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Naamneh Elzenaty R, Martinez de Lapiscina I, Kouri C, Sauter KS, Sommer G, Castaño L, Flück CE. Characterization of 35 novel NR5A1/SF-1 variants identified in individuals with atypical sexual development: The SF1next study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:dgae251. [PMID: 38623954 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Steroidogenic factor 1 (NR5A1/SF-1) is a nuclear receptor that regulates sex development, steroidogenesis and reproduction. Genetic variants in NR5A1/SF-1 are common among differences of sex development (DSD) and associate with a wide range of phenotypes, but their pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE Novel, likely disease-causing NR5A1/SF-1 variants from the SF1next cohort of individuals with DSD were characterized to elucidate their pathogenic effect. METHODS Different in silico tools were used to predict the impact of novel NR5A1/SF-1 variants on protein function. An extensive literature review was conducted to compare and select the best functional studies for testing the pathogenic effect of the variants in a classic cell culture model. The missense NR5A1/SF-1 variants were tested on the promoter luciferase reporter vector -152CYP11A1_pGL3 in HEK293T cells and assessed for their cytoplasmic/nuclear localization by Western blot. RESULTS Thirty-five novel NR5A1/SF-1 variants were identified in the SF1next cohort. Seventeen missense NR5A1/SF-1 variants were functionally tested. Transactivation assays showed reduced activity for 40% of the variants located in the DNA binding domain and variable activity for variants located elsewhere. Translocation assessment revealed three variants (3/17) with affected nuclear translocation. No clear genotype-phenotype, structure-function correlation was found. CONCLUSIONS Genetic analyses and functional assays do not explain the observed wide phenotype of individuals with these novel NR5A1/SF-1 variants. In nine individuals, additional likely disease-causing variants in other genes were found, strengthening the hypothesis that the broad phenotype of DSD associated with NR5A1/SF-1 variants may be caused by an oligogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawda Naamneh Elzenaty
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Idoia Martinez de Lapiscina
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Research into the genetics and control of diabetes and other endocrine disorders, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Endo-ERN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chrysanthi Kouri
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Grit Sommer
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis Castaño
- Research into the genetics and control of diabetes and other endocrine disorders, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Endo-ERN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo Spain
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Martinez de Lapiscina I, Kouri C, Aurrekoetxea J, Sanchez M, Naamneh Elzenaty R, Sauter KS, Camats N, Grau G, Rica I, Rodriguez A, Vela A, Cortazar A, Alonso-Cerezo MC, Bahillo P, Bertholt L, Esteva I, Castaño L, Flück CE. Genetic reanalysis of patients with a difference of sex development carrying the NR5A1/SF-1 variant p.Gly146Ala has discovered other likely disease-causing variations. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287515. [PMID: 37432935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NR5A1/SF-1 (Steroidogenic factor-1) variants may cause mild to severe differences of sex development (DSD) or may be found in healthy carriers. The NR5A1/SF-1 c.437G>C/p.Gly146Ala variant is common in individuals with a DSD and has been suggested to act as a susceptibility factor for adrenal disease or cryptorchidism. Since the allele frequency is high in the general population, and the functional testing of the p.Gly146Ala variant revealed inconclusive results, the disease-causing effect of this variant has been questioned. However, a role as a disease modifier is still possible given that oligogenic inheritance has been described in patients with NR5A1/SF-1 variants. Therefore, we performed next generation sequencing (NGS) in 13 DSD individuals harboring the NR5A1/SF-1 p.Gly146Ala variant to search for other DSD-causing variants and clarify the function of this variant for the phenotype of the carriers. Panel and whole-exome sequencing was performed, and data were analyzed with a filtering algorithm for detecting variants in NR5A1- and DSD-related genes. The phenotype of the studied individuals ranged from scrotal hypospadias and ambiguous genitalia in 46,XY DSD to opposite sex in both 46,XY and 46,XX. In nine subjects we identified either a clearly pathogenic DSD gene variant (e.g. in AR) or one to four potentially deleterious variants that likely explain the observed phenotype alone (e.g. in FGFR3, CHD7). Our study shows that most individuals carrying the NR5A1/SF-1 p.Gly146Ala variant, harbor at least one other deleterious gene variant which can explain the DSD phenotype. This finding confirms that the NR5A1/SF-1 p.Gly146Ala variant may not contribute to the pathogenesis of DSD and qualifies as a benign polymorphism. Thus, individuals, in whom the NR5A1/SF-1 p.Gly146Ala gene variant has been identified as the underlying genetic cause for their DSD in the past, should be re-evaluated with a NGS method to reveal the real genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Martinez de Lapiscina
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Endo-ERN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chrysanthi Kouri
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josu Aurrekoetxea
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research Group of Medical Oncology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Mirian Sanchez
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Rawda Naamneh Elzenaty
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Núria Camats
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Growth and Development group, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gema Grau
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Endo-ERN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo Spain
| | - Itxaso Rica
