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Zheng Z, Ding L, Wang M, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Tang M, Xu J, Wang L, Wu J, Li H. Hearing characteristics and otoradiological abnormalities in three patients with novel pathogenic variants of KMT2D-related Kabuki syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2306. [PMID: 37921229 PMCID: PMC10767598 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kabuki syndrome 1 (KS1; OMIM:147920), which is characterized by distinctive dysmorphic facial features (such as arched eyebrows, long palpebral fissures with eversion of the lower lid, and large protuberant ears), intellectual disability, short stature, and dermatoglyphic and skeletal abnormalities, is brought on by pathogenic variants in KMT2D (OMIM:602113). In this work, three individuals with novel pathogenic KMT2D gene variants had their longitudinal audiological manifestations and ear structural characteristics outlined. METHODS The longitudinal audiological data from neonatal hearing screening and a battery of several hearing tests were evaluated. The battery of hearing tests included tympanometry, distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE), click-evoked air-conduction auditory brain-stem response (AC-ABR), click-evoked bone-conduction auditory brain-stem response (BC-ABR), narrow band CE-chirp auditory steady-state response (NB CE-chirp ASSR), and pure-tone audiometry (PTA). Phenotype identification and whole exome sequencing (WES) were performed on recruited individuals. RESULTS All three patients (two females and on male; last evaluations at 14 months, 11 months, and 5.7 years, respectively) failed the newborn hearing screening, and the audiological follow-up data revealed mild to profound fluctuating hearing loss, which was directly influenced by the incidence and severity of otitis media with effusion (OME). When OME occurred, the AC-ABR thresholds increased from 30-75 dBnHL to 45-90 dBnHL. The threshold for the BC-ABR and BC-PTA was between 25 and 50 dBnHL, indicating mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). The high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) pictures indicated that all three patients had middle and inner ear abnormalities. Middle ear anomalies showed as diminished mastoid gasification and ossicle dysplasia. Cochlear dysplasia, a dilated vestibule, fusion of the vestibule with the horizontal semicircular canals, and a short and thick horizontal semicircular canal were visible on images of the inner ear. This study recruited three individuals with three novel pathogenic variants (c.5104C>T, c.10205delA, and c.12840delC) of KMT2D who were identified at ages 27 days, 2 months, and 5.5 years. CONCLUSIONS Hearing characteristics of three individuals with three novel pathogenic variants of KMT2D range from mild to profound fluctuating hearing loss with mild to moderate SNHL. HRCT scans showed that all three individuals had anatomical middle and inner ear abnormalities. KS 1 patients must get clinical therapy for OME, frequent auditory monitoring, and prompt intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoushu Zheng
- Department of OtolaryngologyNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of OtolaryngologyNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Meihong Wang
- Department of OtolaryngologyNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- Department of OtolaryngologyNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Yihui Yang
- Department of OtolaryngologyNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of OtolaryngologyNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of OtolaryngologyNingbo Yinzhou No.2 HospitalNingboChina
| | - Liangjiong Wang
- Department of RadiologyNingbo Medical Center Lihuili HospitalNingboChina
| | - Junhua Wu
- Department of OtolaryngologyNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Haibo Li
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and ControlNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
- Ningbo Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Embryogenic DiseasesNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
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Kalinousky AJ, Luperchio TR, Schrode KM, Harris JR, Zhang L, DeLeon VB, Fahrner JA, Lauer AM, Bjornsson HT. KMT2D Deficiency Causes Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Mice and Humans. Genes (Basel) 2023; 15:48. [PMID: 38254937 PMCID: PMC10815913 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Kabuki syndrome type 1 (KS1) often have hearing loss recognized in middle childhood. Current clinical dogma suggests that this phenotype is caused by frequent infections due to the immune deficiency in KS1 and/or secondary to structural abnormalities of the ear. To clarify some aspects of hearing loss, we collected information on hearing status from 21 individuals with KS1 and found that individuals have both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss, with the average age of presentation being 7 years. Our data suggest that while ear infections and structural abnormalities contribute to the observed hearing loss, these factors do not explain all loss. Using a KS1 mouse model, we found hearing abnormalities from hearing onset, as indicated by auditory brainstem response measurements. In contrast to mouse and human data for CHARGE syndrome, a disorder possessing overlapping clinical features with KS and a well-known cause of hearing loss and structural inner ear abnormalities, there are no apparent structural abnormalities of the cochlea in KS1 mice. The KS1 mice also display diminished distortion product otoacoustic emission levels, which suggests outer hair cell dysfunction. Combining these findings, our data suggests that KMT2D dysfunction causes sensorineural hearing loss compounded with external factors, such as infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J. Kalinousky
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (A.J.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.R.H.); (L.Z.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Teresa R. Luperchio
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (A.J.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.R.H.); (L.Z.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Katrina M. Schrode
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Center for Hearing and Balance, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (K.M.S.); (A.M.L.)
