H, Guo J, Jin L, Tang K. Detecting genetic association of common human facial morphological variation using high density 3D image registration. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003375. [PMID: 24339768 PMCID: PMC3854494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human facial morphology is a combination of many complex traits. Little is known about the genetic basis of common facial morphological variation. Existing association studies have largely used simple landmark-distances as surrogates for the complex morphological phenotypes of the face. However, this can result in decreased statistical power and unclear inference of shape changes. In this study, we applied a new image registration approach that automatically identified the salient landmarks and aligned the sample faces using high density pixel points. Based on this high density registration, three different phenotype data schemes were used to test the association between the common facial morphological variation and 10 candidate SNPs, and their performances were compared. The first scheme used traditional landmark-distances; the second relied on the geometric analysis of 15 landmarks and the third used geometric analysis of a dense registration of ∼30,000 3D points. We found that the two geometric approaches were highly consistent in their detection of morphological changes. The geometric method using dense registration further demonstrated superiority in the fine inference of shape changes and 3D face modeling. Several candidate SNPs showed potential associations with different facial features. In particular, one SNP, a known risk factor of non-syndromic cleft lips/palates, rs642961 in the IRF6 gene, was validated to strongly predict normal lip shape variation in female Han Chinese. This study further demonstrated that dense face registration may substantially improve the detection and characterization of genetic association in common facial variation. Heritability of human facial appearance is an intriguing question to the general public and researchers. Although it is known that some facial features are highly heritable, the exact genetic basis is unknown. Previous studies used simple linear measurements such as landmark distances, to evaluate the facial shape variation. Such approaches, although easy to carry out, may lack statistical power and miss complex morphological changes. In this study, we utilized a new 3D face registration method that enables subtle differences to be detected at high resolution 3D images. Based on this, we tried to test and characterize the associations of 10 candidate genetic variants to common facial morphological variations. Different types of phenotype data were extracted and compared in the association tests. Our results show that geometry based data performed better than simple distance based data. Furthermore, high density geometric data outstood the others in capturing small shape changes and modeling the 3D face visualization. Interestingly, a genetic variant from IRF6 gene, which is also a well-known risk factor of non-syndrome cleft lip, was found to strongly predispose the mouth shape in Han Chinese females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouneng Peng
- Human Functional Genetic Variation Group, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, SIBS, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingze Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sile Hu
- Human Functional Genetic Variation Group, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, SIBS, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Human Functional Genetic Variation Group, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, SIBS, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Human Functional Genetic Variation Group, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, SIBS, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- Human Functional Genetic Variation Group, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, SIBS, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Human Functional Genetic Variation Group, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, SIBS, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Overhoff J, Rabideau MM, Bird LM, Schweitzer DN, Haynes K, Schultz RA, Shaffer LG, Rosenfeld JA, Ellison JW. Refinement of the 8q22.1 microdeletion critical region associated with Nablus mask-like facial syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:259-63. [PMID: 24259484 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Overhoff
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, PerkinElmer, Inc., Spokane, Washington
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15
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Debost-Legrand A, Eymard-Pierre E, Pebrel-Richard C, Gouas L, Goumy C, Giollant M, Ayed W, Tchirkov A, Francannet C, Vago P. A new case of 8q22.1 microdeletion restricts the critical region for Nablus mask-like facial syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 161A:162-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Allanson J, Smith A, Hare H, Albrecht B, Bijlsma E, Dallapiccola B, Donti E, Fitzpatrick D, Isidor B, Lachlan K, Le Caignec C, Prontera P, Raas-Rothschild A, Rogaia D, van Bon B, Aradhya S, Crocker SF, Jarinova O, McGowan-Jordan J, Boycott K, Bulman D, Fagerberg CR. Nablus mask-like facial syndrome: deletion of chromosome 8q22.1 is necessary but not sufficient to cause the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2091-9. [PMID: 22821852 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nablus mask-like facial syndrome (NMLFS) has many distinctive phenotypic features, particularly tight glistening skin with reduced facial expression, blepharophimosis, telecanthus, bulky nasal tip, abnormal external ear architecture, upswept frontal hairline, and sparse eyebrows. Over the last few years, several individuals with NMLFS have been reported to have a microdeletion of 8q21.3q22.1, demonstrated by microarray analysis. The minimal overlapping region is 93.98-96.22 Mb (hg19). Here we present clinical and microarray data from five singletons and two mother-child pairs who have heterozygous deletions significantly overlapping the region associated with NMLFS. Notably, while one mother and child were said to have mild tightening of facial skin, none of these individuals exhibited reduced facial expression or the classical facial phenotype of NMLFS. These findings indicate that deletion of the 8q21.3q22.1 region is necessary but not sufficient for development of the NMLFS. We discuss possible genetic mechanisms underlying the complex pattern of inheritance for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Allanson