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Endo-ERN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo Spain
| | - Amaia Rodriguez
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo Spain
| | - Amaia Vela
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Endo-ERN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo Spain
| | - Alicia Cortazar
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Endocrinology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Bahillo
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, x Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Bertholt
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Marques de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Isabel Esteva
- Endocrinology Section, Gender Identity Unit, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Luis Castaño
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Research into the Genetics and Control of Diabetes and other Endocrine Disorders, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Endo-ERN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo Spain
| | - Christa E Flück
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Lucas C, Sauter KS, Steigert M, Mallet D, Wilmouth J, Olabe J, Plotton I, Morel Y, Aeberli D, Wagner F, Clevers H, Pandey AV, Val P, Roucher-Boulez F, Flück CE. Loss of LGR4/GPR48 causes severe neonatal salt wasting due to disrupted WNT signaling altering adrenal zonation. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:164915. [PMID: 36538378 PMCID: PMC9927937 DOI: 10.1172/jci164915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of isolated mineralocorticoid deficiency, which cause potentially life-threatening salt-wasting crisis early in life, have been associated with gene variants of aldosterone biosynthesis or resistance; however, in some patients no such variants are found. WNT/β-catenin signaling is crucial for differentiation and maintenance of the aldosterone-producing adrenal zona glomerulosa (zG). Herein, we describe a highly consanguineous family with multiple perinatal deaths and infants presenting at birth with failure to thrive, severe salt-wasting crises associated with isolated hypoaldosteronism, nail anomalies, short stature, and deafness. Whole exome sequencing revealed a homozygous splice variant in the R-SPONDIN receptor LGR4 gene (c.618-1G>C) regulating WNT signaling. The resulting transcripts affected protein function and stability and resulted in loss of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vitro. The impact of LGR4 inactivation was analyzed by adrenal cortex-specific ablation of Lgr4, using Lgr4fl/fl mice mated with Sf1:Cre mice. Inactivation of Lgr4 within the adrenal cortex in the mouse model caused decreased WNT signaling, aberrant zonation with deficient zG, and reduced aldosterone production. Thus, human LGR4 mutations establish a direct link between LGR4 inactivation and decreased canonical WNT signaling, which results in abnormal zG differentiation and endocrine function. Therefore, variants in WNT signaling and its regulators should systematically be considered in familial hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécily Lucas
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, UM Pathologies Endocriniennes, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Steigert
- Department of Pediatrics, Cantonal Hospital Graubuenden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Mallet
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, UM Pathologies Endocriniennes, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l'Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
| | - James Wilmouth
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julie Olabe
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ingrid Plotton
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, UM Pathologies Endocriniennes, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l'Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
| | - Yves Morel
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, UM Pathologies Endocriniennes, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital: du Fœtus à l'Adulte, Filière Maladies Rares Endocriniennes, Bron, France
| | - Daniel Aeberli
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology and
| | - Franca Wagner
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Val
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florence Roucher-Boulez
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, UM Pathologies Endocriniennes, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Martínez de LaPiscina I, Mahmoud RAA, Sauter KS, Esteva I, Alonso M, Costa I, Rial-Rodriguez JM, Rodríguez-Estévez A, Vela A, Castano L, Flück CE. Variants of STAR, AMH and ZFPM2/FOG2 May Contribute towards the Broad Phenotype Observed in 46,XY DSD Patients with Heterozygous Variants of NR5A1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8554. [PMID: 33202802 PMCID: PMC7696449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of NR5A1 are often found in individuals with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) and manifest with a very broad spectrum of clinical characteristics and variable sex hormone levels. Such complex phenotypic expression can be due to the inheritance of additional genetic hits in DSD-associated genes that modify sex determination, differentiation and organ function in patients with heterozygous NR5A1 variants. Here we describe the clinical, biochemical and genetic features of a series of seven patients harboring monoallelic variants in the NR5A1 gene. We tested the transactivation activity of novel NR5A1 variants. We additionally included six of these patients in a targeted diagnostic gene panel for DSD and identified a second genetic hit in known DSD-causing genes STAR, AMH and ZFPM2/FOG2 in three individuals. Our study increases the number of NR5A1 variants related to 46,XY DSD and supports the hypothesis that a digenic mode of inheritance may contribute towards the broad spectrum of phenotypes observed in individuals with a heterozygous NR5A1 variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Martínez de LaPiscina
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERER, CIBERDEM, ENDO-ERN. Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.d.L.); (A.R.-E.); (A.V.); (L.C.)
