1
|
Dar AA, Ortega Y, Aktas S, Wu K, Guha I, Porter N, Rosen S, DeVita RJ, Pan ZQ, Oliver PM. CRL4b Inhibition Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Progression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:982-991. [PMID: 38265261 PMCID: PMC11060073 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis, and its murine model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease of the CNS characterized by T cell influx and demyelination. Similar to other autoimmune diseases, therapies can alleviate symptoms but often come with side effects, necessitating the exploration of new treatments. We recently demonstrated that the Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase 4b (CRL4b) aided in maintaining genome stability in proliferating T cells. In this study, we examined whether CRL4b was required for T cells to expand and drive EAE. Mice lacking Cul4b (Cullin 4b) in T cells had reduced EAE symptoms and decreased inflammation during the peak of the disease. Significantly fewer CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were found in the CNS, particularly among the CD4+ T cell population producing IL-17A, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and TNF-α. Additionally, Cul4b-deficient CD4+ T cells cultured in vitro with their wild-type counterparts were less likely to expand and differentiate into IL-17A- or IFN-γ-producing effector cells. When wild-type CD4+ T cells were activated in vitro in the presence of the recently developed CRL4 inhibitor KH-4-43, they exhibited increased apoptosis and DNA damage. Treatment of mice with KH-4-43 following EAE induction resulted in stabilized clinical scores and significantly reduced numbers of T cells and innate immune cells in the CNS compared with control mice. Furthermore, KH-4-43 treatment resulted in elevated expression of p21 and cyclin E2 in T cells. These studies support that therapeutic inhibition of CRL4 and/or CRL4-related pathways could be used to treat autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asif A Dar
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Yohaniz Ortega
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Sera Aktas
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Kenneth Wu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinani, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ipsita Guha
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Nadia Porter
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Siera Rosen
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Robert J DeVita
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Zhen-qiang Pan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinani, New York, NY 10029
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Division of Protective Immunity, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shangguan H, Wang J, Lin J, Huang X, Zeng Y, Chen R. A study on genotypes and phenotypes of short stature caused by epigenetic modification gene variants. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:1403-1414. [PMID: 38170291 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mendelian disorders of the epigenetic machinery (MDEMs) are caused by genetic mutations, a considerable fraction of which are associated with epigenetic modification. These MDEMs exhibit phenotypic overlap broadly characterized by multiorgan abnormalities. The variant detected in genes associated with epigenetic modification can lead to short stature accompanied with multiple system abnormalities. This study is aimed at presenting and summarizing the diagnostic rate, clinical, and genetic profile of MDEMs-associated short stature. Two hundred and fourteen short-stature patients with multiorgan abnormalities were enrolled. Clinical information and whole exome sequence (WES) were analyzed for these patients. WES identified 33 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in 19 epigenetic modulation genes (KMT2A, KMT2D, KDM6A, SETD5, KDM5C, HUWE1, UBE2A, NIPBL, SMC1A, RAD21, CREBBP, CUL4B, BPTF, ANKRD11, CHD7, SRCAP, CTCF, MECP2, UBE3A) in 33 patients (15.4%). Of note, 19 variants had never been reported previously. Furthermore, these 33 variants were associated with 16 different disorders with overlapping clinical features characterized by development delay/intelligence disability (31/33; 93.9%), small hands (14/33; 42.4%), clinodactyly of the 5th finger (14/33; 42.4%), long eyelashes (13/33; 39.4%), and hearing impairment (9/33; 27.3%). Additionally, several associated phenotypes are reported for the first time: clubbing with KMT2A variant, webbed neck with SETD5 variant, retinal detachment with CREBBP variant, sparse lateral eyebrow with HUWE1 variant, and long palpebral fissure with eversion of the lateral third of the low eyelid with SRCAP variant.Conclusions: Our study provided a new conceptual framework for further understanding short stature. Specific clinical findings may indicate that a short-stature patient may have an epigenetic modified gene variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huakun Shangguan
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jinduan Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Xiaozhen Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Ruimin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Edey J, Soleimani-Nouri P, Dawson-Kavanagh A, Imran Azeem MS, Episkopou V. X-linked neuronal migration disorders: Gender differences and insights for genetic screening. Int J Dev Neurosci 2023; 83:581-599. [PMID: 37574439 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical development depends on neuronal migration of both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are conditions characterised by anatomical cortical defects leading to varying degrees of neurocognitive impairment, developmental delay and seizures. Refractory epilepsy affects 15 million people worldwide, and it is thought that cortical developmental disorders are responsible for 25% of childhood cases. However, little is known about the epidemiology of these disorders, nor are their aetiologies fully understood, though many are associated with sporadic genetic mutations. In this review, we aim to highlight X-linked NMDs including lissencephaly, periventricular nodular heterotopia and polymicrogyria because of their mostly familial inheritance pattern. We focus on the most prominent genes responsible: including DCX, ARX, FLNA, FMR1, L1CAM, SRPX2, DDX3X, NSHDL, CUL4B and OFD1, outlining what is known about their prevalence among NMDs, and the underlying pathophysiology. X-linked disorders are important to recognise clinically, as females often have milder phenotypes. Consequently, there is a greater chance they survive to reproductive age and risk passing the mutations down. Effective genetic screening is important to prevent and treat these conditions, and for this, we need to know gene mutations and have a clear understanding of the function of the genes involved. This review summarises the knowledge base and provides clear direction for future work by both scientists and clinicians alike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Edey
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Payam Soleimani-Nouri
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | | | | | - Vasso Episkopou
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Magalhães TL, Viegas MV, Mendonça C, Travessa A, Soares D. Importance of Genetic Diagnosis in Global Developmental Delay: A Case of Cabezas Syndrome Caused by CUL4B Gene Deletion and Not Identified by Array-CHG. Cureus 2023; 15:e46010. [PMID: 37900499 PMCID: PMC10602199 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Global developmental delay (GDD) and intellectual disability (ID) are common reasons for referral to neurodevelopmental assessment. The etiology of GDD and ID can be genetic, acquired, or multifactorial. We report a case of a 10-year-old boy with ID and GDD who was diagnosed with Cabezas syndrome, a rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of the CUL4B gene. Despite normal results from previous testing, exome sequencing with copy number variation analysis led to the identification of the deletion. Early diagnosis of GDD and ID is crucial for effective patient management, including planning interventions and providing support, therapy, and genetic counseling for families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Magalhães
- Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar do Oeste, Caldas da Rainha, Caldas da Rainha, PRT
| | - Mariana V Viegas
- Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar do Oeste, Caldas da Rainha, Caldas da Rainha, PRT
| | - Catarina Mendonça
- Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar do Oeste, Caldas da Rainha, Caldas da Rainha, PRT
| | | | - Daniel Soares
- Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar do Oeste, Caldas da Rainha, Caldas da Rainha, PRT
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
