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Akintoye SO, Adisa AO, Okwuosa CU, Mupparapu M. Craniofacial disorders and dysplasias: Molecular, clinical, and management perspectives. Bone Rep 2024; 20:101747. [PMID: 38566929 PMCID: PMC10985038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2024.101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a wide spectrum of craniofacial bone disorders and dysplasias because embryological development of the craniofacial region is complex. Classification of craniofacial bone disorders and dysplasias is also complex because they exhibit complex clinical, pathological, and molecular heterogeneity. Most craniofacial disorders and dysplasias are rare but they present an array of phenotypes that functionally impact the orofacial complex. Management of craniofacial disorders is a multidisciplinary approach that involves the collaborative efforts of multiple professionals. This review provides an overview of the complexity of craniofacial disorders and dysplasias from molecular, clinical, and management perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday O. Akintoye
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Akinyele O. Adisa
- University of Ibadan and University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Chukwubuzor U. Okwuosa
- Department of Oral Pathology & Oral Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Nigeria
| | - Mel Mupparapu
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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2
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Paul K, Restoux G, Phocas F. Genome-wide detection of positive and balancing signatures of selection shared by four domesticated rainbow trout populations (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Genet Sel Evol 2024; 56:13. [PMID: 38389056 PMCID: PMC10882880 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-024-00884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolutionary processes leave footprints along the genome over time. Highly homozygous regions may correspond to positive selection of favorable alleles, while maintenance of heterozygous regions may be due to balancing selection phenomena. We analyzed data from 176 fish from four disconnected domestic rainbow trout populations that were genotyped using a high-density Axiom Trout genotyping 665K single nucleotide polymorphism array, including 20 from the US and 156 from three French lines. Using methods based on runs of homozygosity and extended haplotype homozygosity, we detected signatures of selection in these four populations. RESULTS Nine genomic regions that included 253 genes were identified as being under positive selection in all four populations Most were located on chromosome 2 but also on chromosomes 12, 15, 16, and 20. In addition, four heterozygous regions that contain 29 genes that are putatively under balancing selection were also shared by the four populations. These were located on chromosomes 10, 13, and 19. Regardless of the homozygous or heterozygous nature of the regions, in each region, we detected several genes that are highly conserved among vertebrates due to their critical roles in cellular and nuclear organization, embryonic development, or immunity. We identified new candidate genes involved in rainbow trout fitness, as well as 17 genes that were previously identified to be under positive selection, 10 of which in other fishes (auts2, atp1b3, zp4, znf135, igf-1α, brd2, col9a2, mrap2, pbx1, and emilin-3). CONCLUSIONS Using material from disconnected populations of different origins allowed us to draw a genome-wide map of signatures of positive selection that are shared between these rainbow trout populations, and to identify several regions that are putatively under balancing selection. These results provide a valuable resource for future investigations of the dynamics of genetic diversity and genome evolution during domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Paul
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gwendal Restoux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Phocas
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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3
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Pressé MT, Malgrange B, Delacroix L. The cochlear matrisome: Importance in hearing and deafness. Matrix Biol 2024; 125:40-58. [PMID: 38070832 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists in a complex meshwork of collagens, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, which serves a scaffolding function and provides viscoelastic properties to the tissues. ECM acts as a biomechanical support, and actively participates in cell signaling to induce tissular changes in response to environmental forces and soluble cues. Given the remarkable complexity of the inner ear architecture, its exquisite structure-function relationship, and the importance of vibration-induced stimulation of its sensory cells, ECM is instrumental to hearing. Many factors of the matrisome are involved in cochlea development, function and maintenance, as evidenced by the variety of ECM proteins associated with hereditary deafness. This review describes the structural and functional ECM components in the auditory organ and how they are modulated over time and following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Pressé
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 15 avenue Hippocrate - CHU - B36 (1st floor), Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 15 avenue Hippocrate - CHU - B36 (1st floor), Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Laurence Delacroix
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 15 avenue Hippocrate - CHU - B36 (1st floor), Liège B-4000, Belgium.
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4
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Govers BM, van Huet RAC, Roosing S, Keijser S, Los LI, den Hollander AI, Klevering BJ. The genetics and disease mechanisms of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 97:101158. [PMID: 36621380 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a sight threatening condition that warrants immediate surgical intervention. To date, 29 genes have been associated with monogenic disorders involving RRD. In addition, RRD can occur as a multifactorial disease through a combined effect of multiple genetic variants and non-genetic risk factors. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the spectrum of hereditary disorders involving RRD. We discuss genotype-phenotype correlations of these monogenic disorders, and describe genetic variants associated with RRD through multifactorial inheritance. Furthermore, we evaluate our current understanding of the molecular disease mechanisms of RRD-associated genetic variants on collagen proteins, proteoglycan versican, and the TGF-β pathway. Finally, we review the role of genetics in patient management and prevention of RRD. We provide recommendations for genetic testing and prophylaxis of at-risk patients, and hypothesize on novel therapeutic approaches beyond surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit M Govers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon A C van Huet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Roosing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Keijser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonoor I Los
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; AbbVie, Genomics Research Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B Jeroen Klevering
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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5
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Guimaraes TACD, Arram E, Shakarchi AF, Georgiou M, Michaelides M. Inherited causes of combined vision and hearing loss: clinical features and molecular genetics. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:1403-1414. [PMID: 36162969 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-321790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Combined vision and hearing loss, also known as dual sensory impairment, can occur in several genetic conditions, including ciliopathies such as Usher and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, mitochondrial DNA disorders and systemic diseases, such as CHARGE, Stickler, Waardenburg, Alport and Alstrom syndrome. The retinal phenotype may point to the diagnosis of such disorders. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the molecular genetics and clinical features of the most common non-chromosomal inherited disorders to cause dual sensory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Arram
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ahmed F Shakarchi
- Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Michalis Georgiou
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Michel Michaelides
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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6
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Ramzan M, Duman D, Hendricks LCP, Guo S, Mutlu A, Kalcioglu MT, Seyhan S, Carranza C, Bonyadi M, Mahdieh N, Yildirim-Baylan M, Figueroa-Ildefonso E, Alper O, Atik T, Ayral A, Bozan N, Balta B, Rivas C, Manzoli GN, Huesca-Hernandez F, Kuchay RAH, Durgut M, Bademci G, Tekin M. Genome sequencing identifies coding and non-coding variants for non-syndromic hearing loss. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:657-669. [PMID: 37217689 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is a common heterogeneous trait that involves variants in more than 200 genes. In this study, we utilized exome (ES) and genome sequencing (GS) to effectively identify the genetic cause of presumably non-syndromic HL in 322 families from South and West Asia and Latin America. Biallelic GJB2 variants were identified in 58 probands at the time of enrollment these probands were excluded. In addition, upon review of phenotypic findings, 38/322 probands were excluded based on syndromic findings at the time of ascertainment and no further evaluation was performed on those samples. We performed ES as a primary diagnostic tool on one or two affected individuals from 212/226 families. Via ES we detected a total of 78 variants in 30 genes and showed their co-segregation with HL in 71 affected families. Most of the variants were frameshift or missense and affected individuals were either homozygous or compound heterozygous in their respective families. We employed GS as a primary test on a subset of 14 families and a secondary tool on 22 families which were unsolved by ES. Although the cumulative detection rate of causal variants by ES and GS is 40% (89/226), GS alone has led to a molecular diagnosis in 7 of 14 families as the primary tool and 5 of 22 families as the secondary test. GS successfully identified variants present in deep intronic or complex regions not detectable by ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Memoona Ramzan
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Duygu Duman
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - LeShon Chere Peart Hendricks
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shengru Guo
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ahmet Mutlu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Tayyar Kalcioglu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serhat Seyhan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Claudia Carranza
- Institute for Research on Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, INVEGEM, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Murtaza Bonyadi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nejat Mahdieh
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Erick Figueroa-Ildefonso
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Peru
| | - Ozgul Alper
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Tahir Atik
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Ayral
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Nazim Bozan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Burhan Balta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Gabrielle N Manzoli
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center (CPqGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Huesca-Hernandez
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Service. National Institute of Rehabilitation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raja A H Kuchay
- Department of Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, J&K, India
| | - Merve Durgut
- Kocaeli University Otorhinolaryngology Department- Audiology Unit, İzmit, Turkey
| | - Guney Bademci
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mustafa Tekin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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7
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Liu Z, Mo F, Dong X, Chen G, Gao J, Zhang J. Progressive degeneration of the retina in Loxl3 mutant mouse model of Stickler syndrome. Dev Biol 2023; 495:54-62. [PMID: 36610533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stickler syndrome is a multisystem collagenopathy with affected individuals exhibiting a high rate of ocular complications. Lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LOXL3) is a human disease gene candidate with a critical role in catalyzing collagen crosslinking. A homozygous missense variant of LOXL3 was reported in Stickler syndrome with severe myopia. However, the underlying mechanisms of the LOXL3 missense mutation that causes Stickler syndrome are unknown. In this study, a mouse model of Stickler syndrome induced by LOXL3 mutation (c.2027G > A, p.Cys676Try) was obtained using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing techniques. The Loxl3 mutant mice exhibited perinatal death, spinal deformity, and cleft palate, and Loxl3 mutation also induced skeletal dysplasia and progressive visual degeneration. Furthermore, we observed the damage of the bruch's membrane (BrM) and an increase in the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Rpe65 in the Loxl3 mutant mice. Thus, we provided the critical in vivo evidence that Loxl3 possibly has a pivotal role in maintaining the eye function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Fan Mo
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyu Dong
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ge Chen
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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8
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Novel Exon 7 Deletions in TSPAN12 in a Three-Generation FEVR Family: A Case Report and Literature Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030587. [PMID: 36980859 PMCID: PMC10047926 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a severe clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease that is characterized by vascular disorder. FEVR exhibits strikingly variable clinical phenotypes, ranging from asymptomatic to total blindness. In this case, we present a patient who was first treated as having high myopia and retinopathy but was finally diagnosed with FEVR caused by the heterozygous deletion of exon 7 in TSPAN12 with the aid of whole genome sequencing (WGS). Typical vascular changes, including vascular leakage and an avascular zone in the peripheral retina, were observed in the proband using fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and the macular dragging was shown to be progressing in the follow-up visit. Furthermore, the proband showed unreported TSPAN12-related phenotypes of FEVR: ERG (full-field electroretinogram) abnormalities and retinoschisis. Only mild vascular changes were exhibited in the FFA for the other three family members who carried the same deletion of exon 7 in TSPAN12. This case expands our understanding of the phenotype resulting from TSPAN12 mutations and signifies the importance of combining both clinical and molecular analysis approaches to establish a complete diagnosis.
