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Atlas I, Zagdan S, Megzari M, Arous S, Drighil A. When the heart and hands tell a story: an intriguing case of Holt-Oram syndrome. Egypt Heart J 2024; 76:117. [PMID: 39230761 PMCID: PMC11374938 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-024-00549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holt-Oram syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the TBX5 gene, combining skeletal and cardiac malformations. Vital prognosis depends essentially on cardiac involvement, while skeletal malformations determine functional prognosis. CASE PRESENTATION We describe the case of a young patient aged 49, with no particular history, who presented to the emergency department with de novo congestive heart failure. Clinical examination revealed not only signs of heart failure, but also malformations such as triphalangia of the left thumb, prono-supination defects of both forearms and dorsolumbar scoliosis. The electrocardiogram showed that an atypical atrial flutter and transthoracic echocardiography revealed an atrial septal defect. We also performed a spinal scan to assess the severity of the scoliosis. Genetic studies confirmed a TBX5 gene mutation in the patient, and family screening revealed no similar cases in the family. Management consisted mainly of pharmacological treatment of heart failure, in addition to scoliosis management. CONCLUSION Holt-Oram syndrome is a rare genetic disorder which should be suspected in the presence of any upper limb anomaly associated with cardiac malformation and confirmed by genetic study. A family investigation is necessary after diagnosis, because of autosomal dominant inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Atlas
- Cardiology Department, Ibn Rochd Hospital University, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Soukaina Zagdan
- Cardiology Department, Ibn Rochd Hospital University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Megzari
- Cardiology Department, Ibn Rochd Hospital University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Salim Arous
- Cardiology Department, Ibn Rochd Hospital University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdenasser Drighil
- Cardiology Department, Ibn Rochd Hospital University, Casablanca, Morocco
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2
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Yamoto K, Kato F, Yamoto M, Fukumoto K, Shimizu K, Saitsu H, Ogata T. TBX5 pathogenic variant in a patient with congenital heart defect and tracheal stenosis. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2024; 64:23-27. [PMID: 38062907 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Congenital tracheal stenosis is a rare life-threatening disorder caused by narrow O-shaped tracheal ring without smooth muscle. Its underlying genetic cause has not been elucidated. We performed whole exome sequencing in a patient with congenital tracheal stenosis and congenital heart defect, and identified a de novo pathogenic TBX5 variant (NM_181486.4:c.680T>C, p.(Ile227Thr)). The Ile227Thr-TBX5 protein was predicted to have a decreased stability by in silico protein structural analyses, and was shown to have a significantly reduced activity for the NPPA promoter by luciferase assay. The results, together with the expression of mouse Tbx5 in the lung and trachea and the development of tracheal cartilage dysplasia in the lung-specific Tbx5 null mice, imply the relevance of TBX5 pathogenic variants to congenital tracheal stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kato
- Hamamatsu Child Health and Developmental Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamoto
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Fukumoto
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimizu
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Cytogenetics, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Hamamatsu, Japan
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3
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Fukuoka S, Yamamura K, Nagata H, Toyomura D, Nagatomo Y, Eguchi Y, Uike K, Hirata Y, Inoue H, Ochiai M, Ohga S. Clinical outcomes of pulmonary agenesis: A systematic review of the literature. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:3060-3068. [PMID: 36069476 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary agenesis is a complete absence of the pulmonary parenchyma, airways, and vasculature unilaterally or bilaterally. Although bilateral cases are lethal, the outcome of unilateral cases remains not well described. We performed a comprehensive literature review to assess the clinical features of pulmonary agenesis. METHODS Four database sources were searched on October 10, 2021 and two cases were included from our institution. Studies related to the clinical impact of comorbidity and intervention on the survival outcome in pulmonary agenesis were included for full-text review. RESULTS We identified 259 patients-with right-sided (59%), left-sided (34%), and bilateral agenesis (7%)-among 195 articles and our two cases. Additional anomalies included cardiovascular (40%), skeletal (30%), gastrointestinal (20%), tracheal (20%: all stenoses), and genitourinary (14%) anomalies. Fifty-seven (24%) individuals in unilateral pulmonary agenesis had isolated disease. Outcomes related to survival were not uniformly reported, but the 2-year overall survival rate of unilateral agenesis was 62% and no subsequent death was reported until 13 years of age. The right-sided agenesis was more frequently associated with tracheal stenosis (27% vs. 11%, p = 0.003) than the left-sided disease. A multivariable analysis indicated that tracheal stenosis (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-4.1, p = 0.003) and gastrointestinal anomalies (HR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.3, p = 0.010) were prognostic factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS The poor prognostic factors were tracheal stenosis, right agenesis, and gastrointestinal anomalies. Treatment for these comorbidities is a key point for improving the survival of unilateral pulmonary agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Fukuoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Yamamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hazumu Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Toyomura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusaku Nagatomo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Eguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Uike
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hirata
