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Faria JAD, Moraes DR, Kulikowski LD, Batista RL, Gomes NL, Nishi MY, Zanardo E, Nonaka CKV, de Freitas Souza BS, Mendonca BB, Domenice S. Cytogenomic Investigation of Syndromic Brazilian Patients with Differences of Sexual Development. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2235. [PMID: 37443631 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytogenomic methods have gained space in the clinical investigation of patients with disorders/differences in sexual development (DSD). Here we evaluated the role of the SNP array in achieving a molecular diagnosis in Brazilian patients with syndromic DSD of unknown etiology. METHODS Twenty-two patients with DSD and syndromic features were included in the study and underwent SNP-array analysis. RESULTS In two patients, the diagnosis of 46,XX SRY + DSD was established. Additionally, two deletions were revealed (3q29 and Xp22.33), justifying the syndromic phenotype in these patients. Two pathogenic CNVs, a 10q25.3-q26.2 and a 13q33.1 deletion encompassing the FGFR2 and the EFNB2 gene, were associated with genital atypia and syndromic characteristics in two patients with 46,XY DSD. In a third 46,XY DSD patient, we identified a duplication in the 14q11.2-q12 region of 6.5 Mb associated with a deletion in the 21p11.2-q21.3 region of 12.7 Mb. In a 46,XY DSD patient with delayed neuropsychomotor development and congenital cataracts, a 12 Kb deletion on chromosome 10 was found, partially clarifying the syndromic phenotype, but not the genital atypia. CONCLUSIONS The SNP array is a useful tool for DSD patients, identifying the molecular etiology in 40% (2/5) of patients with 46,XX DSD and 17.6% (3/17) of patients with 46,XY DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Diniz Faria
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, Brazil
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Daniela R Moraes
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Leslie Domenici Kulikowski
- Laboratório de Citogenômica e Patologia Molecular LIM/03, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Rafael Loch Batista
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Lisboa Gomes
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Mirian Yumie Nishi
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Evelin Zanardo
- Laboratório de Citogenômica e Patologia Molecular LIM/03, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Carolina Kymie Vasques Nonaka
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador 41253-190, Brazil
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Salvador 41253-190, Brazil
| | - Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador 41253-190, Brazil
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Salvador 41253-190, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Sorahia Domenice
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
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Hart D, Rodríguez Gutiérrez D, Biason-Lauber A. CBX2 in DSD: The Quirky Kid on the Block. Sex Dev 2022; 16:162-170. [PMID: 35263754 DOI: 10.1159/000522164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex development is an intricate and crucial process in all vertebrates that ensures the continued propagation of genetic diversity within a species, and ultimately their survival. Perturbations in this process can manifest as disorders/differences of sex development (DSD). Various transcriptional networks have been linked to development of the gonad into either male or female, which is actively driven by a set of genes that function in a juxtaposed manner and is maintained through the developmental stages to preserve the final sexual identity. One such identified gene is Chromobox homolog 2 (CBX2), an important ortholog of the Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, that functions as both chromatin modifier and highly dynamic transactivator. CBX2 was shown to be an essential factor for gonadal development in mammals, as genetic variants or loss-of-function of CBX2 can cause sex reversal in mice and humans. Here we will provide an overview of CBX2, its biological functions at molecular level, and the CBX2-dependent transcriptional landscape in gonadal development and DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hart
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland,
| | - Daniel Rodríguez Gutiérrez
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anna Biason-Lauber
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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3
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Biallelic loss-of-function variants in WDR11 are associated with microcephaly and intellectual disability. Eur J Hum Genet 2021; 29:1663-1668. [PMID: 34413497 PMCID: PMC8560748 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-021-00943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous missense variants in the WD repeat domain 11 (WDR11) gene are associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in humans. In contrast, knockout of both alleles of Wdr11 in mice results in a more severe phenotype with growth and developmental delay, features of holoprosencephaly, heart defects and reproductive disorders. Similar developmental defects known to be associated with aberrant hedgehog signaling and ciliogenesis have been found in zebrafish after Wdr11 knockdown. We here report biallelic loss-of-function variants in the WDR11 gene in six patients from three independent families with intellectual disability, microcephaly and short stature. The findings suggest that biallelic WDR11 variants in humans result in an overlapping but milder phenotype compared to Wdr11-deficient animals. However, the observed human phenotype differs significantly from dominantly inherited variants leading to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, suggesting that recessive WDR11 variants result in a clinically distinct entity.