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9
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Williams AL, Bohnsack BL. Zebrafish Model of Stickler Syndrome Suggests a Role for Col2a1a in the Neural Crest during Early Eye Development. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10040042. [PMID: 36278547 PMCID: PMC9589970 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of Stickler syndrome are due to autosomal-dominant COL2A1 gene mutations leading to abnormal type II collagen. Ocular findings include axial eye lengthening with vitreal degeneration and early-onset glaucoma, which can result in vision loss. Although COL2A1 is a major player in cartilage and bone formation, its specific role in eye development remains elusive. We investigated the role of Col2a1a in neural crest migration and differentiation during early zebrafish eye development. In situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, live imaging, exogenous treatments [10 μM diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB), 100 nM all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and 1-3% ethanol (ETOH)] and morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) injections were used to analyze wildtype Casper (roy-/-;nacre-/-), TgBAC(col2a1a::EGFP), Tg(sox10::EGFP) and Tg(foxd3::EGFP) embryos. Col2a1a colocalized with Foxd3- and Sox10-positive cells in the anterior segment and neural crest-derived jaw. Col2a1a expression was regulated by RA and inhibited by 3% ETOH. Furthermore, MO knockdown of Col2a1a delayed jaw formation and disrupted the ocular anterior segment neural crest migration of Sox10-positive cells. Interestingly, human COL2A1 protein rescued the MO effects. Altogether, these results suggest that Col2a1a is a downstream target of RA in the cranial neural crest and is required for both craniofacial and eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antionette L. Williams
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.W.); (B.L.B.); Tel.: +1-312-503-4706 (A.L.W.); +1-312-227-6180 (B.L.B.)
| | - Brenda L. Bohnsack
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.W.); (B.L.B.); Tel.: +1-312-503-4706 (A.L.W.); +1-312-227-6180 (B.L.B.)
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Acke FRE, De Leenheer EMR. Hearing Loss in Stickler Syndrome: An Update. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091571. [PMID: 36140739 PMCID: PMC9498449 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stickler syndrome is a connective tissue disorder characterized by ocular, skeletal, orofacial and auditory manifestations. Its main symptoms are high myopia, retinal detachment, joint hypermobility, early osteoarthritis, cleft palate, midfacial hypoplasia, micrognathia and hearing loss. Large phenotypical variability is apparent and partly explained by the underlying genetic heterogeneity, including collagen genes (COL2A1, COL11A1, COL11A2, COL9A1, COL9A2, COL9A3) and non-collagen genes (BMP4, LRP2, LOXL3). The most frequent type of Stickler syndrome (COL2A1) is characterized by a rather mild high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss in about half of the patients. COL11A1- and COL11A2-related Stickler syndrome results in more frequent hearing loss, being moderate and involving all frequencies. Hearing loss in the rarer types of Stickler syndrome depends on the gene expression in the cochlea, with moderate to severe downsloping hearing loss for Stickler syndrome caused by biallelic type IX collagen gene mutations and none or mild hearing loss for the non-collagen genes. Inherent to the orofacial manifestations, middle ear problems and temporary conductive hearing loss, especially at young age, are also prevalent. Consequently, hearing loss should be actively sought for and adequately treated in Stickler syndrome patients given its high prevalence and the concomitant visual impairment in most patients.
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Autosomal Recessive Stickler Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071135. [PMID: 35885918 PMCID: PMC9324312 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stickler syndrome (SS) is a genetic disorder with manifestations in the eye, ear, joints, face and palate. Usually inherited in a dominant fashion due to heterozygous pathogenic variants in the collagen genes COL2A1 and COL11A1, it can rarely be inherited in a recessive fashion from variants in COL9A1, COL9A2, and COL9A3, COL11A1, as well as the non-collagen genes LRP2, LOXL3 and GZF1. We review the published cases of recessive SS, which comprise 40 patients from 23 families. Both homozygous and compound heterozygous pathogenic variants are found. High myopia is near-universal, and sensorineural hearing loss is very common in patients with variants in genes for type IX or XI collagen, although hearing appears spared in the LRP2 and LOXL3 patients and is variable in GZF1. Cleft palate is associated with type XI collagen variants, as well as the non-collagen genes, but is so far unreported with type IX collagen variants. Retinal detachment has occurred in 18% of all cases, and joint pain in 15%. However, the mean age of this cohort is 11 years old, so the lifetime incidence of both problems may be underestimated. This paper reinforces the importance of screening for SS in congenital sensorineural hearing loss, particularly when associated with myopia, and the need to warn patients and parents of the warning signs of retinal detachment, with regular ophthalmic review.
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Liu S, Miyaji M, Hosoya O, Matsuo T. Effect of NK-5962 on Gene Expression Profiling of Retina in a Rat Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413276. [PMID: 34948073 PMCID: PMC8703378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: NK-5962 is a key component of photoelectric dye-coupled polyethylene film, designated Okayama University type-retinal prosthesis (OUReP™). Previously, we found that NK-5962 solution could reduce the number of apoptotic photoreceptors in the eyes of the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats by intravitreal injection under a 12 h light/dark cycle. This study aimed to explore possible molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-apoptotic effect of NK-5962 in the retina of RCS rats. Methods: RCS rats received intravitreal injections of NK-5962 solution in the left eye at the age of 3 and 4 weeks, before the age of 5 weeks when the speed in the apoptotic degeneration of photoreceptors reaches its peak. The vehicle-treated right eyes served as controls. All rats were housed under a 12 h light/dark cycle, and the retinas were dissected out at the age of 5 weeks for RNA sequence (RNA-seq) analysis. For the functional annotation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), the Metascape and DAVID databases were used. Results: In total, 55 up-regulated DEGs, and one down-regulated gene (LYVE1) were found to be common among samples treated with NK-5962. These DEGs were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Reactome pathway analyses. We focused on the up-regulated DEGs that were enriched in extracellular matrix organization, extracellular exosome, and PI3K–Akt signaling pathways. These terms and pathways may relate to mechanisms to protect photoreceptor cells. Moreover, our analyses suggest that SERPINF1, which encodes pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), is one of the key regulatory genes involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of NK-5962 in RCS rat retinas. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that photoelectric dye NK-5962 may delay apoptotic death of photoreceptor cells in RCS rats by up-regulating genes related to extracellular matrix organization, extracellular exosome, and PI3K–Akt signaling pathways. Overall, our RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses provide insights in the transcriptome responses in the dystrophic RCS rat retinas that were induced by NK-5962 intravitreal injection and offer potential target genes for developing new therapeutic strategies for patients with retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama City 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Mary Miyaji
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City 700-8558, Japan; (M.M.); (O.H.)
| | - Osamu Hosoya
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City 700-8558, Japan; (M.M.); (O.H.)
| | - Toshihiko Matsuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama City 700-8558, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Transcriptome-Wide Analysis Reveals a Role for Extracellular Matrix and Integrin Receptor Genes in Otic Neurosensory Differentiation from Human iPSCs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910849. [PMID: 34639189 PMCID: PMC8509699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed transcriptomic data from otic sensory cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by a previously described method to gain new insights into the early human otic neurosensory lineage. We identified genes and biological networks not previously described to occur in the human otic sensory developmental cell lineage. These analyses identified and ranked genes known to be part of the otic sensory lineage program (SIX1, EYA1, GATA3, etc.), in addition to a number of novel genes encoding extracellular matrix (ECM) (COL3A1, COL5A2, DCN, etc.) and integrin (ITG) receptors (ITGAV, ITGA4, ITGA) for ECM molecules. The results were confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis of a comprehensive panel of genes differentially expressed during the time course of hiPSC differentiation in vitro. Immunocytochemistry validated results for select otic and ECM/ITG gene markers in the in vivo human fetal inner ear. Our screen shows ECM and ITG gene expression changes coincident with hiPSC differentiation towards human otic neurosensory cells. Our findings suggest a critical role of ECM-ITG interactions with otic neurosensory lineage genes in early neurosensory development and cell fate determination in the human fetal inner ear.