| | - Rana AA Mahmoud
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology Section, Ain Shams University, 38 Abbasia, Nour Mosque, El-Mohamady, Al Waili, Cairo 11591, Egypt;
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Department of BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Isabel Esteva
- Endocrinology Section, Gender Identity Unit, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Av. de Carlos Haya, s/n, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Milagros Alonso
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo km. 9, 100, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ines Costa
- Pediatric Department, Manises Hospital, Avda. Generalitat Valenciana 50, 46940 Manises, Spain;
| | - Jose Manuel Rial-Rodriguez
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Nuestra Señora de Candelaria University Hospital, Ctra general del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Amaia Rodríguez-Estévez
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERER, CIBERDEM, ENDO-ERN. Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.d.L.); (A.R.-E.); (A.V.); (L.C.)
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Amaia Vela
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERER, CIBERDEM, ENDO-ERN. Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.d.L.); (A.R.-E.); (A.V.); (L.C.)
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Luis Castano
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, UPV/EHU, CIBERER, CIBERDEM, ENDO-ERN. Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.d.L.); (A.R.-E.); (A.V.); (L.C.)
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Christa E. Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Department of BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
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Praveen VP, Ladjouze A, Sauter KS, Pulickal A, Katharopoulos E, Trippel M, Perren A, Pandey AV, Flück CE. Novel CYP19A1 Mutations Extend the Genotype-Phenotype Correlation and Reveal the Impact on Ovarian Function. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa030. [PMID: 32318648 PMCID: PMC7159065 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Context The steroidogenic enzyme aromatase (CYP19A1) is required for estrogen biosynthesis from androgen precursors in the ovary and extragonadal tissues. The role of aromatase, and thus estrogens, is best illustrated by genetic variations of the CYP19A1 gene leading to aromatase deficiency or excess. Objective The objective of this work is to characterize novel CYP19A1 variants. Design setting and patients Variants causing aromatase deficiency were suspected in four 46,XX children of African and Indian origin by careful clinical phenotyping. Sequencing of the CYP19A1 gene identified novel variants. Minigene experiments, aromatase activity assay, and computational, and histological analysis were used to characterize the variants. Main outcome measure and results CYP19A1 variants were found in all patients: a deletion in intron 9 leading to p.P423_H503del, a delins variant at p.P154, and point variants p.V161D, p.R264C, p.R375C. Except for R264C, all variants showed a loss of function. Protein structure and dynamics studies were in line with functional assays. The 2 female patients with delins variants manifested with ambiguous genitalia at birth. Histologic investigation revealed normal ovarian tissue on one side and a streak gonad on the other. Two female patients presented with abnormal pubertal development and polycystic ovaries. Conclusion In girls, aromatase deficiency usually manifests at birth, but diagnosis may also be made because of abnormal pubertal development or ovarian torsion due to (poly)cystic ovaries. The ovary harboring CYP19A1 variants may present as streak gonad or appears normal at birth, but is then at very high risk to produce cysts with aging and is therefore prone to ovarian torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism University Children's Hospital Bern, Switzerland, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annie Pulickal
- Department of Endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Efstathios Katharopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism University Children's Hospital Bern, Switzerland, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mafalda Trippel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism University Children's Hospital Bern, Switzerland, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism University Children's Hospital Bern, Switzerland, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Flück CE, Audí L, Fernández-Cancio M, Sauter KS, Martinez de LaPiscina I, Castaño L, Esteva I, Camats N. Broad Phenotypes of Disorders/Differences of Sex Development in MAMLD1 Patients Through Oligogenic Disease. Front Genet 2019; 10:746. [PMID: 31555317 PMCID: PMC6726737 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) are the result of a discordance between chromosomal, gonadal, and genital sex. DSD may be due to mutations in any of the genes involved in sex determination and development in general, as well as gonadal and/or