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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17
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Sachdev M, Rastogi A, Singh A, Kumar K, Kapoor S, Bansal Y, Goel S. Phenotypic overlap between Blepharo-naso-facial syndrome and Nablus mask-like syndrome. Report from the first Indian family. Ophthalmic Genet 2012; 34:65-8. [PMID: 22697357 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2012.695423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe two siblings with epiphora, telecanthus, expressionless face, thick facial skin, bulky nose and profound sensorineural hearing loss. Constellation of these features presented a phenotypic overlap with Blepharo-naso-facial syndrome (BNFS) and Nablus mask-like syndrome (NMLS). They in addition had posterior helical pits. The molecular basis of NMLS is known, while BNFS remains an elusive disorder. We report the first Indian family with features having significant overlap between the two but we attempt to summarize the frequency of reported features and bring out the most consistent features for these two syndromes for the treating clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manav Sachdev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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18
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Clendenning DE, Mortlock DP. The BMP ligand Gdf6 prevents differentiation of coronal suture mesenchyme in early cranial development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36789. [PMID: 22693558 PMCID: PMC3365063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth Differentiation Factor-6 (Gdf6) is a member of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) family of secreted signaling molecules. Previous studies have shown that Gdf6 plays a role in formation of a diverse subset of skeletal joints. In mice, loss of Gdf6 results in fusion of the coronal suture, the intramembranous joint that separates the frontal and parietal bones. Although the role of GDFs in the development of cartilaginous limb joints has been studied, limb joints are developmentally quite distinct from cranial sutures and how Gdf6 controls suture formation has remained unclear. In this study we show that coronal suture fusion in the Gdf6-/- mouse is due to accelerated differentiation of suture mesenchyme, prior to the onset of calvarial ossification. Gdf6 is expressed in the mouse frontal bone primordia from embryonic day (E) 10.5 through 12.5. In the Gdf6-/- embryo, the coronal suture fuses prematurely and concurrently with the initiation of osteogenesis in the cranial bones. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Runx2 expression assays both showed that the suture width is reduced in Gdf6+/- embryos and is completely absent in Gdf6-/- embryos by E12.5. ALP activity is also increased in the suture mesenchyme of Gdf6+/- embryos compared to wild-type. This suggests Gdf6 delays differentiation of the mesenchyme occupying the suture, prior to the onset of ossification. Therefore, although BMPs are known to promote bone formation, Gdf6 plays an inhibitory role to prevent the osteogenic differentiation of the coronal suture mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E. Clendenning
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Douglas P. Mortlock
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human genomes include copy number variants (CNVs), defined as regions with DNA gains or losses. Pathologic CNVs, which are larger and often occur de novo, are increasingly associated with disease. Given advances in genetic testing, namely microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization and single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, previously unidentified genotypic aberrations can now be correlated with phenotypic anomalies. The objective of this study was to conduct a nonsystematic literature review to document the role of CNVs as they relate to isolated structural anomalies of the craniofacial, respiratory, renal, and cardiac systems. METHODS All full-length articles in the PubMed database through May 2011 that discussed CNVs and isolated structural defects of the craniofacial, respiratory, renal, and cardiac systems were considered. Search terms queried include CNV, copy number variation, array comparative genomic hybridization, birth defects, craniofacial defects, respiratory defects, renal defects, and congenital heart disease. Reports published in languages other than English and articles regarding CNVs and neurocognitive deficits were not considered. RESULTS Evidence supports that putatively pathogenic CNVs occur at an increased frequency in patients with isolated structural birth defects and implicate specific regions of the genome. Through CNV detection, advances have been made in identifying genes and specific loci that underlie isolated birth defects. CONCLUSIONS Although limited studies have been published, the promising evidence reviewed here warrants the continued investigation of CNVs in children with isolated structural birth defects. Patient care and genetic counseling stand to improve through a better understanding of CNVs and their effect on disease phenotype.