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14
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Balikov DA, Jacobson A, Prasov L. Glaucoma Syndromes: Insights into Glaucoma Genetics and Pathogenesis from Monogenic Syndromic Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091403. [PMID: 34573386 PMCID: PMC8471311 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monogenic syndromic disorders frequently feature ocular manifestations, one of which is glaucoma. In many cases, glaucoma in children may go undetected, especially in those that have other severe systemic conditions that affect other parts of the eye and the body. Similarly, glaucoma may be the first presenting sign of a systemic syndrome. Awareness of syndromes associated with glaucoma is thus critical both for medical geneticists and ophthalmologists. In this review, we highlight six categories of disorders that feature glaucoma and other ocular or systemic manifestations: anterior segment dysgenesis syndromes, aniridia, metabolic disorders, collagen/vascular disorders, immunogenetic disorders, and nanophthalmos. The genetics, ocular and systemic features, and current and future treatment strategies are discussed. Findings from rare diseases also uncover important genes and pathways that may be involved in more common forms of glaucoma, and potential novel therapeutic strategies to target these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Balikov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (D.A.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Adam Jacobson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (D.A.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Lev Prasov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (D.A.B.); (A.J.)
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Medina G, Perry J, Oza A, Kenna M. Hiding in plain sight: genetic deaf-blindness is not always Usher syndrome. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2021; 7:mcs.a006088. [PMID: 34021019 PMCID: PMC8327880 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is the most common congenital sensory impairment. Usher syndrome (USH) is the leading genetic etiology of congenital deafness combined with progressive vision loss, and individuals presenting with these symptoms are often assumed to have USH. This can be an erroneous assumption, as there are additional genetic causes of deaf-blindness. Our objective is to describe and accurately diagnose non-USH genetic causes of deaf-blindness. We present three children with hearing and vision loss with clinical and genetic findings suggestive of USH. However, ongoing clinical assessment did not completely support an USH diagnosis, and exome analysis was pursued for all three individuals. Updated genetic testing showed pathogenic variants in ALMS1 in the first individual and TUBB4B in the second and third. Although HL in all three was consistent with USH type 2, vision impairment with retinal changes was noted by age 2 yr, which is unusual for USH. In all three the updated genotype more accurately fit the clinical phenotype. Because USH is the most common form of genetic deaf-blindness, individuals with HL, early vision impairment, and retinal dysfunction are often assumed to have USH. However, additional genes associated with HL and retinal impairment include ALMS1, TUBB4B, CEP78, ABHD12, and PRPS1. Accurate genetic diagnosis is critical to these individuals’ understanding of their genetic conditions, prognosis, vision and hearing loss management, and future access to molecular therapies. If clinically or genetically USH seems uncertain, updated genetic testing for non-USH genes is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Medina
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Julia Perry
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Oza
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Invitae, San Francisco, California 94103, USA
| | - Margaret Kenna
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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16
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Markova T, Sparber P, Borovikov A, Nagornova T, Dadali E. Clinical and genetic characterization of autosomal recessive stickler syndrome caused by novel compound heterozygous mutations in the COL9A3 gene. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1620. [PMID: 33570243 PMCID: PMC8104176 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stickler syndrome (STL) is a clinically variable and genetically heterogeneous collagenopathy characterized by ophthalmic, auditory, skeletal, and orofacial abnormalities. STL is mainly inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with mutations in the COL2A1, COL11A1, and COL11A2 genes. Autosomal recessive forms are rare. However, 19 patients have been reported to date, with STL caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in genes that encode for the three chains of type IX collagen: COL9A1, COL9A2, and COL9A3. Methods Genetic analysis was performed using the next‐generation sequencing of 166 genes associated with skeletal disorders and sequenced on an Ion Torrent S5 system with a minimum coverage of 100X. The two variants in the COL9A3 gene identified in the proband and the parents were confirmed by Sanger sequencing on an ABI3130xl sequencer. Results We describe a novel case of autosomal recessive Stickler syndrome caused by two undescribed mutations in the COL9A3 gene: c.268C>T (p.Arg90Ter) and c.1729C>T (p.Arg577Ter). The clinical features included severe sensorineural hearing loss, high myopia, vitreoretinal degeneration, and early‐onset arthropathy of the lower limbs. Radiography revealed mild spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. Conclusion This case further expands the mutational and phenotypic spectrum of COL9A‐associated STL with a more severe presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Sparber
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Elena Dadali
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Xerri O, Bernabei F, Philippakis E, Burin-Des-Roziers C, Barale PO, Laplace O, Monin C, Bremond-Gignac D, Guerrier G, Valleix S, Brezin A, Rothschild PR. Choroidal and peripapillary changes in high myopic eyes with Stickler syndrome. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:2. [PMID: 33397304 PMCID: PMC7784261 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To compare different clinical and Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) features of high myopic eyes with Stickler syndrome (STL) with matched controls. Methods Patients with genetically confirmed STL with axial length ≥ 26 mm and controls matched for axial length were included. The following data were obtained from SD-OCT scans and fundus photography: choroidal and retinal thickness (respectively, CT and RT), peripapillary atrophy area (PAA), presence of posterior staphyloma (PS). Results Twenty-six eyes of 17 patients with STL and 25 eyes of 19 controls were evaluated. Compared with controls, patients with STL showed a greater CT subfoveally, at 1000 μm from the fovea at both nasal and temporal location, and at 2000 and 3000 μm from the fovea in nasal location (respectively, 188.7±72.8 vs 126.0±88.7 μm, 172.5±77.7 vs 119.3±80.6 μm, 190.1±71.9 vs 134.9±79.7 μm, 141.3±56.0 vs 98.1±68.5 μm, and 110.9±51.0 vs 67.6±50.7 μm, always P< 0.05). Furthermore, patients with STL showed a lower prevalence of PS (11.5% vs 68%, P< 0.001) and a lower PAA (2.2±2.1 vs 5.4±5.8 mm2, P=0.03), compared with controls. Conclusions This study shows that high myopic patients with STL show a greater CT, a lower PAA and a lower prevalence of PS, compared with controls matched for axial length. These findings could be relevant for the development and progression of myopic maculopathy in patients with STL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Xerri
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Federico Bernabei
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Ophtalmopôle de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Elise Philippakis
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Burin-Des-Roziers
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Ophtalmopôle de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMR_1138, F-75006, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Laplace
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Claire Monin
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bremond-Gignac
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, F-75014, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMR_1138, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Guerrier
- Anaesthetic and Intensive Care Department, Hôpital Cochin, Paris Descartes university, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Valleix
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMR_1138, F-75006, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université de Paris, AP-HP; Inserm, U_1163, Institut IMAGINE, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Brezin
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Ophtalmopôle de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMR_1138, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Raphaël Rothschild
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Ophtalmopôle de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMR_1138, F-75006, Paris, France.
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18
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Kjellström U, Martell S, Brobeck C, Andréasson S. Autosomal recessive Stickler syndrome associated with homozygous mutations in the COL9A2 gene. Ophthalmic Genet 2020; 42:161-169. [PMID: 33356723 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2020.1861309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Stickler syndrome is a hereditary disorder of collagen tissues causing ocular, auditory, orofacial, and joint manifestations. Ocular findings typically include vitreous degeneration, high myopia, retinal detachment, and cataract. Many subjects demonstrate sensorineural or conductive hearing loss. The inheritance is autosomal dominant with mutations in COL2A1, COL11A1, or COL11A2 or autosomal recessive due to mutations in COL9A1, COL9A2, or COL9A3. We describe a family with Stickler syndrome caused by homozygous loss-of-function mutations in COL9A2.Methods: Two brothers from a consanguineous family were examined with genetic testing, visual acuity, Goldmann perimetry, full-field and multifocal electroretinography (ffERG, mERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fundus photography, and pure-tone audiograms.Results: Both subjects were homozygous for the mutation c.1332del in COL9A2. Their parents were heterozygous for the same mutation. The boys demonstrated reduced visual acuity, vitreous changes and myopia. The proband was operated for retinal detachment and cataract in one eye. FfERG revealed reduced function of both rods and cones and mERG showed reduced macular function. No morphological macular changes were found by OCT or FAF. Both brothers have severe sensorineural hearing loss with down-sloping audiograms but only subtle midface hypoplasia and no, or mild joint problems.Conclusion: Only a few families with Stickler syndrome caused by COL9A2 mutations have been reported. We confirm previous descriptions with a severe ocular and auditory phenotype but mild orofacial and joint manifestations. Moreover, we demonstrate reduced macular and overall retinal function explaining the reduced visual acuity in patients with Stickler syndrome also without retinal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Kjellström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Susanne Martell
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Brobeck
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Sten Andréasson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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19
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Bałdyga N, Sarosiak A, Oziębło D, Furmanek M, Szulborski K, Szaflik JP, Skarżyński H, Ołdak M. Complex Phenotypic Presentation of Syndromic Hearing Loss Deciphered as Three Separate Clinical Entities: How Genetic Testing Guides Final Diagnosis. Audiol Neurootol 2020; 26:226-235. [PMID: 33352548 DOI: 10.1159/000510695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically determined prelingual hearing loss (HL) may occur in an isolated or syndromic form. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to unravel the genetic cause of medical problems in a 21-year-old woman, whose phenotypic presentation extended beyond Stickler syndrome and included enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) and persistent microhematuria. METHODS AND RESULTS After sequencing of clinical exome, a known de novo COL2A1 pathogenic variant (c.1833+1G>A, p.?) causative for Stickler syndrome and one paternally inherited pathogenic change in COL4A5 (c.1871G>A, p.Gly624Asp) causative for X-linked Alport syndrome were found. No pathogenic variants, including those within the SLC26A4 5' region (Caucasian EVA haplotype), explaining the development of EVA, were identified. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals a multilocus genomic variation in one individual and provides a molecular diagnosis of two HL syndromes that co-occur in the proband independent of each other. For the third entity, EVA, no etiological factor was identified. Our data emphasize the relevance of detailed clinical phenotyping for accurate genotype interpretation. Focus on broadening the phenotypic spectrum of known genetic syndromes may actually obscure patients with multiple molecular diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bałdyga
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sarosiak
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Oziębło
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Furmanek
- Bioimaging Research Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Szulborski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek P Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Skarżyński
- Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Surgery Clinic, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ołdak
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland,
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20
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Exon-Trapping Assay Improves Clinical Interpretation of COL11A1 and COL11A2 Intronic Variants in Stickler Syndrome Type 2 and Otospondylomegaepiphyseal Dysplasia. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121513. [PMID: 33348901 PMCID: PMC7766184 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stickler syndrome (SS) is a hereditary connective tissue disorder affecting bones, eyes, and hearing. Type 2 SS and the SS variant otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED) are caused by deleterious variants in COL11A1 and COL11A2, respectively. In both genes, available database information indicates a high rate of potentially deleterious intronic variants, but published evidence of their biological effect is usually insufficient for a definite clinical interpretation. We report four previously unpublished intronic variants in COL11A1 (c.2241 + 5G>T, c.2809 − 2A>G, c.3168 + 5G>C) and COL11A2 (c.4392 + 1G>A) identified in type 2 SS/OSMED individuals. The pathogenic effect of these variants was first predicted in silico and then investigated by an exon-trapping assay. We demonstrated that all variants can induce exon in-frame deletions, which lead to the synthesis of shorter collagen XI α1 or 2 chains. Lacking residues are located in the α-triple helical region, which has a crucial role in regulating collagen fibrillogenesis. In conclusion, this study suggests that these alternative COL11A1 and COL11A2 transcripts might result in aberrant triple helix collagen. Our approach may help to improve the diagnostic molecular pathway of COL11-related disorders.