| | - Jacqueline R. Harris
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (A.J.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.R.H.); (L.Z.); (J.A.F.)
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (A.J.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.R.H.); (L.Z.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Valerie B. DeLeon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Jill A. Fahrner
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (A.J.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.R.H.); (L.Z.); (J.A.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Amanda M. Lauer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Center for Hearing and Balance, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (K.M.S.); (A.M.L.)
| | - Hans T. Bjornsson
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (A.J.K.); (T.R.L.); (J.R.H.); (L.Z.); (J.A.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Landspitali University Hospital, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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3
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Leonardi L, Testa A, Feleppa M, Paparella R, Conti F, Marzollo A, Spalice A, Giona F, Gnazzo M, Andreoli GM, Costantino F, Tarani L. Immune dysregulation in Kabuki syndrome: a case report of Evans syndrome and hypogammaglobulinemia. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1087002. [PMID: 37360370 PMCID: PMC10288106 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1087002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare multisystemic disease due to mutations in the KMT2D or KDM6A genes, which act as epigenetic modulators of different processes, including immune response. The syndrome is characterized by anomalies in multiple organ systems, and it is associated with autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, and an underlying immunological phenotype characterized by immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation. Up to 17% of KS patients present with immune thrombocytopenia characterized by a severe, chronic or relapsing course, and often associated to other hematological autoimmune diseases including autoimmune hemolytic anemia, eventually resulting in Evans syndrome (ES). A 23-year-old woman, clinically diagnosed with KS and presenting from the age of 3 years with ES was referred to the Rare Diseases Centre of our Pediatric Department for corticosteroid-induced hyperglycemia. Several ES relapses and recurrent respiratory infections in the previous years were reported. Severe hypogammaglobulinemia, splenomegaly and signs of chronic lung inflammation were diagnosed only at the time of our observation. Supportive treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanate prophylaxis and recombinant human hyaluronidase-facilitated subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement were immediately started. In KS patients, the failure of B-cell development and the lack of autoreactive immune cells suppression can lead to immunodeficiency and autoimmunity that may be undiagnosed for a long time. Our patient's case is paradigmatic since she presented with preventable morbidity and severe lung disease years after disease onset. This case emphasizes the importance of suspecting immune dysregulation in KS. Pathogenesis and immunological complications of KS are discussed. Moreover, the need to perform immunologic evaluations is highlighted both at the time of KS diagnosis and during disease follow-up, in order to allow proper treatment while intercepting avoidable morbidity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Leonardi
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Testa
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariavittoria Feleppa
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Paparella
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Conti
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Marzollo
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Division, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Spalice
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorina Giona
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gnazzo
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Andreoli
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Costantino
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Tarani
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Aristizábal E, Diaz-Ordóñez L, Candelo E, Pachajoa H. A Novel Intronic KMT2D Variant as a Cause of Kabuki Syndrome: A Case Report. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2021; 14:409-416. [PMID: 34675602 PMCID: PMC8502069 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s317723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder in which most cases are caused by de novo mutations. KS type 1 is caused by mutations in KMT2D (OMIM: #147920) and is more common. KS type 2 is caused by mutations in KDM6A (OMIM: #300867). Both genes encode proteins that modify histones and are involved in epigenetic regulation. The enzyme histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D, the product of KMT2D, is expressed in most adult tissues and is essential for early embryonic development. The main clinical manifestations of KS include dysmorphic facial features, such as elongated palpebral fissures, eversion of the lateral third of the lower eyelids, and short nasal columella with a broad and depressed nasal tip. Additionally, patients also present with skeletal abnormalities, dermatoglyphic features, mild-to-moderate intellectual disability, hearing loss, and postnatal growth deficiency. We describe an 11-year-old girl from Colombia, who presented with characteristic clinical signs of KS. Genetic studies showed a KMT2D intronic variant (KMT2D NM_003482.3: c.511‐2A> T) as a cause of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Aristizábal
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Lorena Diaz-Ordóñez
