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Bondarenko M, Haiboniuk I, Solovei I, Shargorodska Y, Makukh H. SLC26A2 Related Diastrophic Dysplasia in 42-Years Ukrainian Women. Balkan J Med Genet 2023; 25:83-90. [PMID: 37265969 PMCID: PMC10230836 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2022-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is an uncommon pathology which falls under the group of skeletal dysplasias with its first symptoms observed from birth. The pathology is often featured by short stature and abnormally short extremities (also known as short-limbed dwarfism); the osseous structures of the body (bones and joints) are characterized through defective development in many body regions. More than 300 genes were reported to be involved in DTD etiology with autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant and X-linked manner. We describe clinical case of a 42-year-old woman from the west of Ukraine with diastrophic dysplasia and two pathogenic variants c.1020_1022del (p.Val341del) and c.1957T>A (p.Cys653Ser) identified in SLC26A2 gene. SLC26A2-related diastrophic dysplasia was confirmed based on the presence of pathogenic variants in SLC26A2, which is associated with autosomal recessive forms of skeletal dysplasia, combined with phenotypic symptoms and radiographic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bondarenko
- Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - I. Haiboniuk
- Institute of Hereditary Pathology of the Ukrainian National Academy of Medical Sciences, Lviv, Ukraine
- Scientific Medical Genetic Center LeoGENE, LTD, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - I. Solovei
- D. Halytskii L’viv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Y. Shargorodska
- Institute of Hereditary Pathology of the Ukrainian National Academy of Medical Sciences, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - H. Makukh
- Institute of Hereditary Pathology of the Ukrainian National Academy of Medical Sciences, Lviv, Ukraine
- Scientific Medical Genetic Center LeoGENE, LTD, Lviv, Ukraine
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Lehmann TP, Iwańczyk-Skalska E, Harasymczuk J, Jagodziński PP, Głowacki M. Gene Expression in MC3T3-E1 Cells Treated with Diclofenac and Methylprednisolone. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14010184. [PMID: 36672925 PMCID: PMC9859560 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids (GCs) are often used to treat articular-skeletal disorders. The extended use of NSAIDs and GCs have adverse effects on bone metabolism, reducing bone quality and impairing fracture healing. In the present study, we used mouse pre-osteoblast cells MC3T3-E1 to demonstrate the effects of diclofenac (DF) and methylprednisolone (MP) on cell proliferation and gene expression. Cells were incubated with three doses of DF or MP: 0.5 µM, 5 µM, and 50 µM. MP decreased cell viability even after 24 h, but DF inhibited cell viability after only seven days of treatment. The cells were lysed after one, two, three, and seven days of treatment, and gene expression was analyzed by reverse transcription and quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays. DF did not significantly affect the expression of the osteogenic marker genes. MP modified the expression of Osx, Runx, and Col1a1. We concluded that MP is a more potent inhibitor of mouse pre-osteoblast differentiation and viability than is DF. Our results suggest that prolonged DF treatment could be less harmful to osteoblasts than MP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P. Lehmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-618-546-513; Fax: +48-618-546-510
| | - Ewa Iwańczyk-Skalska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jerzy Harasymczuk
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Traumatology and Urology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł P. Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Głowacki
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 135/147, 61-545 Poznan, Poland
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Silveira C, da Costa Silveira K, Lacarrubba-Flores MD, Sakata MT, Carbognani SN, Llerena Jr. J, Moreno CA, Cavalcanti DP. SLC26A2/DTDST Spectrum: A Cohort of 12 Patients Associated with a Comprehensive Review of the Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. Mol Syndromol 2023; 13:485-495. [PMID: 36660027 PMCID: PMC9843583 DOI: 10.1159/000525020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pathogenic variants in the SLC26A2/DTDST gene cause the following spectrum of phenotypes: achondrogenesis 1B (ACG1B), atelosteogenesis 2 (AO2), diastrophic dysplasia (DTD), and recessive-multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (rMED), the first 2 being lethal. Here, we report a cohort and a comprehensive literature review on a genotype-phenotype correlation of SLC26A2/DTDST-related disorders. Methods The local patients were genotyped by Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing (NGS). We reviewed data from the literature regarding phenotype, zygosity, and genotype in parallel. Results The local cohort enrolled 12 patients, including one with a Desbuquois-like phenotype. All but one showed biallelic mutations, however, only one allele mutated in a fetus presenting ACG1B was identified. The literature review identified 42 articles and the analyses of genotype and zygosity included the 12 local patients. Discussion The R279W variant was the most prevalent among the local patients. It was in homozygosity (hmz) in 2 patients with rMED and in compound heterozygosity (chtz) in 9 patients. The genotype and zygosity review of all patients led to the following conclusions: DTD is the most common phenotype in Finland due to a Finnish mutation (c.727-1G>C). Outside of Finland, rMED is the most prevalent phenotype, usually associated with R279W in hmz. In contrast, DTD's genotype is usually in chtz. Despite a large number of variants (38), just 8 are recurrent (R279W, C653S, c.