CUL4B-associated epilepsy: Report of a novel truncating variant promoting drug-resistant seizures and systematic review of the literature. Seizure 2023; 104:32-37. [PMID: 36476360 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cabezas syndrome is a rare X-linked disease caused by mutations in CUL4B and characterized by developmental delay/intellectual disability, somatic dysmorphisms, behavioural disorder, ataxia/tremors. Although seizures have been formerly reported, their clinical semiology, EEG features and long-term outcome are largely unknown. PURPOSE This study aims to expand knowledge on epilepsy associated with Cabezas syndrome and to understand whether different types of variants in the CUL4B gene or brain MRI abnormalities may influence seizure onset and epilepsy course. METHODS With this in mind, we characterised the epileptic phenotype of a 17-year-old adolescent harbouring a CUL4B novel variant and performed a systematic literature review of CUL4B-associated seizures, analysing mutation types and neuroimaging features as epilepsy predictors. RESULTS Our case observation indicates that CUL4B-associated epilepsy may also be drug-resistant and persist beyond infancy. Literature analysis shows that 43% of CUL4B patients develop seizures, with no statistically significant differences in epilepsy development according to mutation type and neuroimaging features. CONCLUSION Our study extends knowledge of CUL4B-associated epilepsy, offering new insights into disease progression.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mi J, Wang S, Liu P, Liu C, Zhuang D, Leng X, Zhang Q, Bai F, Feng Q, Wu X. CUL4B Upregulates RUNX2 to Promote the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells by Epigenetically Repressing the Expression of miR-320c and miR-372/373-3p. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:921663. [PMID: 35784474 PMCID: PMC9243338 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.921663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) within the periodontal ligament (PDL), termed periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), have a self-renewing capability and a multidirectional differentiation potential. The molecular mechanisms that regulate multidirectional differentiation, such as the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, remain to be elucidated. Cullin 4B (CUL4B), which assembles the CUL4B-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL4B) complex, is involved in regulating a variety of developmental and physiological processes including the skeletal development and stemness of cancer stem cells. However, nothing is known about the possible role of CUL4B in the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Here, we found that knockdown of CUL4B decreased the proliferation, migration, stemness and osteogenic differentiation ability of PDLSCs. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that CUL4B cooperates with the PRC2 complex to repress the expression of miR-320c and miR-372/373-3p, which results in the upregulation of RUNX2, a master transcription factor (TF) that regulates osteogenic differentiation. In brief, the present study reveals the role of CUL4B as a new regulator of osteogenic differentiation in PDLSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Mi, ; Xunwei Wu,
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Panpan Liu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
- Department of Pediatrics Dentistry, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Dexuan Zhuang
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Leng
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Fuxiang Bai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Xunwei Wu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Biomaterials and Tissue Regeneration, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Ningbo, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Mi, ; Xunwei Wu,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nakagawa T, Morohoshi A, Nagasawa Y, Nakagawa M, Hosogane M, Noda Y, Hosoi T, Nakayama K. SPT16 ubiquitylation by DCAF14-CRL4 regulates FACT binding to histones. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110541. [PMID: 35320725 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone chaperone complex FACT comprises SPT16 and SSRP1 and contributes to DNA replication, transcription, and repair, but how it plays such various roles is unclear. Here, we show that human SPT16 is ubiquitylated at lysine-674 (K674) by the DCAF14-CRL4 ubiquitin ligase. K674 is located in the middle domain of SPT16, and the corresponding residue of the yeast ortholog is critical for binding to histone H3.1-H4. We show that the middle domain of human SPT16 binds to histone H3.1-H4 and that this binding is inhibited by K674 ubiquitylation. Cells with heterozygous knockin of a K674R mutant of SPT16 manifest reduction of both SPT16 ubiquitylation and H3.1 in chromatin, a reduced population in mid S phase, impaired proliferation, and increased susceptibility to S phase stress. Our data thus indicate that SPT16 ubiquitylation by DCAF14-CRL4 regulates FACT binding to histones and may thereby control DNA replication-coupled histone incorporation into chromatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan
| | - Akane Morohoshi
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuko Nagasawa
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Makiko Nakagawa
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masaki Hosogane
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Noda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan
| | - Toru Hosoi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cruz Walma DA, Chen Z, Bullock AN, Yamada KM. Ubiquitin ligases: guardians of mammalian development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:350-367. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
9
|
Wang S, Wang X, Teng X, Li S, Zhang H, Shan Z, Li Y. Lumbar Scheuermann's disease found in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) caused by a heterozygous mutation in COL1A2 (c.4048G > A): a case report. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:525. [PMID: 34098919 PMCID: PMC8185920 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous connective tissue disorder characterized by increased bone fragility and a series of extraskeletal manifestations. Approximately 90 % of OI cases are caused by type I collagen variants encoded by the collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) or type I alpha 2 (COL1A2) gene. Lumbar Scheuermann’s disease is an atypical type of Scheuermann’s disease accompanied by Schmorl’s nodes and irregular endplates but without pronounced kyphosis. Although the etiology of Scheuermann’s disease is unclear, genetic and environmental factors are likely. Case presentation Here, we report a 32-year-old male patient who experienced multiple brittle fractures. Gene sequencing revealed a heterozygous mutation, c.4048G > A (p.G1350S), in the COL1A2 gene, and the patient was diagnosed with OI. Magnetic resonance imaging of his thoracolumbar spine revealed multiple Schmorl’s nodes. Conclusions This is the first reported case of OI coexisting with the spinal presentation of Scheuermann’s disease. It is speculated that the COL1A2 gene mutation might be an underlying novel genetic cause of Scheuermann’s disease. In conclusion, this case demonstrates the relationship between Scheuermann’s disease and OI for the first time and enriches the genotype-phenotype spectrum of OI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Songbai Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Hanyi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Yushu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dar AA, Sawada K, Dybas JM, Moser EK, Lewis EL, Park E, Fazelinia H, Spruce LA, Ding H, Seeholzer SH, Oliver PM. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cul4b promotes CD4+ T cell expansion by aiding the repair of damaged DNA. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001041. [PMID: 33524014 PMCID: PMC7888682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for T cells to become activated and clonally expand during pathogen invasion is pivotal for protective immunity. Our understanding of how T cell receptor (TCR) signaling prepares cells for this rapid expansion remains limited. Here we provide evidence that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cullin-4b (Cul4b) regulates this process. The abundance of total and neddylated Cul4b increased following TCR stimulation. Disruption of Cul4b resulted in impaired proliferation and survival of activated T cells. Additionally, Cul4b-deficient CD4+ T cells accumulated DNA damage. In T cells, Cul4b preferentially associated with the substrate receptor DCAF1, and Cul4b and DCAF1 were found to interact with proteins that promote the sensing or repair of damaged DNA. While Cul4b-deficient CD4+ T cells showed evidence of DNA damage sensing, downstream phosphorylation of SMC1A did not occur. These findings reveal an essential role for Cul4b in promoting the repair of damaged DNA to allow survival and expansion of activated T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asif A. Dar
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Keisuke Sawada
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Dybas
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Health and Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily K. Moser
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emma L. Lewis
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eddie Park
- Center for Computational and Genomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lynn A. Spruce
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hua Ding
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven H. Seeholzer
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paula M. Oliver
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
López M, Pérez‐Grijalba V, García‐Cobaleda I, Domínguez‐Garrido E. A 22.5 kb deletion in CUL4B causing Cabezas syndrome identified using CNV approach from WES data. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:3184-3188. [PMID: 33363903 PMCID: PMC7752442 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting clinical grade CNV based on WES is being improved in the NGS era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria López
- Molecular Diagnostics LaboratoryFundación Rioja SaludLogroñoSpain
| | | | - Inmaculada García‐Cobaleda
- Unidad de Diagnóstico y Asesoramiento GenéticoHospital Universitario Nuestra Sra de CandelariaSanta Cruz de TenerifeSpain
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen S, Wang Y, Chen L, Xia Y, Cui J, Wang W, Jiang X, Wang J, Zhu Y, Sun S, Zou Y, Gong Y, Shi B. CUL4B promotes aggressive phenotypes of renal cell carcinoma via upregulating c-Met expression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 130:105887. [PMID: 33227394 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cullin 4B (CUL4B), encoding a scaffold protein in Cullin RING ubiquitin-ligase complexes (CRL4B), is overexpressed and serves as an oncogene in various solid tumors. However, the roles and the underlying mechanisms of CUL4B in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that CUL4B was significantly upregulated in RCC cells and clinical specimens, and its overexpression was correlated with poor survival of RCC patients. Knockdown of CUL4B resulted in the inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion of RCC cells. Furthermore, we found that the expression of CUL4B is positively correlated with c-Met expression in RCC cells and tissues. Konckdown of c-Met or treatment with c-Met inhibitor, SU11274, could block the increase in cell proliferation, migration and invasion induced by CUL4B-overexpression. We also showed that CUL4B overexpression significantly accelerated xenograft tumor growth, and administration of SU11274 could also abrogate the accelerated tumor growth induced by CUL4B overexpression in vivo. These findings shed light on the contribution of CUL4B to tumorigenesis in RCC via activating c-Met signaling and its therapeutic implications in RCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouzhen Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yangyang Xia