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Chang J, Wang S, Zheng Z. Etiology of Hypospadias: A Comparative Review of Genetic Factors and Developmental Processes Between Human and Animal Models. Res Rep Urol 2021; 12:673-686. [PMID: 33381468 PMCID: PMC7769141 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s276141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly of the penis with an occurrence of approximately 1 in 200 boys, but the etiology of the majority of hypospadias has remained unknown. Numerous genes have been reported as having variants in hypospadias patients, and many studies on genetic deletion of key genes in mouse genital development have also been published. Until now, no comparative analysis in the genes related literature has been reported. The basic knowledge of penile development and hypospadias is mainly obtained from animal model studies. Understanding of the differences and similarities between human and animal models is crucial for studies of hypospadias. In this review, mutations and polymorphisms of hypospadias-related genes have been compared between humans and mice, and differential genotype–phenotype relationships of certain genes between humans and mice have been discussed using the data available in PubMed and MGI online databases, and our analysis only revealed mutations in seven out of 43 human hypospadias related genes which have been reported to show similar phenotypes in mutant mice. The differences and similarities in the processes of penile development and hypospadias malformation among human and commonly used animal models suggest that the guinea pig may be a good model to study the mechanism of human penile development and etiology of hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.,School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Zhengui Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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5
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Flück CE, Audí L, Fernández-Cancio M, Sauter KS, Martinez de LaPiscina I, Castaño L, Esteva I, Camats N. Broad Phenotypes of Disorders/Differences of Sex Development in MAMLD1 Patients Through Oligogenic Disease. Front Genet 2019; 10:746. [PMID: 31555317 PMCID: PMC6726737 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) are the result of a discordance between chromosomal, gonadal, and genital sex. DSD may be due to mutations in any of the genes involved in sex determination and development in general, as well as gonadal and/or genital development specifically. MAMLD1 is one of the recognized DSD genes. However, its role is controversial as some MAMLD1 variants are present in normal individuals, several MAMLD1 mutations have wild-type activity in functional studies, and the Mamld1-knockout male mouse presents with normal genitalia and reproduction. We previously tested nine MAMLD1 variants detected in nine 46,XY DSD patients with broad phenotypes for their functional activity, but none of the mutants, except truncated L210X, had diminished transcriptional activity on known target promoters CYP17A1 and HES3. In addition, protein expression of MAMLD1 variants was similar to wild-type, except for the truncated L210X. We hypothesized that MAMLD1 variants may not be sufficient to explain the phenotype in 46,XY DSD individuals, and that further genetic studies should be performed to search for additional hits explaining the broad phenotypes. We therefore performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in seven of these 46,XY patients with DSD and in one 46,XX patient with ovarian insufficiency, who all carried MAMLD1 variants. WES data were filtered by an algorithm including disease-tailored lists of MAMLD1-related and DSD-related genes. Fifty-five potentially deleterious variants in 41 genes were identified; 16/55 variants were reported in genes in association with hypospadias, 8/55 with cryptorchidism, 5/55 with micropenis, and 13/55 were described in relation with female sex development. Patients carried 1-16 variants in 1-16 genes together with their MAMLD1 variation. Network analysis of the identified genes revealed that 23 genes presented gene/protein interactions with MAMLD1. Thus, our study shows that the broad phenotypes of individual DSD might involve multiple genetic variations contributing towards the complex network of sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Department of BioMedical Research, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Audí
- Growth and Development Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Fernández-Cancio
- Growth and Development Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Department of BioMedical Research, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Idoia Martinez de LaPiscina
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, CIBERDEM, CIBERER, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Luis Castaño
- Pediatric Endocrinology Section, Cruces University Hospital, Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, CIBERDEM, CIBERER, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Isabel Esteva
- Endocrinology Section, Gender Identity Unit, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Núria Camats
- Growth and Development Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review focuses on the neonatal presentation of disorders of sex development, summarize the current approach to the evaluation of newborns and describes recent advances in understanding of underlying genetic aetiology of these conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Several possible candidate genes as well as other adverse environmental factors have been described as contributing to several clinical subgroups of 46,XY DSDs. Moreover, registry-based studies showed that infants with suspected DSD may have extragenital anomalies and in 46,XY cases, being small for gestational age (SGA), cardiac and neurological malformations are the commonest concomitant conditions. SUMMARY Considering that children and adults with DSD may be at risk of several comorbidities a clear aetiological diagnosis will guide further management. To date, a firm diagnosis is not reached in over half of the cases of 46,XY DSD. Whilst it is likely that improved diagnostic resources will bridge this gap in the future, the next challenge to the clinical community will be to show that such advances will result in an improvement in clinical care.