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ochiai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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4
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Patterson J, Coats C, McGowan R. Familial dilated cardiomyopathy associated with pathogenic TBX5 variants: Expanding the cardiac phenotype associated with Holt-Oram syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1725-1734. [PMID: 32449309 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in cardiac T-box transcription factor, TBX5. Classically, it is associated with upper limb malformations and variable cardiac abnormalities. Limb manifestations are considered to be invariably present, ranging in severity from limitation in movement, to triphalangeal thumbs, absent thumbs, shortened forearms, or phocomelia. Cardiac involvement is characterized by congenital heart defects, most commonly septal structural malformations, and conduction system disease. Recently, novel TBX5 variants have also been reported in association with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this context, we report eight individuals from four unrelated families, in whom pathogenic variants in TBX5 segregated with an atypical HOS phenotype. Affected individuals exhibit relatively mild skeletal features of HOS, with a predominant cardiac phenotype, which includes several individuals affected by non-ischaemic DCM. To our knowledge, these represent the first reported cases of DCM in families with skeletal features of HOS, some of whom also harbored variants previously linked to a classical HOS phenotype (p. Arg279* and p.Arg237Gln). This finding supports diverse roles of TBX5 in cardiovascular development and function, and confirms the importance of long-term cardiac surveillance for individuals affected by HOS. Furthermore, these families highlight the wide phenotypic variability of HOS, which may include comparatively mild upper limb findings in respect to cardiac manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Patterson
- West of Scotland Clinical Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Caroline Coats
- Department of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ruth McGowan
- West of Scotland Clinical Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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5
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Development and evolution of the metazoan heart. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:634-656. [PMID: 31063648 PMCID: PMC6767493 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of the evolution and development of the heart in metazoans are highlighted, starting with the evolutionary origin of the contractile cell, supposedly the precursor of cardiomyocytes. The last eukaryotic common ancestor is likely a combination of several cellular organisms containing their specific metabolic pathways and genetic signaling networks. During evolution, these tool kits diversified. Shared parts of these conserved tool kits act in the development and functioning of pumping hearts and open or closed circulations in such diverse species as arthropods, mollusks, and chordates. The genetic tool kits became more complex by gene duplications, addition of epigenetic modifications, influence of environmental factors, incorporation of viral genomes, cardiac changes necessitated by air‐breathing, and many others. We evaluate mechanisms involved in mollusks in the formation of three separate hearts and in arthropods in the formation of a tubular heart. A tubular heart is also present in embryonic stages of chordates, providing the septated four‐chambered heart, in birds and mammals passing through stages with first and second heart fields. The four‐chambered heart permits the formation of high‐pressure systemic and low‐pressure pulmonary circulation in birds and mammals, allowing for high metabolic rates and maintenance of body temperature. Crocodiles also have a (nearly) separated circulation, but their resting temperature conforms with the environment. We argue that endothermic ancestors lost the capacity to elevate their body temperature during evolution, resulting in ectothermic modern crocodilians. Finally, a clinically relevant paragraph reviews the occurrence of congenital cardiac malformations in humans as derailments of signaling pathways during embryonic development. The cardiac regulatory toolkit contains many factors including epigenetic, genetic, viral, hemodynamic, and environmental factors, but also transcriptional activators, repressors, duplicated genes, redundancies and dose‐dependancies. Numerous toolkits regulate mechanisms including cell‐cell interactions, EMT, mitosis patterns, cell migration and differentiation and left/right sidedness involved in the development of endocardial cushions, looping, septum complexes, pharyngeal arch arteries, chamber and valve formation and conduction system. Evolutionary development of the yolk sac circulation likely preceded the advent of endothermy in amniotes. Parallel evolutionary traits regulate the development of contractile pumps in various taxa often in conjunction with the gut, lungs and excretory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Holt-Oram syndrome: clinical and molecular description of 78 patients with TBX5 variants. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:360-368. [PMID: 30552424 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is an autosomal dominant condition characterised by the association of congenital heart defect (CHD), with or without rhythm disturbances and radial defects, due to TBX5 variants. The diagnosis is challenged by the variability of expression and the large phenotypic overlap with other conditions, like Okihiro syndrome, TAR syndrome or Fanconi disease. We retrospectively reviewed 212 patients referred for suspicion of HOS between 2002 and 2014, who underwent TBX5 screening. A TBX5 variant has been identified in 78 patients, representing the largest molecular series ever described. In the cohort, 61 met the previously described diagnostic criteria and 17 have been considered with an uncertain HOS diagnosis. A CHD was present in 91% of the patients with a TBX5 variant, atrial septal defects being the most common (61.5%). The genotype-phenotype study highlights the importance of some critical features in HOS: the septal characteristic of the CHD, the bilateral and asymmetric characteristics of the radial defect and the presence of shoulder or elbow mobility defect. Besides, 21 patients presented with an overlapping condition. Among them, 13 had a typical HOS presentation. We discuss the strategies that could be adopted to improve the molecular delineation of the remaining typical patients.