genital development specifically. MAMLD1 is one of the recognized DSD genes. However, its role is controversial as some MAMLD1 variants are present in normal individuals, several MAMLD1 mutations have wild-type activity in functional studies, and the Mamld1-knockout male mouse presents with normal genitalia and reproduction. We previously tested nine MAMLD1 variants detected in nine 46,XY DSD patients with broad phenotypes for their functional activity, but none of the mutants, except truncated L210X, had diminished transcriptional activity on known target promoters CYP17A1 and HES3. In addition, protein expression of MAMLD1 variants was similar to wild-type, except for the truncated L210X. We hypothesized that MAMLD1 variants may not be sufficient to explain the phenotype in 46,XY DSD individuals, and that further genetic studies should be performed to search for additional hits explaining the broad phenotypes. We therefore performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in seven of these 46,XY patients with DSD and in one 46,XX patient with ovarian insufficiency, who all carried MAMLD1 variants. WES data were filtered by an algorithm including disease-tailored lists of MAMLD1-related and DSD-related genes. Fifty-five potentially deleterious variants in 41 genes were identified; 16/55 variants were reported in genes in association with hypospadias, 8/55 with cryptorchidism, 5/55 with micropenis, and 13/55 were described in relation with female sex development. Patients carried 1-16 variants in 1-16 genes together with their MAMLD1 variation. Network analysis of the identified genes revealed that 23 genes presented gene/protein interactions with MAMLD1. Thus, our study shows that the broad phenotypes of individual DSD might involve multiple genetic variations contributing towards the complex network of sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Department of BioMedical Research, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Audí
- Growth and Development Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Fernández-Cancio
- Growth and Development Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Department of BioMedical Research, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Idoia Martinez de LaPiscina
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, CIBERDEM, CIBERER, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Luis Castaño
- Pediatric Endocrinology Section, Cruces University Hospital, Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, CIBERDEM, CIBERER, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Isabel Esteva
- Endocrinology Section, Gender Identity Unit, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Núria Camats
- Growth and Development Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Lussi C, Sauter KS, Schweizer M. Homodimerisation-independent cleavage of dsRNA by a pestiviral nicking endoribonuclease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8226. [PMID: 29844335 PMCID: PMC5974291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein Erns plays a central role in the biology of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). This soluble endonuclease mediates the escape from an interferon (IFN) response in the infected fetus, thereby permitting the establishment of persistent infection. Viral single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) RNA act as potent IFN inducing signals and we previously showed that Erns efficiently cleaves these substrates, thereby inhibiting an IFN response that is crucial for successful fetal infection. Considering that a large variety of RNases and DNases require dimerisation to cleave double-stranded substrates, the activity of Erns against dsRNA was postulated to depend on homodimer formation mediated by disulfide bonds involving residue Cys171. Here, we show that monomeric Erns is equally able to cleave dsRNA and to inhibit dsRNA-induced IFN synthesis as the wild-type form. Furthermore, both forms were able to degrade RNA within a DNA/RNA- as well as within a methylated RNA/RNA-hybrid, with the DNA and the methylated RNA strand being resistant to degradation. These results support our model that Erns acts as 'nicking endoribonuclease' degrading ssRNA within double-stranded substrates. This efficiently prevents the activation of IFN and helps to maintain a state of innate immunotolerance in persistently infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Lussi
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Laenggass-Str. 122, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Laenggass-Str. 122, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Laenggass-Str. 122, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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8