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21
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Rossenwasser-Weiss S, Orenstein N, Zahavi A, Goldenberg-Cohen N. High Myopia and Strabismus Induced by a Deep Intronic Mutation in COL2A1. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:1051-1055. [PMID: 33295219 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1855661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To characterize a genetic mutation causing Stickler syndrome in a previously undiagnosed family.Methods: Five generations of a single family suspected of having Stickler syndrome were evaluated clinically and genetically.Results: The demographic and clinical data yielded specific clinical phenotypes of Stickler syndrome in 13 family members; 7 had more than one clinical feature. Four family members underwent genetic analysis: the proband (index patient) and his mother, maternal grandfather, and healthy father. No relevant mutation was detected in the proband on whole exome analysis, but subsequent extension of the analysis to intronic areas yielded a deep intronic mutation, NM_001844.5:c.1527 + 135 G > A. Sanger sequencing was used to validate the results in the family members.Conclusions: Stickler syndrome has several subtypes with variable clinical features. Therefore, predicting the genetic locus of the disease based on clinical characteristics is challenging. We present a rarely described intronic mutation in COL2A1. Genetic testing may aid in the early diagnosis of Stickler syndrome, which is important for genetic counselling, proper clinical management, and improved prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirel Rossenwasser-Weiss
- The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naama Orenstein
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Schneider Children Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Alon Zahavi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Nitza Goldenberg-Cohen
- The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Ophthalmology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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22
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Handa A, Grigelioniene G, Nishimura G. Radiologic Features of Type II and Type XI Collagenopathies. Radiographics 2020; 41:192-209. [PMID: 33186059 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type II collagen is a major component of the cartilage matrix. Pathogenic variants (ie, disease-causing aberrations) in the type II collagen gene (COL2A1) lead to an abnormal structure of type II collagen, causing a large group of skeletal dysplasias termed type II collagenopathies. Because type II collagen is also located in the vitreous body of the eyes and inner ears, type II collagenopathies are commonly associated with vitreoretinal degeneration and hearing impairment. Type II collagenopathies can be radiologically divided into two major groups: the spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEDC) group and the Kniest-Stickler group. The SEDC group is characterized by delayed ossification of the juxtatruncal bones, including pear-shaped vertebrae. These collagenopathies comprise achondrogenesis type 2, hypochondrogenesis, SEDC, and other uncommon subtypes. The Kniest-Stickler group is characterized by disordered tubular bone growth that leads to "dumbbell" deformities. It comprises Kniest dysplasia and Stickler dysplasia type 1, whose radiographic manifestations overlap with those of type XI collagenopathies (a group of disorders due to abnormal type XI collagen) such as Stickler dysplasia types 2 and 3. This phenotypic overlap is caused by type II and type XI collagen molecules sharing part of the same connective tissues. The authors describe the diagnostic pathways to type II and type XI collagenopathies and the associated differential diagnoses. In addition, they review the clinical features and genetic bases of these conditions, which radiologists should know to participate in multidisciplinary care and translational research. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Handa
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242 (A.H.); Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (G.G.); and Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.)
| | - Giedre Grigelioniene
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242 (A.H.); Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (G.G.); and Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.)
| | - Gen Nishimura
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242 (A.H.); Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (G.G.); and Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.)
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23
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Boothe M, Morris R, Robin N. Stickler Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Manifestations and the Genetics Evaluation. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030105. [PMID: 32867104 PMCID: PMC7564399 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stickler Syndrome (SS) is a multisystem collagenopathy frequently encountered by ophthalmologists due to the high rate of ocular complications. Affected individuals are at significantly increased risk for retinal detachment and blindness, and early detection and diagnosis are critical in improving visual outcomes for these patients. Systemic findings are also common, with craniofacial, skeletal, and auditory systems often involved. SS is genotypically and phenotypically heterogenous, which can make recognizing and correctly diagnosing individuals difficult. Molecular genetic testing should be considered in all individuals with suspected SS, as diagnosis not only assists in treatment and management of the patient but may also help identify other at-risk family members. Here we review common clinical manifestation of SS and genetic tests frequently ordered as part of the SS evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Boothe
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Robert Morris
- Retina Specialists of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Nathaniel Robin
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
- Correspondence:
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24
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Mutation Spectrum and De Novo Mutation Analysis in Stickler Syndrome Patients with High Myopia or Retinal Detachment. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080882. [PMID: 32756486 PMCID: PMC7464315 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stickler syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that affects multiple systems, including the visual system. Seven genes were reported to cause Stickler syndrome in patients with different phenotypes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the mutation features of the phenotypes of high myopia and retinal detachment. Forty-two probands diagnosed with Stickler syndrome were included. Comprehensive ocular examinations were performed. A targeted gene panel test or whole exome sequencing was used to detect the mutations, and Sanger sequencing was conducted for verification and segregation analysis. Among the 42 probands, 32 (76%) presented with high myopia and 29 (69%), with retinal detachment. Pathogenic mutations were detected in 35 (83%) probands: 27 (64%) probands had COL2A1 mutations, and eight (19%) probands had COL11A1 mutations. Truncational mutations in COL2A1 were present in 21 (78%) probands. Missense mutations in COL2A1 were present in six probands, five of which presented with retinal detachment. De novo COL2A1 mutations were detected in 10 (37%) probands, with a mean paternal childbearing age of 29.64 ± 4.97 years old. The mutation features of probands with high myopia or retinal detachment showed that the probands had a high prevalence of COL2A1 mutations, truncational mutations, and de novo mutations.