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7
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Ríos-Serna LJ, Díaz-Ordoñez L, Candelo E, Pachajoa H. A novel de novo TBX5 mutation in a patient with Holt-Oram syndrome. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2018; 11:157-162. [PMID: 30538526 PMCID: PMC6260184 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s183418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by congenital cardiac defects and congenital deformities of the upper limbs. Herein, we report the case of a 2-year-old patient presenting with clinical diagnostic criteria of HOS with interatrial and interventricular communication associated with hip dysplasia and upper limb reduction composed of radial ray anomaly. A novel de novo, potentially pathogenic variant in the TBX5 gene at NM_181486.2:c.243-1G>C was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lady J Ríos-Serna
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia,
| | - Lorena Díaz-Ordoñez
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia,
| | - Estephania Candelo
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, .,Biomaterial and Tissues Engineering and Genetic of Human Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Harry Pachajoa
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, .,Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia,
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8
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Evolutionarily conserved Tbx5- Wnt2/2b pathway orchestrates cardiopulmonary development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10615-E10624. [PMID: 30352852 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811624115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Codevelopment of the lungs and heart underlies key evolutionary innovations in the transition to terrestrial life. Cardiac specializations that support pulmonary circulation, including the atrial septum, are generated by second heart field (SHF) cardiopulmonary progenitors (CPPs). It has been presumed that transcription factors required in the SHF for cardiac septation, e.g., Tbx5, directly drive a cardiac morphogenesis gene-regulatory network. Here, we report instead that TBX5 directly drives Wnt ligands to initiate a bidirectional signaling loop between cardiopulmonary mesoderm and the foregut endoderm for endodermal pulmonary specification and, subsequently, atrial septation. We show that Tbx5 is required for pulmonary specification in mice and amphibians but not for swim bladder development in zebrafish. TBX5 is non-cell-autonomously required for pulmonary endoderm specification by directly driving Wnt2 and Wnt2b expression in cardiopulmonary mesoderm. TBX5 ChIP-sequencing identified cis-regulatory elements at Wnt2 sufficient for endogenous Wnt2 expression domains in vivo and required for Wnt2 expression in precardiac mesoderm in vitro. Tbx5 cooperated with Shh signaling to drive Wnt2b expression for lung morphogenesis. Tbx5 haploinsufficiency in mice, a model of Holt-Oram syndrome, caused a quantitative decrement of mesodermal-to-endodermal Wnt signaling and subsequent endodermal-to-mesodermal Shh signaling required for cardiac morphogenesis. Thus, Tbx5 initiates a mesoderm-endoderm-mesoderm signaling loop in lunged vertebrates that provides a molecular basis for the coevolution of pulmonary and cardiac structures required for terrestrial life.
