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Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are the most common congenital birth defects in humans and immediately recognized at birth. The etiology remains complex and poorly understood and seems to result from multiple genetic and environmental factors along with gene-environment interactions. It can be classified into syndromic (30%) and nonsyndromic (70%) clefts. Nonsyndromic OFCs include clefts without any additional physical or cognitive deficits. Recently, various genetic approaches, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), candidate gene association studies, and linkage analysis, have identified multiple genes involved in the etiology of OFCs. This article provides an insight into the multiple genes involved in the etiology of OFCs. Identification of specific genetic causes of clefts helps in a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of OFC. In the near future, it helps to provide a more accurate diagnosis, genetic counseling, personalized medicine for better clinical care, and prevention of OFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamad Irfanulla Khan
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashanth CS
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, DAPM R.V. Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha Murthy Srinath
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Funato N, Yanagisawa H. Deletion of the T-box transcription factor gene, Tbx1, in mice induces differential expression of genes associated with cleft palate in humans. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 95:149-155. [PMID: 30121012 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the function of the T-box transcription factor 1 (TBX1) in palatogenesis. DESIGN Tbx1-knockout mice were histologically examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Next, secondary palatal shelves dissected from wild type or Tbx1-knockout mice embryos at embryonic day 13.5 were investigated with microarray analysis, gene ontology analysis, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We performed gene profiling of developing palatal shelves from wild type and Tbx1-knockout embryos. We also analyzed the association of mouse genes linked to cleft palate with biological processes and compared the results with those of our ontology analysis of dysregulated genes in Tbx1-knockout palatal shelves. RESULTS Histological analysis of Tbx1-knockout palate with complete cleft palate at postnatal day 1 showed aplasia of secondary palates associated with a small mandible and a small tongue compared to wild type littermates. Gene ontology analysis indicated that genes associated with development of the nervous system, muscle, and biomineral tissue were dysregulated in Tbx1-knockout palatal shelves. Furthermore, in Tbx1-knockout palatal shelves, genes associated with human cleft palate, specifically, myosin heavy chain 3 (Myh3) and nebulin (Neb), were downregulated and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor beta 3 subunit (Gabrb3) was upregulated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that TBX1 maintains normal growth and development of palatal shelves, mediated through the regulation of genes involved in muscle cell differentiation, nervous system development, and biomineral tissue development. Multiple factors in Tbx1-knockout mice may lead to various subtypes of cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Funato
- Department of Signal Gene Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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Hozyasz KK, Mostowska A, Wójcicki P, Lasota A, Zadurska M, Dunin-Wilczyńska I, Jagodziński PP. Nucleotide Variants of the BH4 Biosynthesis Pathway Gene GCH1 and the Risk of Orofacial Clefts. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:769-776. [PMID: 26215833 PMCID: PMC4703629 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A deficiency of GTP cyclohydrolase, encoded by the GCH1 gene, results in two neurological diseases: hyperphenylalaninaemia type HPABH4B and DOPA-responsive dystonia. Genes involved in neurotransmitter metabolism and motor systems may contribute to palatogenesis. The purpose of the study was to analyse polymorphic variants of the GCH1 gene as risk factors for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P). Genotyping of nine polymorphisms was conducted in a group of 281 NSCL/P patients and 574 controls. The GCH1 variant rs17128077 was associated with a 1.7-fold higher risk for NSCL/P (95 %CI = 1.224-2.325; p = 0.001). We also found a significant correlation between the rs8004018 and rs17128050 variants and an increased risk of oral clefts (p trend = 0.003 and 0.004, respectively). The best evidence of the global haplotype association was observed for rs17128050 and rs8004018 (p corr = 0.0152). This study demonstrates that the risk of NSCL/P is associated with variants of the GCH1 gene related to BH4 metabolism and provides some evidence of the relationships between morphological/functional shifts in the central nervous system and orofacial clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K Hozyasz
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Mother and Child, 17a Kasprzaka Str., 01-211, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adrianna Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Lasota
- Department of Jaw Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zadurska
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Paweł P Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Genetics of cleft lip and/or cleft palate: Association with other common anomalies. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:381-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Filézio MR, Bagordakis E, de Aquino SN, Pereira Messetti AC, Martelli-Júnior H, Swerts MSO, Graner E, Coletta RD, Paranaíba LMR. Polymorphisms in GABRB3 and Oral Clefting in the Brazilian Population. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:125-9. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Rosa Filézio
- Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabete Bagordakis
- Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hercílio Martelli-Júnior
- Center for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Dental School, University of José do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Dental School, University of Montes Claros Dental, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Oliveira Swerts
- Center for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Dental School, University of José do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edgard Graner
- Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D. Coletta
- Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Marinucci L, Balloni S, Carinci F, Locci P, Pezzetti F, Bodo M. Diazepam effects on non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate: epidemiological studies, clinical findings, genes and extracellular matrix. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010; 10:23-33. [PMID: 20645675 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2010.506478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD This review analyses international studies investigating the combined genetic and environmental causes of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and describes successes and limitations in identifying underlying genetic and environmental factors. CL/P, the most common congenital facial malformation, is a major public health burden in terms of medical costs and emotional stress to patients and families. Because genetic and environmental factors determine risk of occurrence, CL/P has a complex, multifactor aetiology. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW English language reports from 1980 to 2010 were searched for in Medline, PubMed, Science Citation Index, textbooks and review articles on drugs and pregnancy. Key words were diazepam or benzodiazepine(s) combined with cleft lip, cleft palate, oral malformations, prenatal exposure, GABA, gene expression and extracellular matrix. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review presents an updated assessment of the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of diazepam (DZ), one of the most commonly used benzodiazepines, on CL/P occurrence. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Data are divergent; more studies are needed for an in-depth picture of the effects of DZ during gestation on the child's development, particularly on orofacial clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Marinucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Section of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, Perugia, Italy.