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Dennis EP, Greenhalgh-Maychell PL, Briggs MD. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and related disorders: Molecular genetics, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic avenues. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:345-359. [PMID: 32633442 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For the vast majority of the 6000 known rare disease the pathogenic mechanisms are poorly defined and there is little treatment, leading to poor quality of life and high healthcare costs. Genetic skeletal diseases (skeletal dysplasias) are archetypal examples of rare diseases that are chronically debilitating, often life-threatening and for which no treatments are currently available. There are more than 450 unique phenotypes that, although individually rare, have an overall prevalence of at least 1 per 4000 children. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by disproportionate short stature, joint pain, and early-onset osteoarthritis. MED is caused by mutations in the genes encoding important cartilage extracellular matrix proteins, enzymes, and transporter proteins. Recently, through the use of various cell and mouse models, disease mechanisms underlying this diverse phenotypic spectrum are starting to be elucidated. For example, ER stress induced as a consequence of retained misfolded mutant proteins has emerged as a unifying disease mechanisms for several forms of MED in particular and skeletal dysplasia in general. Moreover, targeting ER stress through drug repurposing has become an attractive therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella P Dennis
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Michael D Briggs
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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26
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Boysen KB, La Cour M, Kessel L. Ocular complications and prophylactic strategies in Stickler syndrome: a systematic literature review. Ophthalmic Genet 2020; 41:223-234. [PMID: 32316871 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2020.1747092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stickler syndrome is a collagenopathy caused by mutations in the genes COL2A1 (STL1) or COL11A1 (STL2). Affected patients manifest ocular, auditory, articular, and craniofacial manifestations in varying degrees. Ocular symptoms include myopia, retinal detachment, cataract, and glaucoma. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the prevalence of ocular manifestations and the outcome of prophylactic treatment on reducing the risk of retinal detachment. METHOD A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed database. Information on the cross-study prevalence of myopia, retinal detachment, cataract, glaucoma, visual impairment, severity and age of onset of myopia and retinal detachments. Studies that reported on the outcome of prophylactic treatment against a control group were explored. RESULTS 37 articles with 2324 individual patients were included. Myopia was found in 83% of patients, mostly of a moderate to severe degree. Retinal detachments occurred in 45% of patients. Generally, the first detachment occurred in the second decade of life in STL1 patients and later in STL2. Cataracts were more common in STL2 patients, 59% versus 36% in STL1. Glaucoma (10%) and visual impairment (blind: 6%; vision loss in one eye: 10%) were rare. Three studies reported on the effect of prophylactic treatment being protective. CONCLUSION Ocular manifestations are common in Stickler patients, but the comparison between studies was difficult because of inconsistencies in diagnostic and inclusion criteria by different studies. Sight-threatening complications such as retinal detachments are common but although prophylactic therapy is reported to be effective in retrospective studies, evidence from randomized trials is missing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morten La Cour
- Department of Ophtalmology, Rigshospitalet , Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Kessel
- Department of Ophtalmology, Rigshospitalet , Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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A putative silencer variant in a spontaneous canine model of retinitis pigmentosa. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008659. [PMID: 32150541 PMCID: PMC7082071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the leading cause of blindness with nearly two million people affected worldwide. Many genes have been implicated in RP, yet in 30–80% of the RP patients the genetic cause remains unknown. A similar phenotype, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), affects many dog breeds including the Miniature Schnauzer. We performed clinical, genetic and functional experiments to identify the genetic cause of PRA in the breed. The age of onset and pattern of disease progression suggested that at least two forms of PRA, types 1 and 2 respectively, affect the breed, which was confirmed by genome-wide association study that implicated two distinct genomic loci in chromosomes 15 and X, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a fully segregating recessive regulatory variant in type 1 PRA. The associated variant has a very recent origin based on haplotype analysis and lies within a regulatory site with the predicted binding site of HAND1::TCF3 transcription factor complex. Luciferase assays suggested that mutated regulatory sequence increases expression. Case-control retinal expression comparison of six best HAND1::TCF3 target genes were analyzed with quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR assay and indicated overexpression of EDN2 and COL9A2 in the affected retina. Defects in both EDN2 and COL9A2 have been previously associated with retinal degeneration. In summary, our study describes two genetically different forms of PRA and identifies a fully penetrant variant in type 1 form with a possible regulatory effect. This would be among the first reports of a regulatory variant in retinal degeneration in any species, and establishes a new spontaneous dog model to improve our understanding of retinal biology and gene regulation while the affected breed will benefit from a reliable genetic testing. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a blinding eye disease that affects nearly two million people worldwide. Several genes and variants have been associated with the disease, but still 30–80% of the patients lack genetic diagnosis. There is currently no standard treatment for RP, and much is expected from gene therapy. A similar disease, called progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), affects many dog breeds. We performed clinical, genetic and functional analyses to find the genetic cause for PRA in Miniature Schnauzers. We discovered two forms of PRA in the breed, named type 1 and 2, and show that they are genetically distinct as they map to different chromosomes, 15 and X, respectively. Further genetic, bioinformatic and functional analyses discovered a fully penetrant recessive variant in a putative silencer region for type 1 PRA. Silencer regions are important for gene regulation and we found that two of its predicted target genes, EDN2 and COL9A2, were overexpressed in the retina of the affected dog. Defects in both EDN2 and COL9A2 have been associated with retinal degeneration. This study provides new insights to retinal biology while the genetic test guides better breeding choices.
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Mayer AK, Balousha G, Sharkia R, Mahajnah M, Ayesh S, Schulze M, Buchert R, Zobor D, Azem A, Schöls L, Bauer P, Wissinger B. Unraveling the genetic cause of hereditary ophthalmic disorders in Arab societies from Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:742-753. [PMID: 31896775 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual impairment due to inherited ophthalmic disorders is amongst the most common disabilities observed in populations practicing consanguineous marriages. Here we investigated the molecular genetic basis of an unselected broad range of ophthalmic disorders in 20 consanguineous families from Arab villages of Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Most patients had little or very poor prior clinical workup and were recruited in a field study. Homozygosity mapping followed by candidate gene sequencing applying conventional Sanger sequencing or targeted next generation sequencing was performed in six families. In the remaining 14 families, one affected subject per family was chosen for whole exome sequencing. We discovered likely disease-causing variants, all homozygous, in 19 of 20 independent families (95%) including a previously reported novel disease gene for congenital nystagmus associated with foveal hypoplasia. Moreover, we found a family in which disease-causing variants for two collagenopathies - Stickler and Knobloch syndrome - segregate within a large sibship. Nine of the 19 distinct variants observed in this study were novel. Our study demonstrated a very high molecular diagnostic yield for a highly diverse spectrum of rare ophthalmic disorders in Arab patients from Israel and the Palestinian Authority, even with very limited prior clinical investigation. We conclude that 'genetic testing first' may be an economic way to direct clinical care and to support proper genetic counseling and risk assessment in these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja K Mayer
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Tuebingen, Germany.,Praxis fuer Humangenetik Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ghassan Balousha
- Department of Pathology and Histology, Al-Quds University, Eastern Jerusalem, Palestinian Authority, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rajech Sharkia
- The Triangle Regional Research and Development Center, Kfar Qari', Israel.,Beit-Berl Academic College, Beit-Berl, Israel
| | - Muhammad Mahajnah
- Child Neurology and Development Center, Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Suhail Ayesh
- Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Al-Makassed Islamic Charitable Society Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Martin Schulze
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Praxis fuer Humangenetik Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Buchert
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ditta Zobor
- University Eye Hospital, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Abdussalam Azem
- The School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Hertie Institute for Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Snead M, Martin H, Bale P, Shenker N, Baguley D, Alexander P, McNinch A, Poulson A. Therapeutic and diagnostic advances in Stickler syndrome. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2020; 1:2633004020978661. [PMID: 37180493 PMCID: PMC10032448 DOI: 10.1177/2633004020978661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Stickler syndromes are the leading cause of inherited retinal detachment and the most common cause of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in childhood. The clinical and molecular genetic spectrum of this connective tissue disorder is discussed in this article, emphasising the key role the ophthalmologist has to play in the identification, diagnosis and prevention of blindness in the increasingly widely recognised sub-groups with ocular-only (or minimal systemic) involvement. Without diagnosis and prophylaxis in such high-risk subgroups, these patients are at high risk of Giant Retinal Tear detachment and blindness, especially in the paediatric population, where late or second eye involvement is common. Initially considered a monogenic disorder, there are now known to be at least 11 distinct phenotypic subgroups in addition to allied connective tissue disorders that can present to the clinician as part of the differential diagnosis. Plain language summary Treatment and diagnostic advances in Stickler syndrome The Stickler syndromes are a group of related connective tissue disorders that are associated with short-sight and a very high risk of blindness from detachment of the retina - the light sensitive film at the back of the eye. Other features include cleft palate, deafness and premature arthritis. It is the most common cause of retinal detachment in children and the most common cause of familial or inherited retinal detachment. In contrast to most other forms of blinding genetic eye disease, blindness from retinal detachment in Stickler syndrome is largely avoidable with accurate diagnosis and prophylactic (preventive) surgery. Recent advances in the understanding of the genetic causes of Stickler syndrome mean that the diagnosis can now be confirmed in over 95% of cases and, most importantly, the patient's individual risk of retinal detachment can be graded. Preventative surgery is hugely effective in reducing the incidence of retinal detachment in those patients shown to be at high risk. NHS England have led the way in the multidisciplinary care for patients with Stickler syndrome by launching a highly specialist service that has been free at point of care to all NHS patients in England since 2011 (https://www.england.nhs.uk/commissioning/spec-services/highly-spec-services, www.vitreoretinalservice.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Snead
- Vitreoretinal Research Group, NHS England
Stickler Syndrome Diagnostic Service, Cambridge University NHS Foundation
Trust, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hill Road, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Howard Martin
- Vitreoretinal Research Group, University of
Cambridge and NHS England Stickler Syndrome Diagnostic Service, Cambridge
University NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Bale
- Department of Rheumatology Cambridge University
NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick Shenker
- Department of Rheumatology Cambridge University
NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Baguley
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, School of
Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre,
Ropewalk House, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Audiology Services, Nottingham
University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Philip Alexander
- Vitreoretinal Research Group, University of
Cambridge and NHS England Stickler Syndrome Diagnostic Service, Cambridge
University NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annie McNinch
- Vitreoretinal Research Group, University of
Cambridge and NHS England Stickler Syndrome Diagnostic Service, Cambridge
University NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arabella Poulson
- Vitreoretinal Research Group, University of
Cambridge and NHS England Stickler Syndrome Diagnostic Service, Cambridge
University NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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30
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Comprehensive analysis of syndromic hearing loss patients in Japan. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11976. [PMID: 31427586 PMCID: PMC6700179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 400 syndromes associated with hearing loss and other symptoms have been described, corresponding to 30% of cases of hereditary hearing loss. In this study we aimed to clarify the mutation spectrum of syndromic hearing loss patients in Japan by using next-generation sequencing analysis with a multiple syndromic targeted resequencing panel (36 target genes). We analyzed single nucleotide variants, small insertions, deletions and copy number variations in the target genes. We enrolled 140 patients with any of 14 syndromes (BOR syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, Stickler syndrome, CHARGE syndrome, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Pendred syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, Alport syndrome, Norrie disease, Treacher-Collins syndrome, Perrault syndrome and auditory neuropathy with optic atrophy) and identified the causative variants in 56% of the patients. This analysis could identify the causative variants in syndromic hearing loss patients in a short time with a high diagnostic rate. In addition, it was useful for the analysis of the cases who only partially fulfilled the diagnostic criteria.