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jianfeng Cui
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Wenfu Wang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xuewen Jiang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Laoling City, Dezhou, Shandong, 253600, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shuna Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250011, China
| | - Yongxin Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ritelli M, Palagano E, Cinquina V, Beccagutti F, Chiarelli N, Strina D, Hall IF, Villa A, Sobacchi C, Colombi M. Genome-first approach for the characterization of a complex phenotype with combined NBAS and CUL4B deficiency. Bone 2020; 140:115571. [PMID: 32768688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic variants in neuroblastoma-amplified sequence (NBAS) cause an extremely broad spectrum of phenotypes. Clinical features range from isolated recurrent episodes of liver failure to multisystemic syndrome including short stature, skeletal osteopenia and dysplasia, optic atrophy, and a variable immunological, cutaneous, muscular, and neurological abnormalities. Hemizygous variants in CUL4B cause syndromic X-linked intellectual disability characterized by limitations in intellectual functions, developmental delays in gait, cognitive, and speech functioning, and other features including short stature, dysmorphism, and cerebral malformations. In this study, we report on a 4.5-month-old preterm infant with a complex phenotype mainly characterized by placental-related severe intrauterine growth restriction, post-natal growth failure with spontaneous bone fractures, which led to a suspicion of osteogenesis imperfecta, and lethal bronchopulmonary dysplasia with pulmonary hypertension. Whole exome sequencing identified compound heterozygosity for a known frameshift and a novel missense variant in NBAS and hemizygosity for a known CUL4B nonsense mutation. In vitro functional studies on the novel NBAS missense substitution demonstrated altered Golgi-to-endoplasmic reticulum retrograde vesicular trafficking and reduced collagen secretion, likely explaining part of the patient's phenotype. We also provided a comprehensive overview of the phenotypic features of NBAS and CUL4B deficiency, thus updating the recently emerging NBAS genotype-phenotype correlations. Our findings highlight the power of a genome-first approach for an early diagnosis of complex phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ritelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Palagano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (CNR-IRGB), Milan Unit, 20138 Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Valeria Cinquina
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Beccagutti
- Fondazione Poliambulanza, Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Chiarelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Dario Strina
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (CNR-IRGB), Milan Unit, 20138 Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Anna Villa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (CNR-IRGB), Milan Unit, 20138 Milan, Italy; San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy SR-Tiget, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (CNR-IRGB), Milan Unit, 20138 Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20089 Rozzano, Italy.
| | - Marina Colombi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Majer F, Kousal B, Dusek P, Piherova L, Reboun M, Mihalova R, Gurka J, Krebsova A, Vlaskova H, Dvorakova L, Krihova J, Liskova P, Kmoch S, Kalina T, Kubanek M, Sikora J. Alu
‐mediated
Xq24
deletion encompassing
CUL4B
,
LAMP2
,
ATP1B4
,
TMEM255A
, and
ZBTB33
genes causes Danon disease in a female patient. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 182:219-223. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Majer
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Kousal
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Ophthalmology 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Radiology 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Piherova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martin Reboun
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Romana Mihalova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Gurka
- Department of Cardiology Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague Czech Republic
| | - Alice Krebsova
- Department of Cardiology Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vlaskova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Dvorakova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krihova
- Department of Psychology Thomayer Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petra Liskova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Ophthalmology 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kalina
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University and University Hospital Motol Prague Czech Republic
| | - Milos Kubanek
- Department of Cardiology Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Sikora
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Pathology 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Song Y, Li P, Qin L, Xu Z, Jiang B, Ma C, Shao C, Gong Y. CUL4B negatively regulates Toll-like receptor-triggered proinflammatory responses by repressing Pten transcription. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 18:339-349. [PMID: 31729464 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in innate immunity and inflammation. The molecular mechanisms by which TLR signaling is fine-tuned remain to be completely elucidated. Cullin 4B (CUL4B), which assembles the CUL4B-RING E3 ligase complex (CRL4B), has been shown to regulate diverse developmental and physiological processes by catalyzing monoubiquitination for histone modification or polyubiquitination for proteasomal degradation. Here, we identified the role of CUL4B as an intrinsic negative regulator of the TLR-triggered inflammatory response. Deletion of CUL4B in macrophages increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 production in response to pathogens that activate TLR3, TLR4, or TLR2. Myeloid cell-specific Cul4b knockout mice were more susceptible to septic shock when challenged with lipopolysaccharide, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid or Salmonella typhimurium infection. We further demonstrated that enhanced TLR-induced inflammatory responses in the absence of CUL4B were mediated by increased GSK3β activity. Suppression of GSK3β activity efficiently blocked the TLR-triggered increase in proinflammatory cytokine production and attenuated TLR-triggered death in Cul4b mutant mice. Mechanistically, CUL4B was found to negatively regulate TLR-triggered signaling by epigenetically repressing the transcription of Pten, thus maintaining the anti-inflammatory PI3K-AKT-GSK3β pathway. The upregulation of PTEN caused by CUL4B deletion led to uncontrolled GSK3β activity and excessive inflammatory immune responses. Thus, our findings indicate that CUL4B functions to restrict TLR-triggered inflammatory responses through regulating the AKT-GSK3β pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peishan Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liping Qin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A novel CUL4B splice site variant in a young male exhibiting less pronounced features. Hum Genome Var 2019; 6:43. [PMID: 31645981 PMCID: PMC6804535 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-019-0074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with variants in CUL4B exhibit syndromic intellectual disability (MIM #300354). A seven-year-old boy presented with intellectual disability, a history of seizure, characteristic facial features, and short stature. Whole-exome sequencing detected a c.974+3A>G variant in CUL4B, which was subsequently confirmed to disrupt mRNA splicing. The current patient showed less pronounced phenotypic features compared with the previously reported cases. This report, therefore, provides evidence of genotype–phenotype correlations in CUL4B-related disorders.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lopes F, Torres F, Soares G, Barbosa M, Silva J, Duque F, Rocha M, Sá J, Oliveira G, Sá MJ, Temudo T, Sousa S, Marques C, Lopes S, Gomes C, Barros G, Jorge A, Rocha F, Martins C, Mesquita S, Loureiro S, Cardoso EM, Cálix MJ, Dias A, Martins C, Mota CR, Antunes D, Dupont J, Figueiredo S, Figueiroa S, Gama-de-Sousa S, Cruz S, Sampaio A, Eijk P, Weiss MM, Ylstra B, Rendeiro P, Tavares P, Reis-Lima M, Pinto-Basto J, Fortuna AM, Maciel P. Genomic imbalances defining novel intellectual disability associated loci. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:164. [PMID: 31277718 PMCID: PMC6612161 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High resolution genome-wide copy number analysis, routinely used in clinical diagnosis for several years, retrieves new and extremely rare copy number variations (CNVs) that provide novel candidate genes contributing to disease etiology. The aim of this work was to identify novel genetic causes of neurodevelopmental disease, inferred from CNVs detected by array comparative hybridization (aCGH), in a cohort of 325 Portuguese patients with intellectual disability (ID). Results We have detected CNVs in 30.1% of the patients, of which 5.2% corresponded to novel likely pathogenic CNVs. For these 11 rare CNVs (which encompass novel ID candidate genes), we identified those most likely to be relevant, and established genotype-phenotype correlations based on detailed clinical assessment. In the case of duplications, we performed expression analysis to assess the impact of the rearrangement. Interestingly, these novel candidate genes belong to known ID-related pathways. Within the 8% of patients with CNVs in known pathogenic loci, the majority had a clinical presentation fitting the phenotype(s) described in the literature, with a few interesting exceptions that are discussed. Conclusions Identification of such rare CNVs (some of which reported for the first time in ID patients/families) contributes to our understanding of the etiology of ID and for the ever-improving diagnosis of this group of patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-019-1135-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Lopes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fátima Torres