-26+2T>C, R178*, K575Sfs*10, V340del, G663R, T512K). The last 3 in hmz lead to lethal phenotypes. The Finnish mutation is found only in chtz outside of Finland, being associated with all 4 classical phenotypes. The p.R178* and p.K575Sfs*10 variants should be viewed as lethal mutations since both were mainly described with lethal phenotypes and were never reported in hmz. The existence of 9 patients with only one mutated allele suggests that other mutations in the other allele of these patients still need to be unveiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Silveira
- Skeletal Dysplasia Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Karina da Costa Silveira
- Skeletal Dysplasia Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria D. Lacarrubba-Flores
- Skeletal Dysplasia Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maurício T. Sakata
- Skeletal Dysplasia Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Juan Llerena Jr.
- Centro de Genética Médica & Centro de Referência para Doenças Raras, IFF/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina A. Moreno
- Perinatal Genetic Program, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Denise P. Cavalcanti
- Skeletal Dysplasia Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil,Perinatal Genetic Program, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil,*Denise Pontes Cavalcanti,
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Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia Type 4. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091512. [PMID: 36140680 PMCID: PMC9498659 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple epiphyseal dysplasias (MED) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of skeletal dysplasias with a predominant lesion in the epiphyses of tubular bones. Variants in the SLC26A2 gene cause their autosomal recessive form (rMED or MED type 4). The accumulation of data regarding the genotype−phenotype correlation can help in the diagnosis and proper management of these patients. The aim of this study was to survey the clinical and genetic characteristics of 55 patients with MED type 4 caused by variants in the SLC26A2 gene. Diagnosis confirmation was carried out by radiography and custom panel sequencing consisting of 166 genes responsible for the development of hereditary skeletal pathology. This was followed by the validation of the identified variants using automated Sanger sequencing (for six patients) and the direct automatic Sanger sequencing of the coding sequence and the adjacent intron regions of the SLC26A2 gene for 49 patients. Based on the clinical and genetic analysis of our sample of patients, two main MED type 4 phenotypes with early and late clinical manifestations were identified. An early and more severe form of the disease was observed in patients with the c.835C > T variant (p.Arg279Trp), and the late and milder form of the disease was observed in patients with the c.1957T > A variant (p.Cys653Ser) in the homozygous or compound heterozygous state with c.26 + 2T > C. It was also shown that only three pathogenic variants were found in 95.3% of the alleles of Russian patients with MED type 4: c.1957T > A (p.Cys653Ser), c.835C > T (p.Arg279Trp), and c.26 + 2T > C; thus, it can be assumed that the primary analysis of these variants will contribute to the optimal molecular genetic diagnostics of MED type 4.
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SLC26A2-Associated Diastrophic Dysplasia and rMED-Clinical Features in Affected Finnish Children and Review of the Literature. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050714. [PMID: 34064542 PMCID: PMC8151170 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is a rare osteochondrodysplasia characterized by short-limbed short stature and joint dysplasia. DTD is caused by mutations in SLC26A2 and is particularly common in the Finnish population. However, the disease incidence in Finland and clinical features in affected individuals have not been recently explored. This registry-based study aimed to investigate the current incidence of DTD in Finland, characterize the national cohort of pediatric subjects with DTD and review the disease-related literature. Subjects with SLC26A2-related skeletal dysplasia, born between 2000 and 2020, were identified from the Skeletal dysplasia registry and from hospital patient registry and their clinical and molecular data were reviewed. Fourteen subjects were identified. Twelve of them were phenotypically classified as DTD and two, as recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (rMED). From the subjects with available genetic data, 75% (9/12) were homozygous for the Finnish founder mutation c.-26+2T>C. Two subjects with rMED phenotype were compound heterozygous for p.Arg279Trp and p.Thr512Lys variants. The variable phenotypes in our cohort highlight the wide spectrum of clinical features, ranging from a very severe form of DTD to milder forms of DTD and rMED. The incidence of DTD in Finland has significantly decreased over the past decades, most likely due to increased prenatal diagnostics.