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9
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Horie M, Miyashita N, Mikami Y, Noguchi S, Yamauchi Y, Suzukawa M, Fukami T, Ohta K, Asano Y, Sato S, Yamaguchi Y, Ohshima M, Suzuki HI, Saito A, Nagase T. TBX4 is involved in the super-enhancer-driven transcriptional programs underlying features specific to lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L177-L191. [PMID: 28971975 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00193.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung fibroblasts participate in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, including lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis. Although fibroblasts are ubiquitous constituents of various organs, their cellular diversity among different organs has been poorly characterized. Here, we aimed to investigate the distinct gene signature of lung fibroblasts that represents its pulmonary origin and the underlying gene regulatory networks. Promoter-level differential expression analysis by cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) sequencing revealed distinct gene expression patterns of fibroblasts derived from different anatomical sites and identified 88 coding genes with higher expression in lung fibroblasts relative to other fibroblasts. Multiple key transcription factors important for lung mesenchyme development, including the T-box transcription factors TBX2, TBX4, and TBX5 were enriched in this lung-specific signature and were associated with super-enhancers. TBX4 showed highly specific expression in lung fibroblasts and was required for cell proliferation and collagen gel contraction capacity. Transcriptome analysis revealed that TBX4 could broadly regulate fibroblast-related pathways and partly contribute to super-enhancer-mediated transcriptional programs. Of pathological importance, lung fibroblast-specific genes were globally downregulated in lung cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Notably, TBX2, TBX4, and TBX5 were downregulated and hypermethylated in lung CAFs, suggesting an association between epigenetic silencing of these factors and phenotypic alteration of lung fibroblasts in cancer. Our study highlights the importance of T-box transcription factors, especially TBX4, and super-enhancers in the roles of lung fibroblasts in pulmonary physiology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Horie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Naoya Miyashita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yu Mikami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Satoshi Noguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamauchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Maho Suzukawa
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukami
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ken Ohta
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan.,Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ohshima
- Department of Biochemistry, Ohu University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Fukushima , Japan
| | - Hiroshi I Suzuki
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Akira Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takahide Nagase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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10
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Lewis ZR, Hanken J. Convergent evolutionary reduction of atrial septation in lungless salamanders. J Anat 2017; 230:16-29. [PMID: 27558020 PMCID: PMC5192874 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly two thirds of the approximately 700 species of living salamanders are lungless. These species respire entirely through the skin and buccopharyngeal mucosa. Lung loss dramatically impacts the configuration of the circulatory system but the effects of evolutionary lung loss on cardiac morphology have long been controversial. For example, there is presumably little need for an atrial septum in lungless salamanders due to the absence of pulmonary veins and the presence of a single source of mixed blood flowing into the heart, but whether lungless salamanders possess an atrial septum and whether the sinoatrial aperture is located in the left or right atrium are unresolved; authors have stated opposing claims since the late 1800s. Here, we use micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) imaging, gross dissection and histological reconstruction to compare cardiac morphology among lungless plethodontid salamanders (Plethodontidae), salamanders with lungs, and the convergently lungless species Onychodactylus japonicus (Hynobiidae). Plethodontid salamanders have partial atrial septa and incomplete separation of the atrium into left and right halves. Partial septation is also seen in O. japonicus. Hence, lungless salamanders from two lineages convergently evolved similar morphology of the atrial septum. The partial septum in lungless salamanders can make it appear that the sinoatrial aperture is in the left atrium, but this interpretation is incorrect. Outgroup comparisons demonstrate that the aperture is located in a posterodorsal extension of the right atrium into the left side of the heart. Independent evolutionary losses of the atrial septum may have a similar developmental basis. In mammals, the lungs induce formation of the atrial septum by secreting morphogens to neighboring mesenchyme. We hypothesize that the lungs induce atrial septum development in amphibians in a similar fashion to mammals, and that atrial septum reduction in lungless salamanders is a direct result of lunglessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Lewis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and Museum of Comparative ZoologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - James Hanken
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and Museum of Comparative ZoologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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11