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20
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Kuechler A, Buysse K, Clayton-Smith J, Le Caignec C, David A, Engels H, Kohlhase J, Mari F, Mortier G, Renieri A, Wieczorek D. Five patients with novel overlapping interstitial deletions in 8q22.2q22.3. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1857-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Sherwood RJ, Duren DL, Mahaney MC, Blangero J, Dyer TD, Cole SA, Czerwinski SA, Chumlea WC, Siervogel RM, Choh AC, Nahhas RW, Lee M, Towne B. A genome-wide linkage scan for quantitative trait loci influencing the craniofacial complex in humans (Homo sapiens sapiens). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:664-75. [PMID: 21328561 PMCID: PMC3091483 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The genetic architecture of the craniofacial complex has been the subject of intense scrutiny because of the high frequency of congenital malformations. Numerous animal models have been used to document the early development of the craniofacial complex, but few studies have focused directly on the genetic underpinnings of normal variation in the human craniofacial complex. This study examines 80 quantitative traits derived from lateral cephalographs of 981 participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio. Quantitative genetic analyses were conducted using the Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines analytic platform, a maximum-likelihood variance components method that incorporates all familial information for parameter estimation. Heritability estimates were significant and of moderate to high magnitude for all craniofacial traits. Additionally, significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for 10 traits from the three developmental components (basicranium, splanchnocranium, and neurocranium) of the craniofacial complex. These QTL were found on chromosomes 3, 6, 11, 12, and 14. This study of the genetic architecture of the craniofacial complex elucidates fundamental information of the genetic architecture of the craniofacial complex in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Sherwood
- Lifespan Health Research Center, Dept. of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3171 Research Blvd., Kettering, OH 45420, USA.
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22
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A case of 8q22.1 microdeletion without the Nablus mask-like facial syndrome phenotype. Eur J Med Genet 2010; 53:108-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Li MM, Andersson HC. Clinical application of microarray-based molecular cytogenetics: an emerging new era of genomic medicine. J Pediatr 2009; 155:311-7. [PMID: 19732576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn M Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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24
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Raas-Rothschild A, Dijkhuizen T, Sikkema-Raddatz B, Werner M, Dagan J, Abeliovich D, Lerer I. The 8q22.1 microdeletion syndrome or Nablus mask-like facial syndrome: Report on two patients and review of the literature. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 52:140-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Abstract
The development of microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) methods represents a critical new advance in molecular cytogenetics. This new technology has driven a technical convergence between molecular diagnostics and clinical cytogenetics, questioned our naïve understanding of the complexity of the human genome, revolutionized the practice of medical genetics, challenged conventional wisdom related to the genetic bases of multifactorial and sporadic conditions, and is poised to impact all areas of medicine. The use of contemporary molecular cytogenetic techniques in research and diagnostics has resulted in the identification of many new syndromes, expanded our knowledge about the phenotypic spectrum of recognizable syndromes, elucidated the genomic bases of well-established clinical conditions, and refined our view about the molecular mechanisms of some chromosomal aberrations. Newer methodologies are being developed, which will likely lead to a new understanding of the genome and its relationship to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem A Bejjani
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, LLC, Spokane, Washington 99202, USA.