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7
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Sproll P, Eid W, Gomes CR, Mendonca BB, Gomes NL, Costa EMF, Biason-Lauber A. Assembling the jigsaw puzzle: CBX2 isoform 2 and its targets in disorders/differences of sex development. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:785-795. [PMID: 29998616 PMCID: PMC6160712 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the defining moments of human life occurs early during embryonic development, when individuals sexually differentiate into either male or female. Perturbation of this process can lead to disorders/differences of sex development (DSD). Chromobox protein homolog 2 (CBX2) has two distinct isoforms, CBX2.1 and CBX2.2: the role of CBX2.1 in DSD has been previously established, yet to date the function of the smaller isoform CBX2.2 remains unknown. METHODS The genomic DNA of two 46,XY DSD patients was analysed using whole exome sequencing. Furthermore, protein/DNA interaction studies were performed using DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID) to identify putative binding partners of CBX2. Finally, in vitro functional studies were used to elucidate the effect of wild-type and variant CBX2.2 on selected downstream targets. RESULTS Here, we describe two patients with features of DSD i.e. atypical external genitalia, perineal hypospadias and no palpable gonads, each patient carrying a distinct CBX2.2 variant, p.Cys132Arg (c.394T>C) and p.Cys154fs (c.460delT). We show that both CBX2.2 variants fail to regulate the expression of genes essential for sexual development, leading to a severe 46,XY DSD defect, likely because of a defective expression of EMX2 in the developing gonad. CONCLUSION Our study indicates a distinct function of the shorter form of CBX2 and by identifying several of its unique targets, can advance our understanding of DSD pathogenesis and ultimately DSD diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sproll
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Wassim Eid
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Camila R Gomes
- Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Anna Biason-Lauber
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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8
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Urh K, Kunej T. Genome-wide screening for smallest regions of overlaps in cryptorchidism. Reprod Biomed Online 2018; 37:85-99. [PMID: 29631949 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cryptorchidism is a urogenital abnormality associated with increased rates of testicular neoplasia and impaired spermatogenesis. The field is facing expansion of genomics data; however, it lacks protocols for biomarker prioritization. Identification of smallest regions of overlap (SRO) presents an approach for candidate gene identification but has not yet been systematically conducted in cryptorchidism. The aim of this study was to conduct a genome-wide screening for SRO (GW-SRO) associated with cryptorchidism development. We updated the Cryptorchidism Gene Database to version 3, remapped genomic coordinates of loci from older assemblies to the GRCh38 and performed genome-wide screening for overlapping regions associated with cryptorchidism risk. A total of 73 chromosomal loci (68 involved in chromosomal mutations and five copy number variations) described in 37 studies associated with cryptorchidism risk in humans were used for SRO identification. Analysis resulted in 18 SRO, based on deletions, duplications, inversions, derivations and copy number variations. Screening for SRO was challenging owing to heterogeneous reporting of genomic locations. To our knowledge, this is the first GW-SRO study for cryptorchidism and it presents the basis for further narrowing of critical regions for cryptorchidism and planning functional experiments. The developed protocol could also be applied to other multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Urh
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Kunej
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, Slovenia.