- CGC Genetics, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Soares
- Center for Medical Genetics Dr. Jacinto Magalhães, Porto Hospital Center, Praça Pedro Nunes, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Barbosa
- Center for Medical Genetics Dr. Jacinto Magalhães, Porto Hospital Center, Praça Pedro Nunes, Porto, Portugal.,Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute and the Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - João Silva
- Center for Medical Genetics Dr. Jacinto Magalhães, Porto Hospital Center, Praça Pedro Nunes, Porto, Portugal.,Centro de Genética Preditiva e Preventiva - CGPP, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Frederico Duque
- Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo do Serviço do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança and Centro de Investigação e Formação Clínica, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3041-80, Coimbra, Portugal.,University Clinic of Pediatrics and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Rocha
- Center for Medical Genetics Dr. Jacinto Magalhães, Porto Hospital Center, Praça Pedro Nunes, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Sá
- CGC Genetics, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de Faro, Faro, Portugal
| | - Guiomar Oliveira
- Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo do Serviço do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança and Centro de Investigação e Formação Clínica, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3041-80, Coimbra, Portugal.,University Clinic of Pediatrics and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sá
- Center for Medical Genetics Dr. Jacinto Magalhães, Porto Hospital Center, Praça Pedro Nunes, Porto, Portugal.,Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Temudo
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Centro Materno-Infantil Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Centro de Genética Preditiva e Preventiva - CGPP, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Marques
- Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo do Serviço do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança and Centro de Investigação e Formação Clínica, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3041-80, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Lopes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Gisela Barros
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Arminda Jorge
- Development Unit, Pediatrics Service, Hospital Centre of Cova da Beira, Covilhã, Portugal.,CICS - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Felisbela Rocha
- Department of Pediatrics, Médio Ave Hospital Center, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Cecília Martins
- Department of Pediatrics, Médio Ave Hospital Center, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Sandra Mesquita
- Development Unit, Pediatrics Service, Hospital Centre of Cova da Beira, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital S. Teotónio, Tondela/Viseu Hospital Center, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Elisa Maria Cardoso
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital S. Teotónio, Tondela/Viseu Hospital Center, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Maria José Cálix
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital S. Teotónio, Tondela/Viseu Hospital Center, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Andreia Dias
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital S. Teotónio, Tondela/Viseu Hospital Center, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Cristina Martins
- Neuropaediatric Unit - Garcia de Orta Hospital, Almada, Portugal
| | - Céu R Mota
- Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Porto Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Antunes
- Department of Genetics, Hospital D. Estefânia, Lisboa-Norte Hospital Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juliette Dupont
- Genetics Service, Paediatric Department, University Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Figueiredo
- Department of Pediatrics, Médio Ave Hospital Center, Santo Tirso, Portugal
| | - Sónia Figueiroa
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Child and Adolescent, Centro Hospitalar do Porto e Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Gama-de-Sousa
- Department of Pediatrics, Médio Ave Hospital Center, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Sara Cruz
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paul Eijk
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1007, MB, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan M Weiss
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1007, MB, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Ylstra
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1007, MB, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Margarida Reis-Lima
- Center for Medical Genetics Dr. Jacinto Magalhães, Porto Hospital Center, Praça Pedro Nunes, Porto, Portugal.,GDPN- SYNLAB, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Maria Fortuna
- Center for Medical Genetics Dr. Jacinto Magalhães, Porto Hospital Center, Praça Pedro Nunes, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Adams SR, Maezawa S, Alavattam KG, Abe H, Sakashita A, Shroder M, Broering TJ, Sroga Rios J, Thomas MA, Lin X, Price CM, Barski A, Andreassen PR, Namekawa SH. RNF8 and SCML2 cooperate to regulate ubiquitination and H3K27 acetylation for escape gene activation on the sex chromosomes. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007233. [PMID: 29462142 PMCID: PMC5834201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex chromosomes are enriched with germline genes that are activated during the late stages of spermatogenesis. Due to meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI), these sex chromosome-linked genes must escape silencing for activation in spermatids, thereby ensuring their functions for male reproduction. RNF8, a DNA damage response protein, and SCML2, a germline-specific Polycomb protein, are two major, known regulators of this process. Here, we show that RNF8 and SCML2 cooperate to regulate ubiquitination during meiosis, an early step to establish active histone modifications for subsequent gene activation. Double mutants of Rnf8 and Scml2 revealed that RNF8-dependent monoubiquitination of histone H2A at Lysine 119 (H2AK119ub) is deubiquitinated by SCML2, demonstrating interplay between RNF8 and SCML2 in ubiquitin regulation. Additionally, we identify distinct functions of RNF8 and SCML2 in the regulation of ubiquitination: SCML2 deubiquitinates RNF8-independent H2AK119ub but does not deubiquitinate RNF8-dependent polyubiquitination. RNF8-dependent polyubiquitination is required for the establishment of H3K27 acetylation, a marker of active enhancers, while persistent H2AK119ub inhibits establishment of H3K27 acetylation. Following the deposition of H3K27 acetylation, H3K4 dimethylation is established as an active mark on poised promoters. Together, we propose a model whereby regulation of ubiquitin leads to the organization of poised enhancers and promoters during meiosis, which induce subsequent gene activation from the otherwise silent sex chromosomes in postmeiotic spermatids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannel R. Adams
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - So Maezawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kris G. Alavattam
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hironori Abe
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Akihiko Sakashita
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Megan Shroder
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tyler J. Broering
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Julie Sroga Rios
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Thomas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Carolyn M. Price
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Artem Barski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Andreassen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Satoshi H. Namekawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Weissbach S, Reinert MC, Altmüller J, Krätzner R, Thiele H, Rosenbaum T, Nürnberg P, Gärtner J. A new CUL4B variant associated with a mild phenotype and an exceptional pattern of leukoencephalopathy. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2803-2807. [PMID: 28817236 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cabezas type of X-linked syndromic intellectual disability (MRXSC; MIM300354) is a rare X-linked recessive intellectual disability characterized primarily by intellectual disability, short stature, hypogonadism, and gait abnormalities. It is caused by a wide spectrum of hemizygous variants in CUL4B. In a 10-year-old boy with an exceptional leukoencephalopathy pattern, we identified a new missense variant p.Leu329Gln in CUL4B using "Mendeliome" sequencing. However, his phenotype does not include the severe characteristics currently known for MRXSC. We discuss the divergent phenotype and propose a potential connection between the different CUL4B variants and corresponding phenotypes in the context of the current literature as well as 3D homology modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Weissbach
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Reinert
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph Krätzner
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Rosenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Sana Hospitals Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Genome-first approach diagnosed Cabezas syndrome via novel CUL4B mutation detection. Hum Genome Var 2017; 4:16045. [PMID: 28144446 PMCID: PMC5243919 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabezas syndrome is a syndromic form of X-linked intellectual disability primarily characterized by a short stature, hypogonadism and abnormal gait, with other variable features resulting from mutations in the CUL4B gene. Here, we report a clinically undiagnosed 5-year-old male with severe intellectual disability. A genome-first approach using targeted exome sequencing identified a novel nonsense mutation [NM_003588.3:c.2698G>T, p.(Glu900*)] in the last coding exon of CUL4B, thus diagnosing this patient with Cabezas syndrome.