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Marti N, Bouchoucha N, Sauter KS, Flück CE. Resveratrol inhibits androgen production of human adrenocortical H295R cells by lowering CYP17 and CYP21 expression and activities. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174224. [PMID: 28323907 PMCID: PMC5360261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural compound found in grapes, became very popular for its suggested protective effects against aging. It was reported to have similar positive effects on the human metabolism as caloric restriction. Recently, positive effects of resveratrol on steroid biosynthesis in cell systems and in humans suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome have also been reported, but the exact mechanism of this action remains unknown. Sirtuins seem targeted by resveratrol to mediate its action on energy homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of action of resveratrol on steroidogenesis in human adrenal H295R cells. Resveratrol was found to inhibit protein expression and enzyme activities of CYP17 and CYP21. It did not alter CYP17 and CYP21 mRNA expression, nor protein degradation. Only SIRT3 mRNA expression was found to be altered by resveratrol, but SIRT1, 3 and 5 overexpression did not result in a change in the steroid profile of H295R cells, indicating that resveratrol may not engage sirtuins to modulate steroid production. Previous studies showed that starvation leads to a hyperandrogenic steroid profile in H295R cells through inhibition of PKB/Akt signaling, and that resveratrol inhibits steroidogenesis of rat ovarian theca cells via the PKB/Akt pathway. Therefore, the effect of resveratrol on PKB/Akt signaling was tested in H295R cells and was found to be decreased under starvation growth conditions, but not under normal growth conditions. Overall, these properties of action together with recent clinical findings make resveratrol a candidate for the treatment of hyperandrogenic disorders such as PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesa Marti
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Bouchoucha
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E. Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Zürcher C, Sauter KS, Schweizer M. Pestiviral E(rns) blocks TLR-3-dependent IFN synthesis by LL37 complexed RNA. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:399-408. [PMID: 25457366 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The ribonuclease activity of the soluble glycoprotein E(rns) of pestiviruses represents a unique mechanism to circumvent the host's innate immune system by blocking interferon type-I synthesis in response to extracellularly added single- (ss) and double-stranded (ds) RNA. However, the reason why pestiviruses encode a ribonuclease in addition to the abundant serum RNases remained elusive. Here, we show that the 5' UTR and NS5B regions of various strains of the RNA genome of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are resistant to serum RNases and are potent TLR-3 agonists. Inhibitory activity of E(rns) was restricted to cleavable RNA products, and did not extend to the synthetic TLR-7/8 agonist R-848. RNA complexed with the antimicrobial peptide LL37 was protected from degradation by E(rns)in vitro but was fully inhibited by E(rns) in its ability to induce IFN in cell cultures, suggesting that the viral protein is mainly active in cleaving RNA in an intracellular compartment. We propose that secreted E(rns) represents a potent IFN antagonist, which degrades viral RNA that is resistant to the ubiquitous host RNases in the extracellular space. Thus, the viral RNase prevents its own pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) to inadvertently activate the IFN response that might break innate immunotolerance required for persistent pestivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zürcher
- Institute of Veterinary Virology (current name: Institute of Virology and Immunology), Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kay-Sara Sauter
- Institute of Veterinary Virology (current name: Institute of Virology and Immunology), Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Veterinary Virology (current name: Institute of Virology and Immunology), Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Recognition of LPS depends on the interaction of at least three molecules forming the LPS-receptor complex. The most important ones, CD14, MD2 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 share a high degree of homology between species. In the present study, we investigated the importance of species-specific restriction on the recognition of LPS using stably transfected HEK293 cell lines expressing either human or bovine LPS-receptor complex components. Species-specific MD2 appeared to confer LPS recognition, whereas species-specific CD14 only appeared to play a minor role. In addition to the recognition of LPS, there is evidence that the fusion (F) protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is the most common viral respiratory pathogen during infancy world-wide, interacts with TLR4, and plays an important role in the initiation of the innate immune response. Our findings suggest that human and bovine RSV may activate human and bovine TLR4 receptors, respectively, in the presence of both MD2 and CD14. However, no clear role for the RSV F protein of either human or bovine RSV alone in stimulating TLR4-dependent NF-kappaB activation was observed.