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9
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Eid W, Biason-Lauber A. Why boys will be boys and girls will be girls: Human sex development and its defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 108:365-379. [PMID: 28033664 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among the most defining events of an individual's life, is the development of a human embryo into male or a female. The phenotypic sex of an individual depends on the type of gonad that develops in the embryo, a process which itself is determined by the genetic setting of the individual. The development of the gonads is different from any other organ, as they possess the potential to differentiate into two functionally distinct organs, testes, or ovaries. Sex development can be divided into two distinctive processes, "sex determination," which is the commitment of the undifferentiated gonad into either a testis or an ovary, a process that is genetically programmed in a critically timed manner and "sex differentiation," which takes place through hormones produced by the gonads, once the developmental sex determination decision has been made. Disruption of any of the genes involved in either the testicular or ovarian development pathway could lead to disorders of sex development. In this review, we provide an insight into the factors important for sex determination, their antagonistic actions and whenever possible, references on the "prismatic" clinical cases are given. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:365-379, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Eid
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Anna Biason-Lauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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10
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Abstract
The process of sexual differentiation is central for reproduction of almost all metazoan and therefore for maintenance of practically all multicellular organisms. In sex development we can distinguish two different processes: First, sex determination is the developmental decision that directs the undifferentiated embryo into a sexually dimorphic individual. In mammals, sex determination equals gonadal development. The second process known as sex differentiation takes place once the sex determination decision has been made through factors produced by the gonads that determine the development of the phenotypic sex. Most of the knowledge on the factors involved in sexual development came from animal models and from studies of cases in whom the genetic or the gonadal sex does not match the phenotypical sex, i.e., patients affected by disorders of sex development (DSD). Generally speaking, factors influencing sex determination are transcriptional regulators, whereas factors important for sex differentiation are secreted hormones and their receptors. This review focuses on the factors involved in gonadal determination, and whenever possible, references on the "prismatic" clinical cases are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Biason-Lauber
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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11
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Dor L, Shirak A, Rosenfeld H, Ashkenazi IM, Band MR, Korol A, Ronin Y, Seroussi E, Weller JI, Ron M. Identification of the sex-determining region in flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). Anim Genet 2016; 47:698-707. [PMID: 27611243 DOI: 10.1111/age.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the sex-determination mechanism in flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) is required to exploit its economic potential by production of genetically determined monosex populations and application of hormonal treatment to parents rather than to the marketed progeny. Our objective was to construct a first-generation linkage map of the M. cephalus in order to identify the sex-determining region and sex-determination system. Deep-sequencing data of a single male was assembled and aligned to the genome of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A total 245 M. cephalus microsatellite markers were designed, spanning the syntenic tilapia genome assembly at intervals of 10 Mb. In the mapping family of full-sib progeny, 156 segregating markers were used to construct a first-generation linkage map of 24 linkage groups (LGs), corresponding to the number of chromosomes. The linkage map spanned approximately 1200 cM with an average inter-marker distance of 10.6 cM. Markers segregating on LG9 in two independent mapping families showed nearly complete concordance with gender (R2 = 0.95). The sex determining locus was fine mapped within an interval of 8.6 cM on LG9. The sex of offspring was determined only by the alleles transmitted from the father, thus indicating an XY sex-determination system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dor
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.,Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - A Shirak
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - H Rosenfeld
- National Center for Mariculture, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Eilat, 88112, Israel
| | - I M Ashkenazi
- National Center for Mariculture, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Eilat, 88112, Israel
| | - M R Band
- The Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - A Korol
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Evolution, University Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Y Ronin
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Evolution, University Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - E Seroussi
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - J I Weller
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - M Ron
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