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Carter TC, Molloy AM, Pangilinan F, Troendle JF, Kirke PN, Conley MR, Orr DJA, Earley M, McKiernan E, Lynn EC, Doyle A, Scott JM, Brody LC, Mills JL. Testing reported associations of genetic risk factors for oral clefts in a large Irish study population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:84-93. [PMID: 19937600 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suggestive, but not conclusive, studies implicate many genetic variants in oral cleft etiology. We used a large, ethnically homogenous study population to test whether reported associations between nonsyndromic oral clefts and 12 genes (CLPTM1, CRISPLD2, FGFR2, GABRB3, GLI2, IRF6, PTCH1, RARA, RYK, SATB2, SUMO1, TGFA) could be confirmed. METHODS Thirty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exons, splice sites, and conserved non-coding regions were studied in 509 patients with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP), 383 with cleft palate only (CP), 838 mothers and 719 fathers of patients with oral clefts, and 902 controls from Ireland. Case-control and family-based statistical tests were performed using isolated oral clefts for the main analyses. RESULTS In case-control comparisons, the minor allele of PTCH1 A562A (rs2066836) was associated with reduced odds of CLP (odds ratios [OR], 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13-0.64 for homozygotes), whereas the minor allele of PTCH1 L1315P (rs357564) was associated with increased odds of CLP (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.07-1.74 for heterozygotes; and OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.09-2.24 for homozygotes). The minor allele of one SUMO1 SNP, rs3769817 located in intron 2, was associated with increased odds of CP (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.06-1.99 for heterozygotes). Transmission disequilibrium was observed for the minor allele of TGFA V159V (rs2166975) which was over-transmitted to CP cases (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS For 10 of the 12 genes, this is the largest candidate gene study of nonsyndromic oral clefts to date. The findings provide further evidence that PTCH1, SUMO1, and TGFA contribute to nonsyndromic oral clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia C Carter
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Oh WJ, Westmoreland JJ, Summers R, Condie BG. Cleft palate is caused by CNS dysfunction in Gad1 and Viaat knockout mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9758. [PMID: 20333300 PMCID: PMC2841638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that disruption of GABA signaling in mice via mutations in the Gad1, Gabrb3 or Viaat genes leads to the development of non-neural developmental defects such as cleft palate. Studies of the Gabrb3 and Gad1 mutant mice have suggested that GABA function could be required either in the central nervous system or in the palate itself for normal palatogenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings To further examine the role of GABA signaling in palatogenesis we used three independent experimental approaches to test whether Gad1 or Viaat function is required in the fetal CNS for normal palate development. We used oral explant cultures to demonstrate that the Gad1 and Viaat mutant palates were able to undergo palatogenesis in culture, suggesting that there is no defect in the palate tissue itself in these mice. In a second series of experiments we found that the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol could rescue the cleft palate phenotype in Gad1 and Viaat mutant embryos. This suggested that normal multimeric GABAA receptors in the CNS were necessary for normal palatogenesis. In addition, we showed that CNS-specific inactivation of Gad1 was sufficient to disrupt palate development. Conclusions/Significance Our results are consistent with a role for Gad1 and Viaat in the central nervous system for normal development of the palate. We suggest that the alterations in GABA signaling lead to non-neural defects such as cleft palate as a secondary effect due to alterations in or elimination of fetal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jong Oh
- Developmental Biology Group, Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joby J. Westmoreland
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ryan Summers
- Developmental Biology Group, Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Condie
- Developmental Biology Group, Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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