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Gatticchi L, Vešelényiová D, Miertus J, Enrico Maltese P, Manara E, Costantini A, Benedetti S, Ďurovčíková D, Krajcovic J, Bertelli M. Recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and Stargardt disease in two sisters. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1630. [PMID: 33724725 PMCID: PMC8123746 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid spread of genome-wide next-generation sequencing in the molecular diagnosis of rare genetic disorders has produced increasing evidence of multilocus genomic variations in cases with a previously well-characterized molecular diagnosis. Here, we describe two patients with a rare combination of skeletal abnormalities and retinal dystrophy caused by variants in the SLC26A2 and ABCA4 genes, respectively, in a family with parental consanguinity. METHODS Next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to obtain a molecular diagnosis for the retinal and skeletal phenotypes, respectively. RESULTS Genetic testing revealed that the sisters were homozygous for the p.(Cys653Ser) variant in SLC26A2 and heterozygous for the missense p.(Pro68Leu) and splice donor c.6386+2C>G variants in ABCA4. Segregation analysis confirmed the carrier status of the parents. CONCLUSION Despite low frequency of occurrence, the detection of multilocus genomic variations in a single disease gene-oriented approach can provide accurate diagnosis even in cases with high phenotypic complexity. A targeted sequencing approach can detect relationships between observed phenotypes and underlying genotypes, useful for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Gatticchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dominika Vešelényiová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Miertus
- Génius n.o, Trnava, Slovakia.,MAGI's Lab, Genetic Testing Laboratory, Rovereto, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Darina Ďurovčíková
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Healthcare University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Krajcovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Matteo Bertelli
- MAGI's Lab, Genetic Testing Laboratory, Rovereto, Italy.,MAGI Euregio, Bolzano, Italy
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Dennis EP, Greenhalgh-Maychell PL, Briggs MD. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and related disorders: Molecular genetics, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic avenues. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:345-359. [PMID: 32633442 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For the vast majority of the 6000 known rare disease the pathogenic mechanisms are poorly defined and there is little treatment, leading to poor quality of life and high healthcare costs. Genetic skeletal diseases (skeletal dysplasias) are archetypal examples of rare diseases that are chronically debilitating, often life-threatening and for which no treatments are currently available. There are more than 450 unique phenotypes that, although individually rare, have an overall prevalence of at least 1 per 4000 children. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by disproportionate short stature, joint pain, and early-onset osteoarthritis. MED is caused by mutations in the genes encoding important cartilage extracellular matrix proteins, enzymes, and transporter proteins. Recently, through the use of various cell and mouse models, disease mechanisms underlying this diverse phenotypic spectrum are starting to be elucidated. For example, ER stress induced as a consequence of retained misfolded mutant proteins has emerged as a unifying disease mechanisms for several forms of MED in particular and skeletal dysplasia in general. Moreover, targeting ER stress through drug repurposing has become an attractive therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella P Dennis
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Michael D Briggs
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Kausar M, Mäkitie RE, Toiviainen-Salo S, Ignatius J, Anees M, Mäkitie O. Recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia - Clinical characteristics caused by rare compound heterozygous SLC26A2 genotypes. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 62:103573. [PMID: 30423444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic sequence variants in the solute carrier family 26 member 2 (SLC26A2) gene result in lethal (achondrogenesis Ib and atelosteogenesis II) and non-lethal (diastrophic dysplasia and recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, rMED) chondrodysplasias. We report on two new patients with rMED and very rare compound heterozygous mutation combinations in non-consanguineous families. Patient I presented in childhood with waddling gait and joint stiffness. Radiographs showed epiphyseal changes, bilateral coxa plana-deformity and knee valgus deformity, for which he underwent surgeries. At present 33 years his height is 165 cm. Patient II presented with cleft palate, small jaw, short limbs, underdeveloped thumbs and on radiographs, cervical kyphosis with an underdeveloped C4. He also developed severe scoliosis but has grown at -2.9 SD curve. Molecular analysis revealed that patient I is heterozygous for two known pathogenic variants in SLC26A2, a splice site variant c.-26+2T > C and a missense variant c.1957T > A (p.Cys653Ser), while patient II is compound heterozygous for missense variants c.835C > T (p.Arg279Trp) and c.1535C > A (p.Thr512Lys). These patients further elucidate the variability of the phenotypic and genetic presentations of rMED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka E Mäkitie