Collapse
|
21
|
Human X-linked Intellectual Disability Factor CUL4B Is Required for Post-meiotic Sperm Development and Male Fertility. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20227. [PMID: 26832838 PMCID: PMC4735749 DOI: 10.1038/srep20227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that an E3-ubiquitin ligase associated with human X-linked intellectual disability, CUL4B, plays a crucial role in post-meiotic sperm development. Initially, Cul4b(Δ)/Y male mice were found to be sterile and exhibited a progressive loss in germ cells, thereby leading to oligoasthenospermia. Adult Cul4b mutant epididymides also contained very low numbers of mature spermatozoa, and these spermatazoa exhibited pronounced morphological abnormalities. In post-meiotic spermatids, CUL4B was dynamically expressed and mitosis of spermatogonia and meiosis of spermatocytes both appeared unaffected. However, the spermatids exhibited significantly higher levels of apoptosis during spermiogenesis, particularly during the acrosome phase through the cap phase. Comparative proteomic analyses identified a large-scale shift between wild-type and Cul4b mutant testes during early post-meiotic sperm development. Ultrastructural pathology studies further detected aberrant acrosomes in spermatids and nuclear morphology. The protein levels of both canonical and non-canonical histones were also affected in an early spermatid stage in the absence of Cul4b. Thus, X-linked CUL4B appears to play a critical role in acrosomal formation, nuclear condensation, and in regulating histone dynamics during haploid male germ cell differentiation in relation to male fertility in mice. Thus, it is possible that CUL4B-selective substrates are required for post-meiotic sperm morphogenesis.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hu YC, Namekawa SH. Functional significance of the sex chromosomes during spermatogenesis. Reproduction 2016; 149:R265-77. [PMID: 25948089 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian sex chromosomes arose from an ordinary pair of autosomes. Over hundreds of millions of years, they have evolved into highly divergent X and Y chromosomes and have become increasingly specialized for male reproduction. Both sex chromosomes have acquired and amplified testis-specific genes, suggestive of roles in spermatogenesis. To understand how the sex chromosome genes participate in the regulation of spermatogenesis, we review genes, including single-copy, multi-copy, and ampliconic genes, whose spermatogenic functions have been demonstrated in mouse genetic studies. Sex chromosomes are subject to chromosome-wide transcriptional silencing in meiotic and postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis. We also discuss particular sex-linked genes that escape postmeiotic silencing and their evolutionary implications. The unique gene contents and genomic structures of the sex chromosomes reflect their strategies to express genes at various stages of spermatogenesis and reveal the driving forces that shape their evolution.Free Chinese abstract: A Chinese translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/149/6/R265/suppl/DC1.Free Japanese abstract: A Japanese translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/149/6/R265/suppl/DC2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental BiologyDivision of Reproductive SciencesCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Satoshi H Namekawa
- Division of Developmental BiologyDivision of Reproductive SciencesCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA Division of Developmental BiologyDivision of Reproductive SciencesCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vulto-van Silfhout AT, Nakagawa T, Bahi-Buisson N, Haas SA, Hu H, Bienek M, Vissers LELM, Gilissen C, Tzschach A, Busche A, Müsebeck J, Rump P, Mathijssen IB, Avela K, Somer M, Doagu F, Philips AK, Rauch A, Baumer A, Voesenek K, Poirier K, Vigneron J, Amram D, Odent S, Nawara M, Obersztyn E, Lenart J, Charzewska A, Lebrun N, Fischer U, Nillesen WM, Yntema HG, Järvelä I, Ropers HH, de Vries BBA, Brunner HG, van Bokhoven H, Raymond FL, Willemsen MAAP, Chelly J, Xiong Y, Barkovich AJ, Kalscheuer VM, Kleefstra T, de Brouwer APM. Variants in CUL4B are associated with cerebral malformations. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:106-17. [PMID: 25385192 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Variants in cullin 4B (CUL4B) are a known cause of syndromic X-linked intellectual disability. Here, we describe an additional 25 patients from 11 families with variants in CUL4B. We identified nine different novel variants in these families and confirmed the pathogenicity of all nontruncating variants. Neuroimaging data, available for 15 patients, showed the presence of cerebral malformations in ten patients. The cerebral anomalies comprised malformations of cortical development (MCD), ventriculomegaly, and diminished white matter volume. The phenotypic heterogeneity of the cerebral malformations might result from the involvement of CUL-4B in various cellular pathways essential for normal brain development. Accordingly, we show that CUL-4B interacts with WDR62, a protein in which variants were previously identified in patients with microcephaly and a wide range of MCD. This interaction might contribute to the development of cerebral malformations in patients with variants in CUL4B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneke T Vulto-van Silfhout
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hannah J, Zhou P. Distinct and overlapping functions of the cullin E3 ligase scaffolding proteins CUL4A and CUL4B. Gene 2015; 573:33-45. [PMID: 26344709 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cullin 4 subfamily of genes includes CUL4A and CUL4B, which share a mostly identical amino acid sequence aside from the elongated N-terminal region in CUL4B. Both act as scaffolding proteins for modular cullin RING ligase 4 (CRL4) complexes which promote the ubiquitination of a variety of substrates. CRL4 function is vital to cells as loss of both genes or their shared substrate adaptor protein DDB1 halts proliferation and eventually leads to cell death. Due to their high structural similarity, CUL4A and CUL4B share a substantial overlap in function. However, in some cases, differences in subcellular localization, spatiotemporal expression patterns and stress-inducibility preclude functional compensation. In this review, we highlight the most essential functions of the CUL4 genes in: DNA repair and replication, chromatin-remodeling, cell cycle regulation, embryogenesis, hematopoiesis and spermatogenesis. CUL4 genes are also clinically relevant as dysregulation can contribute to the onset of cancer and CRL4 complexes are often hijacked by certain viruses to promote viral replication and survival. Also, mutations in CUL4B have been implicated in a subset of patients suffering from syndromic X-linked intellectual disability (AKA mental retardation). Interestingly, the antitumor effects of immunomodulatory drugs are caused by their binding to the CRL4CRBN complex and re-directing the E3 ligase towards the Ikaros transcription factors IKZF1 and IKZF3. Because of their influence over key cellular functions and relevance to human disease, CRL4s are considered promising targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Hannah
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave. NY, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Pengbo Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave. NY, NY 10065, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao W, Jiang B, Hu H, Zhang S, Lv S, Yuan J, Qian Y, Zou Y, Li X, Jiang H, Liu F, Shao C, Gong Y. Lack of CUL4B leads to increased abundance of GFAP-positive cells that is mediated by PTGDS in mouse brain. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4686-97. [PMID: 26025376 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the mammalian brain and are important for the functions of the central nervous system. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is regarded as a hallmark of mature astrocytes, though some GFPA-positive cells may act as neural stem cells. Missense heterozygous mutations in GFAP cause Alexander disease that manifests leukodystrophy and intellectual disability. Here, we show that CUL4B, a scaffold protein that assembles E3 ubiquitin ligase, represses the expression of GFAP in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) during brain development. Lack of Cul4b in NPCs in cultures led to increased generation of astrocytes, marked by GFAP and S100β. The GFAP+ cells were also found to be more abundant in the brains of nervous system-specific Cul4b knockout mice in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrated that the increased generation of GFAP+ cells from Cul4b-null NPCs was mediated by an upregulation of prostaglandin D2 synthase PTGDS. We showed that the increased GFAP expression can be attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of the PTGDS enzymatic activity or by shRNA-mediated knockdown of Ptgds. Importantly, exogenously added PTGDS could promote the generation of GFAP+ cells from wild-type NPCs. We further observed that Ptgds is targeted and repressed by the CUL4B/PRC2 complex. Together, our results demonstrate CUL4B as a negative regulator of GFAP expression during neural development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Baichun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Huili Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuqian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuaishuai Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jupeng Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanyan Qian
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yongxin Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China and
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China,
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shen E, Shulha H, Weng Z, Akbarian S. Regulation of histone H3K4 methylation in brain development and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0514. [PMID: 25135975 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing list of mutations implicated in monogenic disorders of the developing brain includes at least seven genes (ARX, CUL4B, KDM5A, KDM5C, KMT2A, KMT2C, KMT2D) with loss-of-function mutations affecting proper regulation of histone H3 lysine 4 methylation, a chromatin mark which on a genome-wide scale is broadly associated with active gene expression, with its mono-, di- and trimethylated forms differentially enriched at promoter and enhancer and other regulatory sequences. In addition to these rare genetic syndromes, dysregulated H3K4 methylation could also play a role in the pathophysiology of some cases diagnosed with autism or schizophrenia, two conditions which on a genome-wide scale are associated with H3K4 methylation changes at hundreds of loci in a subject-specific manner. Importantly, the reported alterations for some of the diseased brain specimens included a widespread broadening of H3K4 methylation profiles at gene promoters, a process that could be regulated by the UpSET(KMT2E/MLL5)-histone deacetylase complex. Furthermore, preclinical studies identified maternal immune activation, parental care and monoaminergic drugs as environmental determinants for brain-specific H3K4 methylation. These novel insights into the epigenetic risk architectures of neurodevelopmental disease will be highly relevant for efforts aimed at improved prevention and treatment of autism and psychosis spectrum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hennady Shulha