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31
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Stavinohova R, Hartley C, Burmeister LM, Ricketts SL, Pettitt L, Tetas Pont R, Hitti RJ, Schofield E, Oliver JAC, Mellersh CS. Clinical, histopathological and genetic characterisation of oculoskeletal dysplasia in the Northern Inuit Dog. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220761. [PMID: 31415586 PMCID: PMC6695176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven Northern Inuit Dogs (NID) were diagnosed by pedigree analysis with an autosomal recessive inherited oculoskeletal dysplasia (OSD). Short-limbed dwarfism, angular limb deformities and a variable combination of macroglobus, cataracts, lens coloboma, microphakia and vitreopathy were present in all seven dogs, while retinal detachment was diagnosed in five dogs. Autosomal recessive OSD caused by COL9A3 and COL9A2 mutations have previously been identified in the Labrador Retriever (dwarfism with retinal dysplasia 1-drd1) and Samoyed dog (dwarfism with retinal dysplasia 2-drd2) respectively; both of those mutations were excluded in all affected NID. Nine candidate genes were screened in whole genome sequence data; only one variant was identified that was homozygous in two affected NID but absent in controls. This variant was a nonsense single nucleotide polymorphism in COL9A3 predicted to result in a premature termination codon and a truncated protein product. This variant was genotyped in a total of 1,232 dogs. All seven affected NID were homozygous for the variant allele (T/T), while 31/116 OSD-unaffected NID were heterozygous for the variant (C/T) and 85/116 were homozygous for the wildtype allele (C/C); indicating a significant association with OSD (p = 1.41x10-11). A subset of 56 NID unrelated at the parent level were analysed to determine an allele frequency of 0.08, estimating carrier and affected rates to be 15% and 0.6% respectively in NID. All 1,109 non-NID were C/C, suggesting the variant is rare or absent in other breeds. Expression of retinal mRNA was similar between an OSD-affected NID and OSD-unaffected non-NID. In conclusion, a nonsense variant in COL9A3 is strongly associated with OSD in NID, and appears to be widespread in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Stavinohova
- Unit of Comparative Ophthalmology, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Hartley
- Unit of Comparative Ophthalmology, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M. Burmeister
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Sally L. Ricketts
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Pettitt
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Roser Tetas Pont
- Unit of Comparative Ophthalmology, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekkah J. Hitti
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Schofield
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - James A. C. Oliver
- Unit of Comparative Ophthalmology, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn S. Mellersh
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The literature regarding prophylactic treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Stickler syndrome remains controversial. We review major published clinical studies and offer a critical analysis of this subject. SUMMARY Stickler syndrome is a systemic collagenopathy affecting multiple organ systems including the eye, ear, and skeleton. Stickler syndrome is probably the most common cause of genetically determined pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Congenital developmental anomalies constitute over half rhegmatogenous detachments (RRD) in patients less than 10 years. The majority are caused by hereditary vitreoretinopathies associated with Stickler syndrome. Sixty percent of patients with Stickler syndrome develop RRD's over their lifetime with possible severe visual loss and subsequent lifelong morbidity. In view of these complications, some have emphasized the importance of prophylactic laser treatment to the retina of patients with Stickler syndrome to reduce the occurrence of and/or prevent future rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, but there appears to be insufficient data to support the absolute benefit of such prophylactic treatment. Guidelines regarding the age at prophylactic treatment as well as type and frequency of intervention are scarce and would benefit from additional clinical investigations.
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Balasubramanian K, Weis M, Eyre DR, Martin J, Ortiz-Sanchez J, Duran I, Vangala S, Wang J, Friedman RA, Krakow D, Cohn DH. The α2 chain of type IX collagen is essential for type IX collagen biosynthesis. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1672-1677. [PMID: 31161720 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Balasubramanian
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - MaryAnn Weis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David R Eyre
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jorge Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jorge Ortiz-Sanchez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sitaram Vangala
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Juemei Wang
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rick A Friedman
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine at USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel H Cohn
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Nixon TRW, Alexander P, Richards A, McNinch A, Bearcroft PWP, Cobben J, Snead MP. Homozygous Type IX collagen variants (COL9A1, COL9A2, and COL9A3) causing recessive Stickler syndrome-Expanding the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1498-1506. [PMID: 31090205 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stickler syndrome (SS) is characterized by ophthalmic, articular, orofacial, and auditory manifestations. SS is usually autosomal dominantly inherited with variants in COL2A1 or COL11A1. Recessive forms are rare but have been described with homozygous variants in COL9A1, COL9A2, and COL9A3 and compound heterozygous COL11A1 variants. This article expands phenotypic descriptions in recessive SS due to variants in genes encoding Type IX collagen. Clinical features were assessed in four families. Genomic DNA samples derived from venous blood were collected from family members. Six affected patients were identified from four pedigrees with variants in COL9A1 (one family, one patient), COL9A2 (two families, three patients), and COL9A3 (one family, two patients). Three variants were novel. All patients were highly myopic with congenital megalophthalmos and abnormal, hypoplastic vitreous gel, and all had sensorineural hearing loss. One patient had severe arthropathy. Congenital megalophthalmos and myopia are common to dominant and recessive forms of SS. Sensorineural hearing loss is more common and severe in recessive SS. We suggest that COL9A1, COL9A2, and COL9A3 be added to genetic screening panels for patients with congenital hearing loss. Although recessive SS is rare, early diagnosis would have a high impact for children with potentially dual sensory impairment, as well as identifying risk to future children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R W Nixon
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.,Vitreoretinal Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip Alexander
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.,Vitreoretinal Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Allan Richards
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annie McNinch
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip W P Bearcroft
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan Cobben
- North West Thames Regional Genetic Services, Northwick Park Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P Snead
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.,Vitreoretinal Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Pater JA, Green J, O'Rielly DD, Griffin A, Squires J, Burt T, Fernandez S, Fernandez B, Houston J, Zhou J, Roslin NM, Young TL. Novel Usher syndrome pathogenic variants identified in cases with hearing and vision loss. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:68. [PMID: 31046701 PMCID: PMC6498547 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Usher syndrome, the most common form of inherited deaf-blindness, is unlike many other forms of syndromic hereditary hearing loss in that the extra aural clinical manifestations are also detrimental to communication. Usher syndrome patients with early onset deafness also experience vision loss due to progressive retinitis pigmentosa that can lead to legal blindness in their third or fourth decade. Methods Using a multi-omic approach, we identified three novel pathogenic variants in two Usher syndrome genes (USH2A and ADGRV1) in cases initially referred for isolated vision or hearing loss. Results In a multiplex hearing loss family, two affected sisters, the product of a second cousin union, are homozygous for a novel nonsense pathogenic variant in ADGRV1 (c.17062C > T, p.Arg5688*), predicted to create a premature stop codon near the N-terminus of ADGRV1. Ophthalmological examination of the sisters confirmed typical retinitis pigmentosa and prompted a corrected Usher syndrome diagnosis. In an unrelated clinical case, a child with hearing loss tested positive for two novel USH2A splicing variants (c.5777-1G > A, p. Glu1926_Ala1952del and c.10388-2A > G, p.Asp3463Alafs*6) and RNA studies confirmed that both pathogenic variants cause splicing errors. Interestingly, these same USH2A variants are also identified in another family with vision loss where subsequent clinical follow-up confirmed pre-existing hearing loss since early childhood, eventually resulting in a reassigned diagnosis of Usher syndrome. Conclusion These findings provide empirical evidence to increase Usher syndrome surveillance of at-risk children. Given that novel antisense oligonucleotide therapies have been shown to rescue retinal degeneration caused by USH2A splicing pathogenic variants, these solved USH2A patients may now be eligible to be enrolled in therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Pater
- Craig L. Dobbin Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, AIB 3V6, Canada
| | - Jane Green
- Craig L. Dobbin Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, AIB 3V6, Canada
| | - Darren D O'Rielly
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Eastern Health, Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Anne Griffin
- Craig L. Dobbin Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, AIB 3V6, Canada
| | - Jessica Squires
- Craig L. Dobbin Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, AIB 3V6, Canada
| | - Taylor Burt
- Craig L. Dobbin Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, AIB 3V6, Canada
| | - Sara Fernandez
- Provincial Medical Genetics, Craig L. Dobbin Research Centre, Eastern Health, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Bridget Fernandez
- Craig L. Dobbin Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, AIB 3V6, Canada.,Provincial Medical Genetics, Craig L. Dobbin Research Centre, Eastern Health, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Jim Houston
- Craig L. Dobbin Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, AIB 3V6, Canada
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Craig L. Dobbin Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, AIB 3V6, Canada
| | - Nicole M Roslin
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Terry-Lynn Young
- Craig L. Dobbin Research Centre, Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, AIB 3V6, Canada. .,Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Eastern Health, Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3V6, Canada.