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Wu CH, Hsu CL, Lu PC, Lin WC, Juan HF, Huang HC. Identification of lncRNA functions in lung cancer based on associated protein-protein interaction modules. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35939. [PMID: 27786280 PMCID: PMC5081511 DOI: 10.1038/srep35939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to play important roles in various biological processes; however, many of their functions remain unclear. In this study, we present a novel approach to identify the lncRNA-associated protein-protein interaction (PPI) modules and ascertain their functions in human lung squamous cell carcinoma. We collected lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles of lung squamous cell carcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas. To identify the lncRNA-associated PPI modules, lncRNA-mRNA co-expression networks were first constructed based on the mutual ranks of expression correlations. Next, we examined whether the co-expressed mRNAs of a specific lncRNA were closely connected by PPIs. For this, a significantly connected mRNA set was considered to be the lncRNA-associated PPI module. Finally, the prospective functions of a lncRNA was inferred using Gene Ontology enrichment analysis on the associated module. We found that lncRNA-associated PPI modules were subtype-dependent and each subtype had unique molecular mechanisms. In addition, antisense lncRNAs and sense genes tended to be functionally associated. Our results might provide new directions for understanding lncRNA regulations in lung cancer. The analysis pipeline was implemented in a web tool, available at http://lncin.ym.edu.tw/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsun Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Fen Juan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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12
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Szafranski P, Coban-Akdemir ZH, Rupps R, Grazioli S, Wensley D, Jhangiani SN, Popek E, Lee AF, Lupski JR, Boerkoel CF, Stankiewicz P. Phenotypic expansion ofTBX4mutations to include acinar dysplasia of the lungs. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2440-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Szafranski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
| | | | - Rosemarie Rupps
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Serge Grazioli
- Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - David Wensley
- Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Shalini N. Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
| | - Edwina Popek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
| | - Anna F. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
- Department of Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
- Texas Children's Hospital; Houston Texas
| | | | - Paweł Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
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Sawardekar K. Is there a link between Holt-Oram Syndrome and ‘Mardini-Nyhan’ association? - need for further research. Clin Genet 2016; 90:284-7. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.P. Sawardekar
- Department of Pediatrics & Neonatology; Nizwa Hospital; Sultanate of Oman
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Qin X, Wei W, Fangqi G. Horseshoe Lung Associated With Holt-Oram Syndrome. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2015. [PMID: 26195995 PMCID: PMC4505999 DOI: 10.5812/ijp.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wang Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gong Fangqi
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Correspanding author: Gong Fangqi, Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China, E-mail:
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Al-Qattan MM, Abou Al-Shaar H. Molecular basis of the clinical features of Holt–Oram syndrome resulting from missense and extended protein mutations of the TBX5 gene as well as TBX5 intragenic duplications. Gene 2015; 560:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Barisic I, Boban L, Greenlees R, Garne E, Wellesley D, Calzolari E, Addor MC, Arriola L, Bergman JE, Braz P, Budd JL, Gatt M, Haeusler M, Khoshnood B, Klungsoyr K, McDonnell B, Nelen V, Pierini A, Queisser-Wahrendorf A, Rankin J, Rissmann A, Rounding C, Tucker D, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Dolk H. Holt Oram syndrome: a registry-based study in Europe. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:156. [PMID: 25344219 PMCID: PMC4245183 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by upper limb anomalies and congenital heart defects. We present epidemiological and clinical aspects of HOS patients using data from EUROCAT (European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies) registries. METHODS The study was based on data collected during 1990-2011 by 34 registries. The registries are population-based and use multiple sources of information to collect data on all types of birth using standardized definitions, methodology and coding. Diagnostic criteria for inclusion in the study were the presence of radial ray abnormalities and congenital heart disease (CHD), or the presence of either radial ray anomaly or CHD, with family history of HOS. RESULTS A total of 73 cases of HOS were identified, including 11 (15.1%) TOPFA and 62 (84.9%) LB. Out of 73 HOS cases, 30.8% (20/65) were suspected prenatally, 55.4% (36/65) at birth, 10.7% (7/65) in the first week of life, and 3.1% (2/65) in the first year of life. The prenatal detection rate was 39.2% (20/51), with no significant change over the study period. In 55% (11/20) of prenatally detected cases, parents decided to terminate pregnancy. Thumb anomalies were reported in all cases. Agenesis/hypoplasia of radius was present in 49.2% (30/61), ulnar aplasia/hypoplasia in 24.6% (15/61) and humerus hypoplasia/phocomelia in 42.6% (26/61) of patients. Congenital heart defects (CHD) were recorded in 78.7% (48/61) of patients. Isolated septal defects were present in 54.2 (26/48), while 25% (12/48) of patients had complex/severe CHD. The mean prevalence of HOS diagnosed prenatally or in the early years of life in European registries was 0.7 per 100,000 births or 1:135,615 births. CONCLUSIONS HOS is a rare genetic condition showing regional variation in its prevalence. It is often missed prenatally, in spite of the existence of major structural anomalies. When discovered, parents in 45% (9/20) of cases opt for the continuation of pregnancy. Although a quarter of patients have severe CHD, the overall first week survival is very good, which is important information for counselling purposes.