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Estephania Candelo
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.,Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Harry Pachajoa
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.,Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
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5
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Stadelmaier RT, Kenna MA, Barrett D, Mullen TE, Bodamer O, Agrawal PB, Robson CD, Wojcik MH. Neuroimaging in Kabuki syndrome and another KMT2D-related disorder. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3770-3783. [PMID: 34369642 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of distinct phenotypic features is an important component of genetic diagnosis. Although CHARGE syndrome, Kabuki syndrome, and a recently delineated KMT2D Ex 38/39 allelic disorder exhibit significant overlap, differences on neuroimaging may help distinguish these conditions and guide genetic testing and variant interpretation. We present an infant clinically diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome but subsequently found to have a de novo missense variant in exon 38 of KMT2D, the gene implicated in both Kabuki syndrome and a distinct KMT2D allelic disorder. We compare her brain and inner ear morphology to a retrospective cohort of 21 patients with classic Kabuki syndrome and to typical CHARGE syndrome findings described in the literature. Thirteen of the 21 Kabuki syndrome patients had temporal bone imaging (5/13 CT, 12/13 MRI) and/or brain MRI (12/13) which revealed findings distinct from both CHARGE syndrome and the KMT2D allelic disorder. Our findings further elucidate the spectrum of inner ear dysmorphology distinguishing Kabuki syndrome and the KMT2D allelic disorder from CHARGE syndrome, suggesting that these three disorders may be differentiated at least in part by their inner ear anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel T Stadelmaier
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret A Kenna
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Devon Barrett
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas E Mullen
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olaf Bodamer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline D Robson
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monica H Wojcik
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Boniel S, Szymańska K, Śmigiel R, Szczałuba K. Kabuki Syndrome-Clinical Review with Molecular Aspects. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:468. [PMID: 33805950 PMCID: PMC8064399 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare developmental disorder principally comprised of developmental delay, hypotonia and a clearly defined dysmorphism: elongation of the structures surrounding the eyes, a shortened and depressed nose, thinning of the upper lip and thickening of the lower lip, large and prominent ears, hypertrichosis and scoliosis. Other characteristics include poor physical growth, cardiac, gastrointestinal and renal anomalies as well as variable behavioral issues, including autistic features. De novo or inherited pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in the KMT2D gene are the most common cause of KS and account for up to 75% of patients. Variants in KDM6A cause up to 5% of cases (X-linked dominant inheritance), while the etiology of about 20% of cases remains unknown. Current KS diagnostic criteria include hypotonia during infancy, developmental delay and/or intellectual disability, typical dysmorphism and confirmed pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant in KMT2D or KDM6A. Care for KS patients includes the control of physical and psychomotor development during childhood, rehabilitation and multi-specialist care. This paper reviews the current clinical knowledge, provides molecular and scientific links and sheds light on the treatment of Kabuki syndrome individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snir Boniel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Pawinskiego 3c, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Krystyna Szymańska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Robert Śmigiel
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Propaedeutic of Paediatrics and Rare Disorders, Medical University, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Szczałuba
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Pawinskiego 3c, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
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Piro E, Schierz IAM, Antona V, Pappalardo MP, Giuffrè M, Serra G, Corsello G. Neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: case report of kabuki syndrome due to a novel KMT2D splicing-site mutation. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:136. [PMID: 32948218 PMCID: PMC7499940 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-00902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistent neonatal hypoglycemia, owing to the possibility of severe neurodevelopmental consequences, is a leading cause of neonatal care admission. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is often resistant to dextrose infusion and needs rapid diagnosis and treatment. Several congenital conditions, from single gene defects to genetic syndromes should be considered in the diagnostic approach. Kabuki syndrome type 1 (MIM# 147920) and Kabuki syndrome type 2 (MIM# 300867), can be associated with neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Patient presentation We report a female Italian (Sicilian) child, born preterm at 35 weeks gestation, with persistent hypoglycemia. Peculiar facial dysmorphisms, neonatal hypotonia, and cerebellar vermis hypoplasia raised suspicion of Kabuki syndrome. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia was confirmed with glucagon test and whole-exome sequencing (WES) found a novel heterozygous splicing-site mutation (c.674-1G > A) in KMT2D gene. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia was successfully treated with diazoxide. At 3 months corrected age for prematurity, a mild global neurodevelopmental delay, postnatal weight and occipitofrontal circumference growth failure were reported. Conclusions Kabuki syndrome should be considered when facing neonatal persistent hypoglycemia. Diazoxide may help to improve hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. A multidisciplinary and individualized follow-up should be carried out for early diagnosis and treatment of severe pathological associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Piro