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yi J, Lu G, Li L, Wang X, Cao L, Lin M, Zhang S, Shao G. DNA damage-induced activation of CUL4B targets HUWE1 for proteasomal degradation. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:4579-90. [PMID: 25883150 PMCID: PMC4482080 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1/Mule/ARF-BP1 plays an important role in integrating/coordinating diverse cellular processes such as DNA damage repair and apoptosis. A previous study has shown that HUWE1 is required for the early step of DNA damage-induced apoptosis, by targeting MCL-1 for proteasomal degradation. However, HUWE1 is subsequently inactivated, promoting cell survival and the subsequent DNA damage repair process. The mechanism underlying its regulation during this process remains largely undefined. Here, we show that the Cullin4B-RING E3 ligase (CRL4B) is required for proteasomal degradation of HUWE1 in response to DNA damage. CUL4B is activated in a NEDD8-dependent manner, and ubiquitinates HUWE1 in vitro and in vivo. The depletion of CUL4B stabilizes HUWE1, which in turn accelerates the degradation of MCL-1, leading to increased induction of apoptosis. Accordingly, cells deficient in CUL4B showed increased sensitivity to DNA damage reagents. More importantly, upon CUL4B depletion, these phenotypes can be rescued through simultaneous depletion of HUWE1, consistent with the role of CUL4B in regulating HUWE1. Collectively, these results identify CRL4B as an essential E3 ligase in targeting the proteasomal degradation of HUWE1 in response to DNA damage, and provide a potential strategy for cancer therapy by targeting HUWE1 and the CUL4B E3 ligase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yi
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China Institute of Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guang Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaozhen Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Sha Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Genze Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China Institute of Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Autosomal Recessive Ataxias Due to Defects in DNA Repair. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
29
|
Zhao X, Jiang B, Hu H, Mao F, Mi J, Li Z, Liu Q, Shao C, Gong Y. Zebrafish cul4a, but not cul4b, modulates cardiac and forelimb development by upregulating tbx5a expression. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:853-64. [PMID: 25274780 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CUL4A and CUL4B are closely related cullin family members and can each assemble a Cullin-RING E3 ligase complex (CRL) and participate in a variety of biological processes. While the CRLs formed by the two cullin members may have common targets, the two appeared to have very different consequences when mutated or disrupted in mammals. We here investigated the roles of cul4a and cul4b during zebrafish embryogenesis by using the morpholino knockdown approach. We found that cul4a is essential for cardiac development as well as for pectoral fin development. Whereas cul4a morphants appeared to be unperturbed in chamber specification, they failed to undergo heart looping. The failures in heart looping and pectoral fin formation in cul4a morphants were accompanied by greatly reduced proliferation of cardiac cells and pectoral fin-forming cells. We demonstrated that tbx5a, a transcription factor essential for heart and limb development, is transcriptionally upregulated by cul4a and mediates the function of cul4a in cardiac and pectoral fin development. In contrast to the critical importance of cul4a, cul4b appeared to be dispensable for zebrafish development and was incapable of compensating for the loss of cul4a. This work provides the first demonstration of an essential role of cul4a, but not cul4b, in cardiac development and in the regulation of tbx5a in zebrafish. These findings justify exploring the functional role of CUL4A in human cardiac development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Baichun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Huili Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fei Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jun Mi
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Association of CHRDL1 mutations and variants with X-linked megalocornea, Neuhäuser syndrome and central corneal thickness. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104163. [PMID: 25093588 PMCID: PMC4122416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe novel CHRDL1 mutations in ten families with X-linked megalocornea (MGC1). Our mutation-positive cohort enabled us to establish ultrasonography as a reliable clinical diagnostic tool to distinguish between MGC1 and primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). Megalocornea is also a feature of Neuhäuser or megalocornea-mental retardation (MMR) syndrome, a rare condition of unknown etiology. In a male patient diagnosed with MMR, we performed targeted and whole exome sequencing (WES) and identified a novel missense mutation in CHRDL1 that accounts for his MGC1 phenotype but not his non-ocular features. This finding suggests that MMR syndrome, in some cases, may be di- or multigenic. MGC1 patients have reduced central corneal thickness (CCT); however no X-linked loci have been associated with CCT, possibly because the majority of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) overlook the X-chromosome. We therefore explored whether variants on the X-chromosome are associated with CCT. We found rs149956316, in intron 6 of CHRDL1, to be the most significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (p = 6.81×10−6) on the X-chromosome. However, this association was not replicated in a smaller subset of whole genome sequenced samples. This study highlights the importance of including X-chromosome SNP data in GWAS to identify potential loci associated with quantitative traits or disease risk.
Collapse
|
31
|
Londin ER, Adijanto J, Philp N, Novelli A, Vitale E, Perria C, Serra G, Alesi V, Surrey S, Fortina P. Donor splice-site mutation in CUL4B is likely cause of X-linked intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2294-9. [PMID: 24898194 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
X-linked intellectual disability is the most common form of cognitive disability in males. Syndromic intellectual disability encompasses cognitive deficits with other medical and behavioral manifestations. Recently, a large family with a novel form of syndromic X-linked intellectual disability was characterized. Eight of 24 members of the family are male and had cognitive dysfunction, short stature, aphasia, skeletal abnormalities, and minor anomalies. To identify the causative gene(s), we performed exome sequencing in three affected boys, both parents, and an unaffected sister. We identified a haplotype consisting of eight variants located in cis within the linkage region that segregated with affected members in the family. Of these variants, two were novel. The first was at the splice-donor site of intron 7 (c.974+1G>T) in the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (E3) gene, CUL4B. This variant is predicted to result in failure to splice and remove intron 7 from the primary transcript. The second variant mapped to the 3'-UTR region of the KAISO gene (c.1127T>G). Sanger sequencing validated the variants in these relatives as well as in three affected males and five carriers. The KAISO gene variant was predicted to create a binding site for the microRNAs miR-4999 and miR-4774; however, luciferase expression assays failed to validate increased targeting of these miRNAs to the variant 3'-UTR. This SNP may affect 3'-UTR structure leading to decreased mRNA stability. Our results suggest that the intellectual disability phenotype in this family is caused by aberrant splicing and removal of intron 7 from CUL4B gene primary transcript.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Londin
- Computational Medicine Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cullin4A and cullin4B are interchangeable for HIV Vpr and Vpx action through the CRL4 ubiquitin ligase complex. J Virol 2014; 88:6944-58. [PMID: 24719410 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00241-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seizes control of cellular cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) to promote viral replication. HIV-1 Vpr and HIV-2/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Vpr and Vpx engage the cullin4 (CUL4)-containing ubiquitin ligase complex (CRL4) to cause polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of host proteins, including ones that block infection. HIV-1 Vpr engages CRL4 to trigger the degradation of uracil-N-glycosylase 2 (UNG2). Both HIV-1 Vpr and HIV-2/SIV Vpr tap CRL4 to initiate G2 cell cycle arrest. HIV-2/SIV Vpx secures CRL4 to degrade the antiviral protein SAMHD1. CRL4 includes either cullin4A (CUL4A) or cullin4B (CUL4B) among its components. Whether Vpr or Vpx relies on CUL4A, CUL4B, or both to act through CRL4 is not known. Reported structural, phenotypic, and intracellular distribution differences between the two CUL4 types led us to hypothesize that Vpr and Vpx employ these in a function-specific manner. Here we determined CUL4 requirements for HIV-1 and HIV-2/SIV Vpr-mediated G2 cell cycle arrest, HIV-1 Vpr-mediated UNG2 degradation, and HIV-2 Vpx-mediated SAMHD1 degradation. Surprisingly, CUL4A and CUL4B are exchangeable for CRL4-dependent Vpr and Vpx action, except in primary macrophages, where Vpx relies on both CUL4A and CUL4B for maximal SAMHD1 depletion. This work highlights the need to consider both CUL4 types for Vpr and Vpx functions and also shows that the intracellular distribution of CUL4A and CUL4B can vary by cell type. IMPORTANCE The work presented here shows for the first time that HIV Vpr and Vpx do not rely exclusively on CUL4A to cause ubiquitination through the CRL4 ubiquitin ligase complex. Furthermore, our finding that intracellular CUL4 and SAMHD1 distributions can vary with cell type provides the basis for reconciling previous disparate findings regarding the site of SAMHD1 depletion. Finally, our observations with primary immune cells provide insight into the cell biology of CUL4A and CUL4B that will help differentiate the functions of these similar proteins.