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Arora R, Metzger RJ, Papaioannou VE. Multiple roles and interactions of Tbx4 and Tbx5 in development of the respiratory system. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002866. [PMID: 22876201 PMCID: PMC3410851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal development of the respiratory system is essential for survival and is regulated by multiple genes and signaling pathways. Both Tbx4 and Tbx5 are expressed throughout the mesenchyme of the developing lung and trachea; and, although multiple genes are known to be required in the epithelium, only Fgfs have been well studied in the mesenchyme. In this study, we investigated the roles of Tbx4 and Tbx5 in lung and trachea development using conditional mutant alleles and two different Cre recombinase transgenic lines. Loss of Tbx5 leads to a unilateral loss of lung bud specification and absence of tracheal specification in organ culture. Mutants deficient in Tbx4 and Tbx5 show severely reduced lung branching at mid-gestation. Concordant with this defect, the expression of mesenchymal markers Wnt2 and Fgf10, as well as Fgf10 target genes Bmp4 and Spry2, in the epithelium is downregulated. Lung branching undergoes arrest ex vivo when Tbx4 and Tbx5 are both completely lacking. Lung-specific Tbx4 heterozygous;Tbx5 conditional null mice die soon after birth due to respiratory distress. These pups have small lungs and show severe disruptions in tracheal/bronchial cartilage rings. Sox9, a master regulator of cartilage formation, is expressed in the trachea; but mesenchymal cells fail to condense and consequently do not develop cartilage normally at birth. Tbx4;Tbx5 double heterozygous mutants show decreased lung branching and fewer tracheal cartilage rings, suggesting a genetic interaction. Finally, we show that Tbx4 and Tbx5 interact with Fgf10 during the process of lung growth and branching but not during tracheal/bronchial cartilage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripla Arora
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ross J. Metzger
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Virginia E. Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Boogerd CJJ, Dooijes D, Ilgun A, Mathijssen IB, Hordijk R, van de Laar IMBH, Rump P, Veenstra-Knol HE, Moorman AFM, Barnett P, Postma AV. Functional analysis of novel TBX5 T-box mutations associated with Holt-Oram syndrome. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 88:130-9. [PMID: 20519243 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is a heart/hand syndrome clinically characterized by upper limb and cardiac malformations. Mutations in T-box transcription factor 5 (TBX5) underlie this syndrome, the majority of which lead to premature stops. In this study, we present our functional analyses of five (novel) missense TBX5 mutations identified in HOS patients, most of whom presented with severe cardiac malformations. METHODS AND RESULTS Functional characterization of mutant proteins shows a dramatic loss of DNA-binding capacity, as well as diminished binding to known cardiac interaction partners NKX2-5 and GATA4. The disturbance of these interactions leads to a loss of function, as measured by the reduced activation of Nppa and FGF10 in rat heart derived cells, although with variable severity. Two out of the five mutations are peculiar: one, p.H220del, is associated with additional extra-cardiac defects, perhaps by interfering with other T-box dependant pathways, and another, p.I106V, leads to limb defects only, which is supported by its normal interaction with cardiac-specific interaction partners. CONCLUSION Overall, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that these novel missense mutations in TBX5 lead to functional haploinsufficiency and result in a reduced transcriptional activation of target genes, which is likely central to the pathogenesis of HOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J J Boogerd
- Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Posch MG, Perrot A, Berger F, Ozcelik C. Molecular genetics of congenital atrial septal defects. Clin Res Cardiol 2010; 99:137-47. [PMID: 20012542 PMCID: PMC2830584 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-009-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common developmental errors in humans, affecting 8 out of 1,000 newborns. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of CHD has dramatically improved in the last decades. Hence, the majority of CHD patients are now reaching reproductive age. While the risk of familial recurrence has been evaluated in various population studies, little is known about the genetic pathogenesis of CHD. In recent years significant progress has been made in uncovering genetic processes during cardiac development. Data from human genetic studies in CHD patients indicate that the genetic aetiology was presumably underestimated in the past. Inherited mutations in genes encoding cardiac transcription factors and sarcomeric proteins were found as an underlying cause for familial recurrence of non-syndromic CHD in humans, in particular cardiac septal defects. Notably, the cardiac phenotypes most frequently seen in mutation carriers are ostium secundum atrial septal defects (ASDII). This review outlines experimental approaches employed for the detection of CHD-related genes in humans and summarizes recent findings in molecular genetics of congenital cardiac septal defects with an emphasis on ASDII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian G Posch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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Hastings R, Harding D, Donaldson A, Liebling R, Hayes A, Kraus A, Joss S, Narayanaswamy S, Turnpenny P, Smithson S. MardiniâNyhan association (lung agenesis, congenital heart, and thumb anomalies): Three new cases and possible recurrence in a sibâIs there a distinct recessive syndrome? Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:2838-42. [PMID: 19938090 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Hastings
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
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