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P.Giaccone", University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Ingrid Anne Mandy Schierz
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P.Giaccone", University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Antona
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P.Giaccone", University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Pappalardo
- Pediatric Radiology Unit, A.R.N.A.S. Ospedali Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, Piazza N. Leotta, 4, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Giuffrè
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P.Giaccone", University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gregorio Serra
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P.Giaccone", University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P.Giaccone", University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
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Bonnard Å, Bark R, Hederstierna C. Clinical update on sensorineural hearing loss in Turner syndrome and the X-chromosome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 181:18-24. [PMID: 30632288 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hearing loss is one of the major medical concerns in girls and women with Turner syndrome (TS) and has a negative effect on well-being and quality of everyday life. Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common type of hearing loss, affecting more than half of adults with TS. Karyotypes with a loss of the short p-arm on the X-chromosome are more prone to ear and hearing problems. The importance of detecting, investigating, and treating hearing loss with hearing aids cannot be emphasized enough. The pathophysiology of the sensorineural hearing loss in TS is not known, but theories regarding estrogen deficiency, the cell cycle delay hypothesis, IGF-1 deficiency and the possible role of the KDM6A gene are discussed. Due to the diversity of symptoms and conditions within the same karyotype, a combination of genetic factors altered by epigenetic and/or hormonal effects is probable. Further research is needed regarding the pathophysiology of ear and hearing problems in TS to develop new treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Bonnard
- Department of Clinical science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rusana Bark
- Department of Clinical science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Hederstierna
- Department of Clinical science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Layman WS, Zuo J. Epigenetic regulation in the inner ear and its potential roles in development, protection, and regeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:446. [PMID: 25750614 PMCID: PMC4285911 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The burgeoning field of epigenetics is beginning to make a significant impact on our understanding of tissue development, maintenance, and function. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate the structure and activity of the genome in response to intracellular and environmental cues that direct cell-type specific gene networks. The inner ear is comprised of highly specialized cell types with identical genomes that originate from a single totipotent zygote. During inner ear development specific combinations of transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers must function in a coordinated manner to establish and maintain cellular identity. These epigenetic regulatory mechanisms contribute to the maintenance of distinct chromatin states and cell-type specific gene expression patterns. In this review, we highlight emerging paradigms for epigenetic modifications related to inner ear development, and how epigenetics may have a significant role in hearing loss, protection, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda S Layman
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
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10
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Bögershausen N, Wollnik B. Unmasking Kabuki syndrome. Clin Genet 2012; 83:201-11. [PMID: 23131014 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The identification of de novo dominant mutations in KMT2D (MLL2) as the main cause of Kabuki syndrome (KS) has shed new light on the pathogenesis of this well-delineated condition consisting of a peculiar facial appearance, short stature, organ malformations and a varying degree of intellectual disability. Mutation screening studies have confirmed KMT2D as the major causative gene for KS and have at the same time provided evidence for its genetic heterogeneity. In this review, we aim to summarize the current clinical and molecular genetic knowledge on KS, provide genotype-phenotype correlations and propose a strategic clinical and molecular diagnostic approach for patients with suspected KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bögershausen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Santiago J, Muszlak M, Goulois E, Ranaivoarivony V, Hébert JC, Lacombe D, Verloes A. Syndrome de Kabuki en milieu tropical chez un nourrisson hospitalisé pour diarrhée et stagnation pondérale. Arch Pediatr 2010; 17:588-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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