Collapse
|
33
|
King DA, Fitzgerald TW, Miller R, Canham N, Clayton-Smith J, Johnson D, Mansour S, Stewart F, Vasudevan P, Hurles ME. A novel method for detecting uniparental disomy from trio genotypes identifies a significant excess in children with developmental disorders. Genome Res 2014; 24:673-87. [PMID: 24356988 PMCID: PMC3975066 DOI: 10.1101/gr.160465.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exome sequencing of parent-offspring trios is a popular strategy for identifying causative genetic variants in children with rare diseases. This method owes its strength to the leveraging of inheritance information, which facilitates de novo variant calling, inference of compound heterozygosity, and the identification of inheritance anomalies. Uniparental disomy describes the inheritance of a homologous chromosome pair from only one parent. This aberration is important to detect in genetic disease studies because it can result in imprinting disorders and recessive diseases. We have developed a software tool to detect uniparental disomy from child-mother-father genotype data that uses a binomial test to identify chromosomes with a significant burden of uniparentally inherited genotypes. This tool is the first to read VCF-formatted genotypes, to perform integrated copy number filtering, and to use a statistical test inherently robust for use in platforms of varying genotyping density and noise characteristics. Simulations demonstrated superior accuracy compared with previously developed approaches. We implemented the method on 1057 trios from the Deciphering Developmental Disorders project, a trio-based rare disease study, and detected six validated events, a significant enrichment compared with the population prevalence of UPD (1 in 3500), suggesting that most of these events are pathogenic. One of these events represents a known imprinting disorder, and exome analyses have identified rare homozygous candidate variants, mainly in the isodisomic regions of UPD chromosomes, which, among other variants, provide targets for further genetic and functional evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. King
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas W. Fitzgerald
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, United Kingdom
| | - Ray Miller
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Canham
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Centre for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Johnson
- Sheffield Genetics Service, Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Sahar Mansour
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St. George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, London SW17 0QT, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Stewart
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep Vasudevan
- Leicestershire Genetics Centre, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester, NHS Trust Infirmary Square, Leicester LE1 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew E. Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, United Kingdom
| | - the DDD Study1
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, United Kingdom
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Genetics Service, Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St. George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, London SW17 0QT, United Kingdom
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, United Kingdom
- Leicestershire Genetics Centre, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester, NHS Trust Infirmary Square, Leicester LE1 5WW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
XLID CUL4B mutants are defective in promoting TSC2 degradation and positively regulating mTOR signaling in neocortical neurons. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:585-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
35
|
He F, Lu D, Jiang B, Wang Y, Liu Q, Liu Q, Shao C, Li X, Gong Y. X-linked intellectual disability gene CUL4B targets Jab1/CSN5 for degradation and regulates bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:595-605. [PMID: 23357576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cullin 4B (CUL4B) is a scaffold protein involved in the assembly of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (E3) complexes. Contemporary reports have identified multiple mutations of CUL4B gene as being causally associated with X-linked intellectual disability (XLID). Identifying the specific protein substrates will help to better understand the physiological functions of CUL4B. The current study identified Jun activation domain-binding protein (Jab1/CSN5) in the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex as a novel proteolytic target for the CUL4B ubiquitin ligase complex. The impaired degradation of Jab1 was observed in cells after RNAi-mediated CUL4B depletion. Integrity of DDB1-CUL4B-ROC1 was further demonstrated to be indispensable for the degradation of Jab1. In addition, the degradation of Jab1 is independent of CUL4A, a cullin family member closely related to CUL4B. In vitro and in vivo ubiquitination assays revealed that CUL4B promoted the polyubiquitination of Jab1. Interestingly, CUL4B-silenced cells were shown to exhibit abnormal upregulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Furthermore, in vivo studies of embryonic fibroblasts in Cul4b-deficient mice demonstrated Jab1 accumulation and increased activation of the BMP signaling pathway. Together, the current findings demonstrate the CUL4B E3 ubiquitin ligase plays a key role in targeting Jab1 for degradation, potentially revealing a previously undocumented mechanism for regulation of the BMP signaling pathway involved with the CUL4B-based E3 complex. This observation may provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying CUL4B-associated XLID pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan He
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zarate YA, Dwivedi A, Bartel FO, Bellomo MA, Cathey SS, Champaigne NL, Clarkson LK, Dupont BR, Everman DB, Geer JS, Gordon BC, Lichty AW, Lyons MJ, Rogers RC, Saul RA, Schroer RJ, Skinner SA, Stevenson RE. Clinical utility of the X-chromosome array. Am J Med Genet A 2012. [PMID: 23208842 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have limited the use of specific X-chromosome array designed platforms to the evaluation of patients with intellectual disability. In this retrospective analysis, we reviewed the clinical utility of an X-chromosome array in a variety of scenarios. We divided patients according to the indication for the test into four defined categories: (1) autism spectrum disorders and/or developmental delay and/or intellectual disability (ASDs/DD/ID) with known family history of neurocognitive disorders; (2) ASDs/DD/ID without known family history of neurocognitive disorders; (3) breakpoint definition of an abnormality detected by a different cytogenetic test; and (4) evaluation of suspected or known X-linked conditions. A total of 59 studies were ordered with 27 copy number variants detected in 25 patients (25/59 = 42%). The findings were deemed pathogenic/likely pathogenic (16/59 = 27%), benign (4/59 = 7%) or uncertain (7/59 = 12%). We place particular emphasis on the utility of this test for the diagnostic evaluation of families affected with X-linked conditions and how it compares to whole genome arrays in this setting. In conclusion, the X-chromosome array frequently detects genomic alterations of the X chromosome and it has advantages when evaluating some specific X-linked conditions. However, careful interpretation and correlation with clinical findings is needed to determine the significance of such changes. When the X-chromosome array was used to confirm a suspected X-linked condition, it had a yield of 63% (12/19) and was useful in the evaluation and risk assessment of patients and families.