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Yue S, Whalen P, Jee YH. Genetic regulation of linear growth. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 24:2-14. [PMID: 30943674 PMCID: PMC6449614 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2019.24.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear growth occurs at the growth plate. Therefore, genetic defects that interfere with the normal function of the growth plate can cause linear growth disorders. Many genetic causes of growth disorders have already been identified in humans. However, recent genome-wide approaches have broadened our knowledge of the mechanisms of linear growth, not only providing novel monogenic causes of growth disorders but also revealing single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes that affect height in the general population. The genes identified as causative of linear growth disorders are heterogeneous, playing a role in various growth-regulating mechanisms including those involving the extracellular matrix, intracellular signaling, paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, and epigenetic regulation. Understanding the underlying genetic defects in linear growth is important for clinicians and researchers in order to provide proper diagnoses, management, and genetic counseling, as well as to develop better treatment approaches for children with growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Yue
- Pediatric Endocrine, Metabolism and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip Whalen
- Pediatric Endocrine, Metabolism and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Youn Hee Jee
- Pediatric Endocrine, Metabolism and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Address for correspondence: Youn Hee Jee, MD Pediatric Endocrine, Metabolism and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA Tel: +1-301-435-5834 Fax: +1-301-402-0574 E-mail:
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37
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Carpena NT, Lee MY. Genetic Hearing Loss and Gene Therapy. Genomics Inform 2018; 16:e20. [PMID: 30602081 PMCID: PMC6440668 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2018.16.4.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic hearing loss crosses almost all the categories of hearing loss which includes the following: conductive, sensory, and neural; syndromic and nonsyndromic; congenital, progressive, and adult onset; high-frequency, low-frequency, or mixed frequency; mild or profound; and recessive, dominant, or sex-linked. Genes play a role in almost half of all cases of hearing loss but effective treatment options are very limited. Genetic hearing loss is considered to be extremely genetically heterogeneous. The advancements in genomics have been instrumental to the identification of more than 6,000 causative variants in more than 150 genes causing hearing loss. Identification of genes for hearing impairment provides an increased insight into the normal development and function of cells in the auditory system. These defective genes will ultimately be important therapeutic targets. However, the auditory system is extremely complex which requires tremendous advances in gene therapy including gene vectors, routes of administration, and therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in elucidating the genomics of genetic hearing loss and technologies aimed at developing a gene therapy that may become a treatment option for in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanial T Carpena
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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38
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Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) loss-of-function variant associated with autosomal dominant Stickler syndrome and renal dysplasia. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:369-377. [PMID: 30568244 PMCID: PMC6460578 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stickler syndrome is a genetic disorder that can lead to joint problems, hearing difficulties and retinal detachment. Genes encoding collagen types II, IX and XI are usually responsible, but some families have no causal variant identified. We investigate a variant in the gene encoding growth factor BMP4 in a family with Stickler syndrome with associated renal dysplasia. Next generation sequencing of the coding region of COL2A1, COL11A1 and a panel of genes associated with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) was performed. A novel heterozygous BMP4 variant causing a premature stop codon, c. 130G>T, p.(Gly44Ter), which segregated with clinical features of Stickler syndrome in multiple family members, was identified. No variant affecting gene function was detected in COL2A1 or COL11A1. Skin fibroblasts were cultured with and without emetine, and the mRNA extracted and analysed by Sanger sequencing to assess whether the change was causing nonsense-mediated decay. Nonsense-mediated decay was not observed from the extracted BMP4 mRNA. BMP4 is a growth factor known to contribute to eye development in animals, and gene variants in humans have been linked to microphthalmia/anophthalmia as well as CAKUT. The variant identified here further demonstrates the importance of BMP4 in eye development. This is the first report of a BMP4 DNA variant causing Stickler syndrome, and we suggest BMP4 be added to standard diagnostic gene panels for this condition.
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Hanson-Kahn A, Li B, Cohn DH, Nickerson DA, Bamshad MJ, Hudgins L. Autosomal recessive Stickler syndrome resulting from a COL9A3 mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2887-2891. [PMID: 30450842 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Stickler syndrome is a connective tissue disorder characterized by hearing loss, ocular anomalies, palatal defects, and skeletal abnormalities. The autosomal dominant form is the most common, but autosomal recessive forms have also been described. We report the second case of autosomal recessive Stickler syndrome due to homozygosity for a loss of function mutation in COL9A3, which encodes the α3 chain of type IX procollagen. The clinical features were similar to the previously described COL9A3 Stickler syndrome family, including moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss, high myopia, and both tibial and femoral bowing at birth. Radiographs demonstrated abnormal capital femoral epiphyses and mild irregularities of the vertebral endplates. This case further establishes the phenotype associated with mutations in this gene. We suggest that loss of the α3 chain of type IX collagen results in a Stickler syndrome phenotype similar to that of the other autosomal recessive forms caused by mutations in genes encoding the α1 and α2 chains of type IX collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hanson-Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel H Cohn
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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- University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Seattle, Washington
| | - Louanne Hudgins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
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40
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Smith JN, Walker HM, Thompson H, Collinson JM, Vargesson N, Erskine L. Lens-regulated retinoic acid signalling controls expansion of the developing eye. Development 2018; 145:145/19/dev167171. [PMID: 30305274 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Absence of the developing lens results in severe eye defects, including substantial reductions in eye size. How the lens controls eye expansion and the underlying signalling pathways are very poorly defined. We identified RDH10, a gene crucial for retinoic acid synthesis during embryogenesis, as a key factor downregulated in the peripheral retina (presumptive ciliary body region) of lens-removed embryonic chicken eyes prior to overt reductions in eye size. This is associated with a significant decrease in retinoic acid synthesis by lens-removed eyes. Restoring retinoic acid signalling in lens-removed eyes by implanting beads soaked in retinoic acid or retinal, but not vitamin A, rescued eye size. Conversely, blocking retinoic acid synthesis decreased eye size in lens-containing eyes. Production of collagen II and collagen IX, which are major vitreal proteins, is also regulated by the lens and retinoic acid signalling. These data mechanistically link the known roles of both the lens and retinoic acid in normal eye development, and support a model whereby retinoic acid production by the peripheral retina acts downstream of the lens to support vitreous production and eye expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Smith
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Heather M Walker
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Hannah Thompson
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Kings College, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - J Martin Collinson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Lynda Erskine
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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41
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Arseni L, Lombardi A, Orioli D. From Structure to Phenotype: Impact of Collagen Alterations on Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051407. [PMID: 29738498 PMCID: PMC5983607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic and heterogeneous structure that plays multiple roles in living organisms. Its integrity and homeostasis are crucial for normal tissue development and organ physiology. Loss or alteration of ECM components turns towards a disease outcome. In this review, we provide a general overview of ECM components with a special focus on collagens, the most abundant and diverse ECM molecules. We discuss the different functions of the ECM including its impact on cell proliferation, migration and differentiation by highlighting the relevance of the bidirectional cross-talk between the matrix and surrounding cells. By systematically reviewing all the hereditary disorders associated to altered collagen structure or resulting in excessive collagen degradation, we point to the functional relevance of the collagen and therefore of the ECM elements for human health. Moreover, the large overlapping spectrum of clinical features of the collagen-related disorders makes in some cases the patient clinical diagnosis very difficult. A better understanding of ECM complexity and molecular mechanisms regulating the expression and functions of the various ECM elements will be fundamental to fully recognize the different clinical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Arseni
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Anita Lombardi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Donata Orioli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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42
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Fidler AL, Boudko SP, Rokas A, Hudson BG. The triple helix of collagens - an ancient protein structure that enabled animal multicellularity and tissue evolution. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs203950. [PMID: 29632050 PMCID: PMC5963836 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular microenvironment, characterized by an extracellular matrix (ECM), played an essential role in the transition from unicellularity to multicellularity in animals (metazoans), and in the subsequent evolution of diverse animal tissues and organs. A major ECM component are members of the collagen superfamily -comprising 28 types in vertebrates - that exist in diverse supramolecular assemblies ranging from networks to fibrils. Each assembly is characterized by a hallmark feature, a protein structure called a triple helix. A current gap in knowledge is understanding the mechanisms of how the triple helix encodes and utilizes information in building scaffolds on the outside of cells. Type IV collagen, recently revealed as the evolutionarily most ancient member of the collagen superfamily, serves as an archetype for a fresh view of fundamental structural features of a triple helix that underlie the diversity of biological activities of collagens. In this Opinion, we argue that the triple helix is a protein structure of fundamental importance in building the extracellular matrix, which enabled animal multicellularity and tissue evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Fidler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sergei P Boudko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Billy G Hudson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Medical Education and Administration, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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43
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Gettelfinger JD, Dahl JP. Syndromic Hearing Loss: A Brief Review of Common Presentations and Genetics. J Pediatr Genet 2018; 7:1-8. [PMID: 29441214 PMCID: PMC5809162 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1617454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hearing loss is one of the most common birth defects worldwide, with around 1 in 500 people experiencing some form of severe hearing loss. While over 400 different syndromes involving hearing loss have been described, it is important to be familiar with a wide range of syndromes involving hearing loss so an early diagnosis can be made and early intervention can be pursued to maximize functional hearing and speech-language development in the setting of verbal communication. This review aims to describe the presentation and genetics for some of the most frequently occurring syndromes involving hearing loss, including neurofibromatosis type 2, branchio-oto-renal syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, Stickler syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome, Pendred syndrome, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Usher syndromes, Refsum disease, Alport syndrome, MELAS, and MERRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Gettelfinger