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Farhat K, Sauter KS, Brcic M, Frey J, Ulmer AJ, Jungi TW. The response of HEK293 cells transfected with bovine TLR2 to established pathogen-associated molecular patterns and to bacteria causing mastitis in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:326-36. [PMID: 18621422 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Their role in immunity is difficult to examine in species of veterinary interest, due to restricted access to the knockout technology and TLR-specific antibodies. An alternative approach is to generate cell lines transfected with various TLRs and to examine the recognition of PAMPs or relevant bacteria. In this report, we examined whether recognition of various PAMPs and mastitis-causing bacteria is achieved by transfection of recombinant bovine TLR2 (boTLR2). Therefore, human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were transfected by whole boTLR2. A clonal analysis of stably transfected cells disclosed variable recognition of several putative TLR2 agonists although expressing similar amounts of the transgene and endogenous TLR6. One clone (clone 25) reacted by copious interleukin-8 (IL-8) production to several stimulants of TLR2 such as di-palmitoylated cysteyl-seryl-lysyl-lysyl-lysyl-lysine (Pam2), a biochemical preparation of lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus, a commercial preparation of peptidoglycan from S. aureus, and heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKLM). TLR2-dependent induction of IL-8 release was stronger in medium containing human serum albumin than in medium containing fetal calf serum. Clone 25 cells responded to high concentrations of S. aureus and to Escherichia coli causing mastitis, but not to Streptococcus uberis and to Streptococcus agalactiae which also cause mastitis. Stimulation by S. aureus was relatively weak when compared (i) with stimulation of the same cells by HKLM and PAMPs derived from S. aureus, (ii) with a clone stably transfected with TLR4 and MD-2 and stimulated by E. coli causing mastitis, and (iii) with interferon-gamma-costimulated bovine macrophages stimulated by S. aureus and S. agalactiae. Thus, clone 25 is suitable for studying the interaction of putative TLR2 agonists with bovine TLR2-transfected cells, provides a cell to search for TLR2-specific antibodies, and is a tool for studying the interaction of TLR2 with bacteria causing disease, e.g. mastitis, in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Farhat
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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Sauter KS, Brcic M, Franchini M, Jungi TW. Stable transduction of bovine TLR4 and bovine MD-2 into LPS-nonresponsive cells and soluble CD14 promote the ability to respond to LPS. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 118:92-104. [PMID: 17559944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of bovine cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was explored using human embryo kidney (HEK) 293 cell line stably transduced with bovine toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) alone or in combination with bovine MD-2. These lines and mock-transduced HEK293 cells were tested by flow cytometry for LPS-fluorescein isothiocyanate (LPS-FITC) binding, nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) activation, interleukin-8 (IL-8) production and interferon-beta mRNA expression/interferon (IFN) type I production. Whereas bovine TLR4 was sufficient to promote binding of high concentrations of LPS-FITC, both bovine TLR4 and MD-2 were required for activation by LPS, as assessed by NFkappaB activation and IL-8 production. Induction of IFN bioactivity was not observed in doubly transduced HEK293 cells, and no evidence for IFN-beta mRNA induction in response to LPS was obtained, although cells responded by IFN-beta mRNA expression to stimulation by Sendai virus and poly-inosinic acid-poly-cytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). Cells stably transduced with both bovine TLR4 and bovine MD-2 responded to LPS by IL-8 production, in decreasing order, in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FCS), of human serum, and of human serum albumin (HSA). The reduced activity in the presence of HSA could be restored by the addition of soluble CD14 (sCD14) but not of LPS binding protein (LBP). This is in contrast to macrophages which show a superior response to LPS in the presence of HSA when compared with macrophages stimulated by LPS in the presence of FCS. This suggests that macrophages but not HEK293 cells express factors rendering LPS stimulation serum-independent. Stably double-transduced cells reacted, in decreasing order, to LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, to LPS from Escherichia coli, to synthetic lipd-IVa (compound 406), to diphosphoryl-lipid-A (S. minnesota) and to monophosphoryl-lipid-A (S. minnesota). They failed to react to the murine MD-2/TLR4 ligand taxol. This resembles the reactivity of bovine macrophages with regard to sensitivity (ED(50)) and order of potency but is distinct from the reactivity pattern of other species. This formally establishes that in order to react to LPS, cattle cells require serum factors (e.g. sCD14) and cell-expressed factors such as MD-2 and TLR4. The cell lines described are the first of a series expressing defined pattern recognition receptors (PRR) of bovine origin. They will be useful in the study of the interaction of the bovine TLR4-MD-2 complex and Gram-negative bovine pathogens, e.g. the agents causing Gram-negative bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay-Sara Sauter