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Amarillo IE, Nievera I, Hagan A, Huchthagowder V, Heeley J, Hollander A, Koenig J, Austin P, Wang T. Integrated small copy number variations and epigenome maps of disorders of sex development. Hum Genome Var 2016; 3:16012. [PMID: 27340555 PMCID: PMC4899613 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Small copy number variations (CNVs) have typically not been analyzed or reported in clinical settings and hence have remained underrepresented in databases and the literature. Here, we focused our investigations on these small CNVs using chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) data previously obtained from patients with atypical characteristics or disorders of sex development (DSD). Using our customized CMA track targeting 334 genes involved in the development of urogenital and reproductive structures and a less stringent analysis filter, we uncovered small genes with recurrent and overlapping CNVs as small as 1 kb, and small regions of homozygosity (ROHs), imprinting and position effects. Detailed analysis of these high-resolution data revealed CNVs and ROHs involving structural and functional domains, repeat elements, active transcription sites and regulatory regions. Integration of these genomic data with DNA methylation, histone modification and predicted RNA expression profiles in normal testes and ovaries suggested spatiotemporal and tissue-specific gene regulation. This study emphasized a DSD-specific and gene-targeted CMA approach that uncovered previously unanalyzed or unreported small genes and CNVs, contributing to the growing resources on small CNVs and facilitating the narrowing of the genomic gap for identifying candidate genes or regions. This high-resolution analysis tool could improve the diagnostic utility of CMA, not only in patients with DSD but also in other clinical populations. These integrated data provided a better genomic-epigenomic landscape of DSD and greater opportunities for downstream research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina E Amarillo
- Cytogenomics and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine DSD Team, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Isabelle Nievera
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine DSD Team , St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew Hagan
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St Louis , St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vishwa Huchthagowder
- Cytogenomics and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine , St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer Heeley
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine DSD Team, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abby Hollander
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine DSD Team, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel Koenig
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine DSD Team, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul Austin
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine DSD Team, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine , St Louis, MO, USA
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Jacquinet A, Millar D, Lehman A. Etiologies of uterine malformations. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2141-72. [PMID: 27273803 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ranging from aplastic uterus (including Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome) to incomplete septate uterus, uterine malformations as a group are relatively frequent in the general population. Specific causes remain largely unknown. Although most occurrences ostensibly seem sporadic, familial recurrences have been observed, which strongly implicate genetic factors. Through the study of animal models, human syndromes, and structural chromosomal variation, several candidate genes have been proposed and subsequently tested with targeted methods in series of individuals with isolated, non-isolated, or syndromic uterine malformations. To date, a few genes have garnered strong evidence of causality, mainly in syndromic presentations (HNF1B, WNT4, WNT7A, HOXA13). Sequencing of candidate genes in series of individuals with isolated uterine abnormalities has been able to suggest an association for several genes, but confirmation of a strong causative effect is still lacking for the majority of them. We review the current state of knowledge about the developmental origins of uterine malformations, with a focus on the genetic variants that have been implicated or associated with these conditions in humans, and we discuss potential reasons for the high rate of negative results. The evidence for various environmental and epigenetic factors is also reviewed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Jacquinet
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire and University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Debra Millar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anna Lehman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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Sangu N, Okamoto N, Shimojima K, Ondo Y, Nishikawa M, Yamamoto T. A de novo microdeletion in a patient with inner ear abnormalities suggests that the 10q26.13 region contains the responsible gene. Hum Genome Var 2016; 3:16008. [PMID: 27274859 PMCID: PMC4871931 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2016.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microdeletions in the 10q26.1 region are related to intellectual disability, growth delay, microcephaly, distinctive craniofacial features, cardiac defects, genital abnormalities and inner ear abnormalities. The genes responsible for inner ear abnormalities have been narrowed to fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene (FGFR2), H6 family homeobox 2 gene (HMX2) and H6 family homeobox 3 gene (HMX3). An additional patient with distinctive craniofacial features, congenital deafness and balance dysfunctions showed a de novo microdeletion of 10q26.11q26.13, indicating the existence of a gene responsible for inner ear abnormalities in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Sangu
- Tokyo Women's Medical University Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health , Izumi, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimojima
- Tokyo Women's Medical University Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Ondo