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen CY, Tsai MS, Lin CY, Yu IS, Chen YT, Lin SR, Juan LW, Chen YT, Hsu HM, Lee LJ, Lin SW. Rescue of the genetically engineered Cul4b mutant mouse as a potential model for human X-linked mental retardation. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4270-85. [PMID: 22763239 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation in CUL4B, which encodes a scaffold protein of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, has been found in patients with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). However, early deletion of Cul4b in mice causes prenatal lethality, which has frustrated attempts to characterize the phenotypes in vivo. In this report, we successfully rescued Cul4b mutant mice by crossing female mice in which exons 4-5 of Cul4b were flanked by loxP sequences with Sox2-Cre male mice. In Cul4b-deficient (Cul4b(Δ)/Y) mice, no CUL4B protein was detected in any of the major organs, including the brain. In the hippocampus, the levels of CUL4A, CUL4B substrates (TOP1, β-catenin, cyclin E and WDR5) and neuronal markers (MAP2, tau-1, GAP-43, PSD95 and syn-1) were not sensitive to Cul4b deletion, whereas the number of parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic interneurons was decreased in Cul4b(Δ)/Y mice, especially in the dentate gyrus (DG). Some dendritic features, including the complexity, diameter and spine density in the CA1 and DG hippocampal neurons, were also affected by Cul4b deletion. Together, the decrease in the number of PV-positive neurons and altered dendritic properties in Cul4b(Δ)/Y mice imply a reduction in inhibitory regulation and dendritic integration in the hippocampal neural circuit, which lead to increased epileptic susceptibility and spatial learning deficits. Our results identify Cul4b(Δ)/Y mice as a potential model for the non-syndromic model of XLMR that replicates the CUL4B-associated MR and is valuable for the development of a therapeutic strategy for treating MR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jiang B, Zhao W, Yuan J, Qian Y, Sun W, Zou Y, Guo C, Chen B, Shao C, Gong Y. Lack of Cul4b, an E3 ubiquitin ligase component, leads to embryonic lethality and abnormal placental development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37070. [PMID: 22606329 PMCID: PMC3351389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) complexes participate in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, transcription, signal transduction and development. Serving as the scaffold protein, cullins are crucial for the assembly of ligase complexes, which recognize and target various substrates for proteosomal degradation. Mutations in human CUL4B, one of the eight members in cullin family, are one of the major causes of X-linked mental retardation. We here report the generation and characterization of Cul4b knockout mice, in which exons 3 to 5 were deleted. In contrast to the survival to adulthood of human hemizygous males with CUL4B null mutation, Cul4b null mouse embryos show severe developmental arrest and usually die before embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5). Accumulation of cyclin E, a CRL (CUL4B) substrate, was observed in Cul4b null embryos. Cul4b heterozygotes were recovered at a reduced ratio and exhibited a severe developmental delay. The placentas in Cul4b heterozygotes were disorganized and were impaired in vascularization, which may contribute to the developmental delay. As in human CUL4B heterozygotes, Cul4b null cells were selected against in Cul4b heterozygotes, leading to various degrees of skewed X-inactivation in different tissues. Together, our results showed that CUL4B is indispensable for embryonic development in the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jupeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanyan Qian
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chenhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bingxi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (YG); (CS)
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (YG); (CS)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Essential role of the CUL4B ubiquitin ligase in extra-embryonic tissue development during mouse embryogenesis. Cell Res 2012; 22:1258-69. [PMID: 22453236 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the CUL4B ubiquitin ligase gene are causally linked to syndromic X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). However, the pathogenic role of CUL4B mutations in neuronal and developmental defects is not understood. We have generated mice with targeted disruption of Cul4b, and observed embryonic lethality with pronounced growth inhibition and increased apoptosis in extra-embryonic tissues. Cul4b, but not its paralog Cul4a, is expressed at high levels in extra-embryonic tissues post implantation. Silencing of CUL4B expression in an extra-embryonic cell line resulted in the robust accumulation of the CUL4 substrate p21(Cip1/WAF) and G2/M cell cycle arrest, which could be partially rescued by silencing of p21(Cip1/WAF). Epiblast-specific deletion of Cul4b prevented embryonic lethality and gave rise to viable Cul4b null mice. Therefore, while dispensable in the embryo proper, Cul4b performs an essential developmental role in the extra-embryonic tissues. Our study offers a strategy to generate viable Cul4b-deficient mice to model the potential neuronal and behavioral deficiencies of human CUL4B XLMR patients.
Collapse
|
40
|
Lee J, Zhou P. Pathogenic Role of the CRL4 Ubiquitin Ligase in Human Disease. Front Oncol 2012; 2:21. [PMID: 22649780 PMCID: PMC3355902 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cullin 4-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) family employs multiple DDB1–CUL4 associated factors substrate receptors to direct the degradation of proteins involved in a wide spectrum of cellular functions. Aberrant expression of the cullin 4A (CUL4A) gene is found in many tumor types, while mutations of the cullin 4B (CUL4B) gene are causally associated with human X-linked mental retardation. This focused review will summarize our current knowledge of the two CUL4 family members in the pathogenesis of human malignancy and neuronal disease, and discuss their potential as new targets for cancer prevention and therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fischer ES, Scrima A, Böhm K, Matsumoto S, Lingaraju GM, Faty M, Yasuda T, Cavadini S, Wakasugi M, Hanaoka F, Iwai S, Gut H, Sugasawa K, Thomä NH. The molecular basis of CRL4DDB2/CSA ubiquitin ligase architecture, targeting, and activation. Cell 2012; 147:1024-39. [PMID: 22118460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The DDB1-CUL4-RBX1 (CRL4) ubiquitin ligase family regulates a diverse set of cellular pathways through dedicated substrate receptors (DCAFs). The DCAF DDB2 detects UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in the genome and facilitates nucleotide excision repair. We provide the molecular basis for DDB2 receptor-mediated cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer recognition in chromatin. The structures of the fully assembled DDB1-DDB2-CUL4A/B-RBX1 (CRL4(DDB2)) ligases reveal that the mobility of the ligase arm creates a defined ubiquitination zone around the damage, which precludes direct ligase activation by DNA lesions. Instead, the COP9 signalosome (CSN) mediates the CRL4(DDB2) inhibition in a CSN5 independent, nonenzymatic, fashion. In turn, CSN inhibition is relieved upon DNA damage binding to the DDB2 module within CSN-CRL4(DDB2). The Cockayne syndrome A DCAF complex crystal structure shows that CRL4(DCAF(WD40)) ligases share common architectural features. Our data support a general mechanism of ligase activation, which is induced by CSN displacement from CRL4(DCAF) on substrate binding to the DCAF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Fischer
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ravn K, Lindquist SG, Nielsen K, Dahm TL, Tümer Z. Deletion of CUL4B leads to concordant phenotype in a monozygotic twin pair. Clin Genet 2012; 82:292-4. [PMID: 22182342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
43
|
Nakagawa T, Xiong Y. X-linked mental retardation gene CUL4B targets ubiquitylation of H3K4 methyltransferase component WDR5 and regulates neuronal gene expression. Mol Cell 2011; 43:381-91. [PMID: 21816345 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CUL4B, encoding a scaffold protein for the assembly of Cullin4B-Ring ubiquitin ligase (CRL4B) complexes, is frequently mutated in X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) patients. Here, we show that CUL4B, but not its paralog, CUL4A, targets WDR5, a core subunit of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase complexes, for ubiquitylation and degradation in the nucleus. Knocking down CUL4B increases WDR5 and trimethylated H3K4 (H3K4me3) on the neuronal gene promoters and induces their expression. Furthermore, CUL4B depletion suppresses neurite outgrowth of PC12 neuroendocrine cells, which can be rescued by codepletion of WDR5. XLMR-linked mutations destabilize CUL4B and impair its ability to support neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. Our results identify WDR5 as a critical substrate of CUL4B in regulating neuronal gene expression and suggest epigenetic change as a common pathogenic mechanism for CUL4B-associated XLMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kerzendorfer C, Hart L, Colnaghi R, Carpenter G, Alcantara D, Outwin E, Carr AM, O’Driscoll M. CUL4B-deficiency in humans: Understanding the clinical consequences of impaired Cullin 4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase function. Mech Ageing Dev 2011; 132:366-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|