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Remer KA, Brcic M, Sauter KS, Jungi TW. Human monocytoid cells as a model to study Toll-like receptor-mediated activation. J Immunol Methods 2006; 313:1-10. [PMID: 16720029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
THP-1 2A9, a subclone of the monocytoid cell line THP-1 and known to be exquisitely sensitive to LPS, was tested for TNF production following triggering by excess doses of TLR ligands. TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 agonists, but neither TLR3 nor TLR9 agonists, induced TNF production. When used at lower concentrations, priming by calcitriol strongly influenced the sensitivity of cells to LPS and different TLR2 triggers (lipoteichoic acid (LTA), trispalmitoyl-cysteyl-seryl-lysyl-lysyl-lysyl-lysine (Pam3Cys) and peptidoglycan (PGN)). Priming by calcitriol failed to modulate TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and cell surface expression of these receptors. TNF signals elicited by TLR2 agonists were blocked by the TLR-specific antibody 2392. CD14-specific antibodies showed variable effects. CD14-specific antibodies inhibited TNF induction by LTA. High concentrations partially inhibited TNF induction by Pam3Cys. The same antibodies failed to inhibit TNF induction by PGN. Thus, THP-1 2A9 cells respond by TNF production to some, but not all TLR agonists, and the wide variety of putative TLR2 agonists interact to variable degrees also with other cell-surface-expressed binding sites such as CD14. THP-1 2A9 cells might provide a model by which to investigate in more detail the interaction of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and monocytoid cell-surface-expressed pattern recognition receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A Remer
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Franchini M, Schweizer M, Mätzener P, Magkouras I, Sauter KS, Mirkovitch J, Peterhans E, Jungi TW. Evidence for dissociation of TLR mRNA expression and TLR agonist-mediated functions in bovine macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 110:37-49. [PMID: 16216336 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors are of key importance in the recognition of and response to infectious agents by cells of the innate immune system. TLR mRNA expression and TLR-mediated functions were determined in bovine macrophages (MPhi) infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) or stimulated with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in order to see whether they are correlated under these conditions. As parameters quantitative real time RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) for TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4, NO and TNF production were measured. Triggering of bovine MPhi with bona fide TLR2 and TLR4 agonists (lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, lipopetide) led to NO and TNF production but neither TLR3 nor TLR9 agonists (double-stranded RNA, CpG DNA) showed this effect. The mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 was neither influenced by MPhi costimulation with IFN-gamma nor by MPhi preinfection with BVDV nor by the ligands themselves. However, NO production induced by TLR2 or TLR4 agonists was strongly modulated either by IFN-gamma costimulation or BVDV preinfection. Thus costimulation of MPhi with IFN-gamma resulted in an increase of both NO synthesis and TNF expression by cells stimulated simultaneously by TLR2 or TLR4 agonists. Preinfection of bovine MPhi by BVDV resulted in upregulation of TLR2- and TLR4-mediated NO synthesis. Collectively, these data show that TLR-mediated functions may be modulated by viral infection or activation via IFN-gamma of MPhi whereas the mRNA concentrations of relevant TLR members were not significantly influenced. Thus, the amount of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 mRNA transcripts is stable at least under the conditions tested. More importantly, modulation of TLR-mediated responses was dissociated from mRNA expression of TLR members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Franchini
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
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