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26
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Slavotinek AM. Novel microdeletion syndromes detected by chromosome microarrays. Hum Genet 2008; 124:1-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Blepharophimosis and mental retardation (BMR) phenotypes caused by chromosomal rearrangements: description in a boy with partial trisomy 10q and monosomy 4q and review of the literature. Eur J Med Genet 2008; 51:113-23. [PMID: 18262484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blepharophimosis is a rare congenital anomaly of the palpebral fissure which is often associated with mental retardation and additional malformations. We report on a boy with blepharophimosis, ptosis and severe mental retardation carrying an unbalanced 4;10 translocation with terminal duplication of 10q [dup(10)(q25.1-->qter)] and monosomy of a small terminal segment of chromosome 4q [del(4)(34.3-->qter)]. Detailed clinical examination and review of the literature showed that the phenotype of the patient was mainly determined by the dup(10q). This paper reviews the chromosomal aberrations associated with BMR (blepharophimosis mental retardation) phenotypes. Searching different databases and reviewing the literature revealed 14 microscopically visible aberrations (among them UPD(14)pat) and two submicroscopic rearrangements causing blepharophimosis and mental retardation (BMR) syndrome. Some of these rearrangements-like the terminal dup(10q) identified in our patient or interstitial del(2q)-are associated with clearly defined phenotypes and can be well distinguished from each other on basis of clinical examination. This paper should assist clinicians and cytogeneticists when evaluating patients with BMR syndrome.
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28
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Barber JCK, Maloney VK, Huang S, Bunyan DJ, Cresswell L, Kinning E, Benson A, Cheetham T, Wyllie J, Lynch SA, Zwolinski S, Prescott L, Crow Y, Morgan R, Hobson E. 8p23.1 duplication syndrome; a novel genomic condition with unexpected complexity revealed by array CGH. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 16:18-27. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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29
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Aradhya S, Manning MA, Splendore A, Cherry AM. Whole-genome array-CGH identifies novel contiguous gene deletions and duplications associated with developmental delay, mental retardation, and dysmorphic features. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:1431-41. [PMID: 17568414 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic imbalances are the most frequently identified cause of developmental delay or mental retardation, which affect 1-3% of children and are often seen in conjunction with growth retardation, dysmorphic features, and various congenital anomalies. A substantial number of patients with developmental delay or mental retardation are predicted to have cytogenetic imbalances, but conventional methods for identifying these imbalances yield positive results in only a small fraction of these patients. We used microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to study a panel of 20 patients predicted to have chromosomal aberrations based on clinical presentation of developmental delay or mental retardation, growth delay, dysmorphic features, and/or congenital anomalies. Previous G-banded karyotypes and fluorescence in situ hybridization results were normal for all of these patients. Using both oligonucleotide-based and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based arrays on the same panel of patients, we identified 10 unique deletions and duplications ranging in size from 280 kb to 8.3 Mb. The whole-genome oligonucleotide arrays identified nearly twice as many imbalances as did the lower-resolution whole-genome BAC arrays. This has implications for using aCGH in a clinical setting. Analysis of parental DNA samples indicated that most of the imbalances had occurred de novo. Moreover, seven of the 10 imbalances represented novel disorders, adding to an increasing number of conditions caused by large-scale deletions or duplications. These results underscore the strength of high-resolution genomic arrays in diagnosing cases of unknown genetic etiology and suggest that contiguous genomic alterations are the underlying pathogenic cause of a significant number of cases of developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaroop Aradhya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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30
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Shaffer LG, Theisen A, Bejjani BA, Ballif BC, Aylsworth AS, Lim C, McDonald M, Ellison JW, Kostiner D, Saitta S, Shaikh T. The discovery of microdeletion syndromes in the post-genomic era: review of the methodology and characterization of a new 1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome. Genet Med 2007; 9:607-16. [PMID: 17873649 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181484b49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The advent of molecular cytogenetic technologies has altered the means by which new microdeletion syndromes are identified. Whereas the cytogenetic basis of microdeletion syndromes has traditionally depended on the serendipitous ascertainment of a patient with established clinical features and a chromosomal rearrangement visible by G-banding, comparative genomic hybridization using microarrays has enabled the identification of novel, recurrent imbalances in patients with mental retardation and apparently nonspecific features. Compared with the "phenotype-first" approach of traditional cytogenetics, array-based comparative genomic hybridization has enabled the detection of novel genomic disorders using a "genotype-first" approach. We report as an illustrative example the characterization of a novel microdeletion syndrome of 1q41q42. METHODS We tested more than 10,000 patients with developmental disabilities by array-based comparative genomic hybridization using our targeted microarray. High-resolution microarray analysis was performed using oligonucleotide microarrays for patients in whom deletions of 1q41q42 were identified. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed to confirm all 1q deletions in the patients and to exclude deletions or other chromosomal rearrangements in the parents. RESULTS Seven cases were found with de novo deletions of 1q41q42. The smallest region of overlap is 1.17 Mb and encompasses five genes, including DISP1, a gene involved in the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway, the deletion of which has been implicated in holoprosencephaly in mice. Although none of these patients showed frank holoprosencephaly, many had other midline defects (cleft palate, diaphragmatic hernia), seizures, and mental retardation or developmental delay. Dysmorphic features are present in all patients at varying degrees. Some patients showed more severe phenotypes and carry the clinical diagnosis of Fryns syndrome. CONCLUSIONS This new microdeletion syndrome with its variable clinical presentation may be responsible for a proportion of Fryns syndrome patients and adds to the increasing number of new syndromes identified with array-based comparative genomic hybridization. The genotype-first approach to identifying recurrent chromosome abnormalities is contrasted with the traditional phenotype-first approach. Targeting developmental pathways in a functional approach to diagnostics may lead to the identification of additional microdeletion syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Shaffer
- Health Research and Education Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA.
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Aradhya S, Cherry AM. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization: clinical contexts for targeted and whole-genome designs. Genet Med 2007; 9:553-9. [PMID: 17873642 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e318149e354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Array-based comparative genomic hybridization is ushering in a new standard for analyzing the genome, overcoming the limits of resolution associated with conventional G-banded karyotyping. The first genomic arrays were based on bacterial artificial chromosome clones mapped during the initial phases of the Human Genome Project. These arrays essentially represented multiple fluorescence in situ hybridization assays performed simultaneously. The first arrays featured a targeted design, consisting of hundreds of bacterial artificial chromosome clones limited mostly to genomic regions of known medical significance. Then came whole-genome arrays, which contained bacterial artificial chromosome clones from across the entire genome. More recently, alternative designs based on oligonucleotide probes have been developed, and all these are high-density whole-genome arrays with resolutions between 3 and 35 kb. Certain clinical circumstances are well suited for investigation by targeted arrays, and there are others in which high-resolution whole-genome arrays are necessary. Here we review the differences between the two types of arrays and the clinical contexts for which they are best suited. As array-based comparative genomic hybridization is integrated into diagnostic laboratories and different array designs are used in appropriate clinical contexts, this novel technology will invariably alter the testing paradigm in medical genetics and will lead to the discovery of novel genetic conditions caused by chromosomal anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaroop Aradhya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
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Handrigan GR, Buchtová M, Richman JM. Gene discovery in craniofacial development and disease--cashing in your chips. Clin Genet 2007; 71:109-19. [PMID: 17250659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An unbiased, polygenic approach is needed to unravel the complex molecular bases of craniofacial development and disease. DNA microarrays, the current paradigm of genome-wide analysis, permit the simultaneous study of many thousands of genes, the ready identification of candidate molecules and pathways, and the compilation of gene expression profiles for whole systems--pathologic and embryonic alike. We survey the existing literature applying microarrays to craniofacial biology and highlight the value of animal models, particularly mice and chickens, to understanding molecular regulation in the craniofacial complex. We also emphasize the importance of functional studies and high-throughput assays to extracting useful data from microarray output. It is our goal to help put researchers and clinicians on the same page as microarray technology moves into the forefront of craniofacial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Handrigan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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