- Tokyo Women's Medical University Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Nishikawa
- Department of Radiology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health , Izumi, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Tokyo Women's Medical University Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences , Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Ramos M, Wilkens A, Krantz ID, Wu Y. Hearing loss, coloboma and left ventricular enlargement in a boy with an interstitial 10q26 deletion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 172:109-16. [PMID: 27125467 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Distal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 10 with breakpoints mapped at 10q26 is a well-recognized contiguous genomic disorder. A wide spectrum of clinical findings is seen in affected individuals and the common clinical features include craniofacial dysmorphia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, cardiovascular defects, and urogenital malformations. We report herein on a male patient with a 5.5 Mb interstitial deletion of 10q26.11q2613 and compare his clinical presentation to previously reported cases. Apart from characteristic phenotypes seen in 10q26 deletion syndrome, he presents with colobomas and left ventricle enlargement. These are cardiovascular and ophthalmological findings that have not been described in prior cases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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16
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Faria ÁC, Rabbi-Bortolini E, Rebouças MRGO, de S Thiago Pereira ALA, Frasson MGT, Atique R, Lourenço NCV, Rosenberg C, Kobayashi GS, Passos-Bueno MR, Errera FIV. Craniosynostosis in 10q26 deletion patients: A consequence of brain underdevelopment or altered suture biology? Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:403-409. [PMID: 26566760 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Approximately a hundred patients with terminal 10q deletions have been described. They present with a wide range of clinical features always accompanied by delayed development, intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphisms. Here, we report a girl and a boy with craniosynostosis, developmental delay and other congenital anomalies. Karyotyping and molecular analysis including Multiplex Ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) were performed in both patients. We detected a 13.1 Mb pure deletion at 10q26.12-q26.3 in the girl and a 10.9 Mb pure deletion at 10q26.13-q26.3 in the boy, both encompassing about 100 genes. The clinical and molecular findings in these patients reinforce the importance of the DOCK1 smallest region of overlap I (SRO I), previously suggested to explain the clinical signs, and together with a review of the literature suggest a second 3.5 Mb region important for the phenotype (SRO II). Genotype-phenotype correlations and literature data suggest that the craniosynostosis is not directly related to dysregulated signaling in suture development, but may be secondary to alterations in brain development instead. Further, genes at 10q26 may be involved in the molecular crosstalk between brain and cranial vault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágatha Cristhina Faria
- Programa de Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil.,Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa ICALP, Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia (EMESCAM), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil
| | - Eliete Rabbi-Bortolini
- Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Associação Educacional de Vitória, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil
| | - Maria R G O Rebouças
- Divisão de Genética Clínica, Hospital Estadual Infantil Nossa Senhora da Glória (HEINSG), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil
| | | | - Milena G Tonini Frasson
- Unidade de Neonatologia, Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Atique
- Centro de Pesquisas Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto De Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Naila Cristina V Lourenço
- Centro de Pesquisas Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto De Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Centro de Pesquisas Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto De Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Gerson S Kobayashi
- Centro de Pesquisas Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto De Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Centro de Pesquisas Sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto De Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Flávia Imbroisi Valle Errera
- Programa de Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil.,Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa ICALP, Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia (EMESCAM), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil
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Choucair N, Abou Ghoch J, Fawaz A, Mégarbané A, Chouery E. 10q26.1 Microdeletion: Redefining the critical regions for microcephaly and genital anomalies. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2707-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Choucair
- Unité de Génétique Médicale et Laboratoire Associé INSERM à l'Unité UMR_S 910; Faculté de Médecine; Université Saint-Joseph; Beirut Lebanon
- Faculté de Médecine de la Timone; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; UMR_S910; Marseille France
| | - Joelle Abou Ghoch
- Unité de Génétique Médicale et Laboratoire Associé INSERM à l'Unité UMR_S 910; Faculté de Médecine; Université Saint-Joseph; Beirut Lebanon
| | - Ali Fawaz
- Neuropediatrics Department; Lebanese University; Beirut Lebanon
| | - André Mégarbané
- Unité de Génétique Médicale et Laboratoire Associé INSERM à l'Unité UMR_S 910; Faculté de Médecine; Université Saint-Joseph; Beirut Lebanon
- Institut Jérôme Lejeune; Paris France
| | - Eliane Chouery
- Unité de Génétique Médicale et Laboratoire Associé INSERM à l'Unité UMR_S 910; Faculté de Médecine; Université Saint-Joseph; Beirut Lebanon
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