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Toiviainen-Salo
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Centre, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Ignatius
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mariam Anees
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dysplastic spondylolysis is caused by mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8064-9. [PMID: 26077908 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1502454112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondylolysis is a fracture in part of the vertebra with a reported prevalence of about 3-6% in the general population. Genetic etiology of this disorder remains unknown. The present study was aimed at identifying genomic mutations in patients with dysplastic spondylolysis as well as the potential pathogenesis of the abnormalities. Whole-exome sequencing and functional analysis were performed for patients with spondylolysis. We identified a novel heterozygous mutation (c.2286A > T; p.D673V) in the sulfate transporter gene SLC26A2 in five affected subjects of a Chinese family. Two additional mutations (e.g., c.1922A > G; p.H641R and g.18654T > C in the intron 1) in the gene were identified by screening a cohort of 30 unrelated patients with the disease. In situ hybridization analysis showed that SLC26A2 is abundantly expressed in the lumbosacral spine of the mouse embryo at day 14.5. Sulfate uptake activities in CHO cells transfected with mutant SLC26A2 were dramatically reduced compared with the wild type, confirming the pathogenicity of the two missense mutations. Further analysis of the gene-disease network revealed a convergent pathogenic network for the development of lumbosacral spine. To our knowledge, our findings provide the first identification of autosomal dominant SLC26A2 mutations in patients with dysplastic spondylolysis, suggesting a new clinical entity in the pathogenesis of chondrodysplasia involving lumbosacral spine. The analysis of the gene-disease network may shed new light on the study of patients with dysplastic spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis as well as high-risk individuals who are asymptomatic.
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Zechi-Ceide RM, Moura PP, Raskin S, Richieri-Costa A, Guion-Almeida ML. A compound heterozygote SLC26A2 mutation resulting in robin sequence, mild limbs shortness, accelerated carpal ossification, and multiple epiphysial dysplasia in two Brazilian sisters. A new intermediate phenotype between diastrophic dysplasia and recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2088-94. [PMID: 23840040 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in solute carrier family 26 (sulfate transporter), member 2 (SLC26A2) gene result in a spectrum of autosomal recessive chondrodysplasias that range from the mildest recessive form of multiple epiphysial dysplasia (rMED) through the most common diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) to lethal atelosteogenesis type II and achondrogenesis IB. The clinical variability has been ascribed to quantitative effect of mutations of the sulfate transporter activity. Here we describe two Brazilian sisters, born to healthy and non consanguineous parents, with Robin sequence, mild shortening of upper and lower limbs, brachymetacarpalia/tarsalia, additional and accelerated carpal ossification, marked genu valgum, and multiple epiphysial dysplasia. This phenotype was intermediate between DTD and rMED, and both girls have a compound heterozygous mutations for the SLC26A2, a Finnish founder mutation (c.-26 + 2T>C), and R279W. This combination of mutations has been observed in individuals with different phenotypes, including DTD, DTD variant, and rMED. The distinct phenotype of our cases reinforces the hypothesis that other factors may be influencing the phenotype as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli Maria Zechi-Ceide
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Syvänen J, Helenius I, Hero M, Mäkitie O, Ignatius J. Recessive MED with auricular swelling due to compound heterozygosity Arg279Tpr/Thr512Lys in the SLC26A2 gene. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1491-4. [PMID: 23613459 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Syvänen
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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