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - John P. Dahl
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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44
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Lindström NO, Guo J, Kim AD, Tran T, Guo Q, De Sena Brandine G, Ransick A, Parvez RK, Thornton ME, Baskin L, Grubbs B, McMahon JA, Smith AD, McMahon AP. Conserved and Divergent Features of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Types within the Cortical Nephrogenic Niche of the Human and Mouse Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:806-824. [PMID: 29449449 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017080890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular interactions among nephron, interstitial, and collecting duct progenitors drive mammalian kidney development. In mice, Six2+ nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) and Foxd1+ interstitial progenitor cells (IPCs) form largely distinct lineage compartments at the onset of metanephric kidney development. Here, we used the method for analyzing RNA following intracellular sorting (MARIS) approach, single-cell transcriptional profiling, in situ hybridization, and immunolabeling to characterize the presumptive NPC and IPC compartments of the developing human kidney. As in mice, each progenitor population adopts a stereotypical arrangement in the human nephron-forming niche: NPCs capped outgrowing ureteric branch tips, whereas IPCs were sandwiched between the NPCs and the renal capsule. Unlike mouse NPCs, human NPCs displayed a transcriptional profile that overlapped substantially with the IPC transcriptional profile, and key IPC determinants, including FOXD1, were readily detected within SIX2+ NPCs. Comparative gene expression profiling in human and mouse Six2/SIX2+ NPCs showed broad agreement between the species but also identified species-biased expression of some genes. Notably, some human NPC-enriched genes, including DAPL1 and COL9A2, are linked to human renal disease. We further explored the cellular diversity of mesenchymal cell types in the human nephrogenic niche through single-cell transcriptional profiling. Data analysis stratified NPCs into two main subpopulations and identified a third group of differentiating cells. These findings were confirmed by section in situ hybridization with novel human NPC markers predicted through the single-cell studies. This study provides a benchmark for the mesenchymal progenitors in the human nephrogenic niche and highlights species-variability in kidney developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils O Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Albert D Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | | | - Andrew Ransick
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Riana K Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Laurence Baskin
- Department of Urology and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Brendan Grubbs
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, and
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine,
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45
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Guo L, Elcioglu NH, Wang Z, Demirkol YK, Isguven P, Matsumoto N, Nishimura G, Miyake N, Ikegawa S. Novel and recurrent COL11A1 and COL2A1 mutations in the Marshall-Stickler syndrome spectrum. Hum Genome Var 2017; 4:17040. [PMID: 28983407 PMCID: PMC5628180 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Marshall–Stickler syndrome represents a spectrum of inherited connective tissue disorders affecting the ocular, auditory, and skeletal systems. The syndrome is caused by mutations in the COL2A1, COL11A1, COL11A2, COL9A1, and COL9A2 genes. In this study, we examined four Turkish families with Marshall–Stickler syndrome using whole-exome sequencing and identified one COL2A1 mutation and three COL11A1 mutations. Two of the COL11A1 mutations were novel. Our findings expand our knowledge of the COL11A1 mutational spectrum that causes Marshall–Stickler syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nursel H Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey.,Eastern Mediterranean University Medical School, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Zheng Wang
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yasemin K Demirkol
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Isguven
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sakarya University Medical School, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Imaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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46
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Tompson SW, Johnson C, Abbott D, Bakall B, Soler V, Yanovitch TL, Whisenhunt KN, Klemm T, Rozen S, Stone EM, Johnson M, Young TL. Reduced penetrance in a large Caucasian pedigree with Stickler syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 38:43-50. [PMID: 28095098 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2016.1275018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a four-generation Caucasian family variably diagnosed with autosomal dominant (AD) Stickler or Wagner disease, commercial gene screening failed to identify a mutation in COL2A1 or VCAN. We utilized linkage mapping and exome sequencing to identify the causal variant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genomic DNA samples collected from 40 family members were analyzed. A whole-genome linkage scan was performed using Illumina HumanLinkage-24 BeadChip followed by two-point and multipoint linkage analyses using FASTLINK and MERLIN. Exome sequencing was performed on two affected individuals, followed by co-segregation analysis. RESULTS Parametric multipoint linkage analysis using an AD inheritance model demonstrated HLOD scores > 2.00 at chromosomes 1p36.13-1p36.11 and 12q12-12q14.1. SIMWALK multipoint analysis replicated the peak in chromosome 12q (peak LOD = 1.975). FASTLINK two-point analysis highlighted several clustered chromosome 12q SNPs with HLOD > 1.0. Exome sequencing revealed a novel nonsense mutation (c.115C>T, p.Gln39*) in exon 2 of COL2A1 that is expected to result in nonsense-mediated decay of the RNA transcript. This mutation co-segregated with all clinically affected individuals and seven individuals who were clinically unaffected. CONCLUSIONS The utility of combining traditional linkage mapping and exome sequencing is highlighted to identify gene mutations in large families displaying a Mendelian inheritance of disease. Historically, nonsense mutations in exon 2 of COL2A1 have been reported to cause a fully penetrant ocular-only Stickler phenotype with few or no systemic manifestations. We report a novel nonsense mutation in exon 2 of COL2A1 that displays incomplete penetrance and/or variable age of onset with extraocular manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W Tompson
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Wisconsin - Madison , Madison , Wisconsin , USA
| | | | - Diana Abbott
- c Department of Biostatistics and Informatics , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Benjamin Bakall
- d Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
| | - Vincent Soler
- e Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Université Paul Sabatier , Toulouse , France
| | - Tammy L Yanovitch
- f Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute , University of Oklahoma , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , USA
| | - Kristina N Whisenhunt
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Wisconsin - Madison , Madison , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Thomas Klemm
- g Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| | - Steve Rozen
- g Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| | - Edwin M Stone
- d Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
| | - Max Johnson
- b Retina Consultants, Ltd ., Fargo , North Dakota , USA
| | - Terri L Young
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Wisconsin - Madison , Madison , Wisconsin , USA.,g Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School , Singapore
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47
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Johnston T, Chandra A, Hewitt AW. Current Understanding of the Genetic Architecture of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 37:121-9. [PMID: 26757352 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1033557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a common and potentially blinding surgical retinal disease. While the precise molecular mechanisms leading to RRD are poorly understood, there is an increasing body of literature supporting the role of heritable factors in the pathogenesis of the condition. Much work has been undertaken investigating genes important in syndromic forms of RRD (e.g., Stickler, Wagner Syndrome, etc.) and research pertaining to genetic investigations of idiopathic or non-syndromic RRD has also recently been reported. To date, at least 12 genetic loci have been implicated in the development of syndromes of which RRD is a feature. A recent GWAS identified five loci implicated in the development of idiopathic RRD.This article provides an overview of the genetic mechanisms of both syndromic and idiopathic RRD. The genetics of predisposing conditions, such as myopia and lattice degeneration, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Johnston
- a Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia and
| | - Aman Chandra
- a Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia and
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- a Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia and.,b School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania , Australia
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48
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Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias result from disruptions in normal skeletal growth and development and are a major contributor to severe short stature. They occur in approximately 1/5,000 births, and some are lethal. Since the most recent publication of the Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders, genetic causes of 56 skeletal disorders have been uncovered. This remarkable rate of discovery is largely due to the expanded use of high-throughput genomic technologies. In this review, we discuss these recent discoveries and our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind these skeletal dysplasia phenotypes. We also cover potential therapies, unusual genetic mechanisms, and novel skeletal syndromes both with and without known genetic causes. The acceleration of skeletal dysplasia genetics is truly spectacular, and these advances hold great promise for diagnostics, risk prediction, and therapeutic design.
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49
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Mathijssen IM, Versnel SL. Craniofacial clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118655412.ch20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Hartman BH, Durruthy-Durruthy R, Laske RD, Losorelli S, Heller S. Identification and characterization of mouse otic sensory lineage genes. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:79. [PMID: 25852475 PMCID: PMC4365716 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate embryogenesis gives rise to all cell types of an organism through the development of many unique lineages derived from the three primordial germ layers. The otic sensory lineage arises from the otic vesicle, a structure formed through invagination of placodal non-neural ectoderm. This developmental lineage possesses unique differentiation potential, giving rise to otic sensory cell populations including hair cells, supporting cells, and ganglion neurons of the auditory and vestibular organs. Here we present a systematic approach to identify transcriptional features that distinguish the otic sensory lineage (from early otic progenitors to otic sensory populations) from other major lineages of vertebrate development. We used a microarray approach to analyze otic sensory lineage populations including microdissected otic vesicles (embryonic day 10.5) as well as isolated neonatal cochlear hair cells and supporting cells at postnatal day 3. Non-otic tissue samples including periotic tissues and whole embryos with otic regions removed were used as reference populations to evaluate otic specificity. Otic populations shared transcriptome-wide correlations in expression profiles that distinguish members of this lineage from non-otic populations. We further analyzed the microarray data using comparative and dimension reduction methods to identify individual genes that are specifically expressed in the otic sensory lineage. This analysis identified and ranked top otic sensory lineage-specific transcripts including Fbxo2, Col9a2, and Oc90, and additional novel otic lineage markers. To validate these results we performed expression analysis on select genes using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Fbxo2 showed the most striking pattern of specificity to the otic sensory lineage, including robust expression in the early otic vesicle and sustained expression in prosensory progenitors and auditory and vestibular hair cells and supporting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron H Hartman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Durruthy-Durruthy
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roman D Laske
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven Losorelli
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
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