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Stevenson NL. The factory, the antenna and the scaffold: the three-way interplay between the Golgi, cilium and extracellular matrix underlying tissue function. Biol Open 2023; 12:287059. [PMID: 36802341 PMCID: PMC9986613 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of healthy tissues is dependent on the construction of a highly specialised extracellular matrix (ECM) to provide support for cell growth and migration and to determine the biomechanical properties of the tissue. These scaffolds are composed of extensively glycosylated proteins which are secreted and assembled into well-ordered structures that can hydrate, mineralise, and store growth factors as required. The proteolytic processing and glycosylation of ECM components is vital to their function. These modifications are under the control of the Golgi apparatus, an intracellular factory hosting spatially organised, protein-modifying enzymes. Regulation also requires a cellular antenna, the cilium, which integrates extracellular growth signals and mechanical cues to inform ECM production. Consequently, mutations in either Golgi or ciliary genes frequently lead to connective tissue disorders. The individual importance of each of these organelles to ECM function is well-studied. However, emerging evidence points towards a more tightly linked system of interdependence between the Golgi, cilium and ECM. This review examines how the interplay between all three compartments underpins healthy tissue. As an example, it will look at several members of the golgin family of Golgi-resident proteins whose loss is detrimental to connective tissue function. This perspective will be important for many future studies looking to dissect the cause and effect of mutations impacting tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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2
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Kim SJ, Yoon JS, Hwang IT. A Novel Heterozygous ACAN Variant in a Short Patient Born Small for Gestational Age with Recurrent Patellar Dislocation: A Case Report. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2022; 14:481-484. [PMID: 34210114 PMCID: PMC9724056 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2021.2021.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ACAN variants can manifest as various clinical features, including short stature, advanced bone age (BA), and skeletal defects. Here, we report rare clinical manifestations of ACAN defects in a 9 year, 5 month-old girl born small for gestational age (SGA), who presented with short stature, and was initially diagnosed with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. She displayed several dysmorphic features, including genu valgum, cubitus valgus, and recurrent patellar dislocations. She presented with progressive advancement of BA compared with chronological age. Whole exome sequencing confirmed the presence of a novel heterozygous nonsense variant, c.1968C>G, p.(Tyr656*), in ACAN. ACAN variants should be considered in short stature patients born SGA with joint problems, particularly those with recurrent patellar dislocation and genu valgum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ji Kim
- Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Seo Yoon
- Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Tae Hwang
- Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seoul, Korea,* Address for Correspondence: Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seoul, Korea Phone: +82-10-2396-1772 E-mail:
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3
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Yeter B, Aslanger AD, Yeşil G, Elçioğlu NH. A Novel Mutation in the TRIP11 Gene: Diagnostic Approach from Relatively Common Skeletal Dysplasias to an Extremely Rare Odontochondrodysplasia. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2022; 14:475-480. [PMID: 34111908 PMCID: PMC9724053 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2021.2021.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontochondrodysplasia (ODCD, OMIM #184260) is a rare, non-lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by involvement of the spine and metaphyseal regions of the long bones, pulmonary hypoplasia, short stature, joint hypermobility, and dentinogenesis imperfecta. ODCD is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion with an unknown frequency caused by mutations of the thyroid hormone receptor interactor 11 gene (TRIP11; OMIM *604505). The TRIP11 gene encodes the Golgi microtubule-associated protein 210 (GMAP-210), which is an indispensable protein for the function of the Golgi apparatus. Mutations in TRIP11 also cause achondrogenesis type 1A (ACG1A). Null mutations of TRIP11 lead to ACG1A, also known as a lethal skeletal dysplasia, while hypomorphic mutations cause ODCD. Here we report a male child diagnosed as ODCD with a novel compound heterozygous mutation who presented with skeletal changes, short stature, dentinogenesis imperfecta, and facial dysmorphism resembling achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Yeter
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey Phone: +90 507 973 08 40 E-mail:
| | - Ayca Dilruba Aslanger
- İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gözde Yeşil
- İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nursel H. Elçioğlu
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey,Eastern Mediterranean University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Genetics, Mersin, Turkey
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4
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D’Souza Z, Sumya FT, Khakurel A, Lupashin V. Getting Sugar Coating Right! The Role of the Golgi Trafficking Machinery in Glycosylation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123275. [PMID: 34943782 PMCID: PMC8699264 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi is the central organelle of the secretory pathway and it houses the majority of the glycosylation machinery, which includes glycosylation enzymes and sugar transporters. Correct compartmentalization of the glycosylation machinery is achieved by retrograde vesicular trafficking as the secretory cargo moves forward by cisternal maturation. The vesicular trafficking machinery which includes vesicular coats, small GTPases, tethers and SNAREs, play a major role in coordinating the Golgi trafficking thereby achieving Golgi homeostasis. Glycosylation is a template-independent process, so its fidelity heavily relies on appropriate localization of the glycosylation machinery and Golgi homeostasis. Mutations in the glycosylation enzymes, sugar transporters, Golgi ion channels and several vesicle tethering factors cause congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) which encompass a group of multisystem disorders with varying severities. Here, we focus on the Golgi vesicle tethering and fusion machinery, namely, multisubunit tethering complexes and SNAREs and their role in Golgi trafficking and glycosylation. This review is a comprehensive summary of all the identified CDG causing mutations of the Golgi trafficking machinery in humans.
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5
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Silveira KC, Kanazawa TY, Silveira C, Lacarrubba-Flores MDJ, Carvalho BS, Cavalcanti DP. Molecular diagnosis in a cohort of 114 patients with rare skeletal dysplasias. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2021; 187:396-408. [PMID: 34529350 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnosis is important to provide accurate genetic counseling of skeletal dysplasias (SD). Although next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques are currently the preferred methods for analyzing these conditions, some of the published results have not shown a detection rate as high as it would be expected. The present study aimed to assess the diagnostic yield of targeted NGS combined with Sanger sequencing (SS) for low-coverage exons of genes of interest and exome sequencing (ES) in a series of patients with rare SD and use two patients as an example of our strategy. This study used two different in-house panels. Of 93 variants found in 88/114 (77%) patients, 57 are novel. The pathogenic variants found in the following genes: B3GALT6, PCYT1A, INPPL1, LIFR, of four patients were only detected by SS. In conclusion, the high diagnostic yield reached in the present study can be attributed to both a good selection of patients and the utilization of the SS for the insufficiently covered regions. Additionally, the two case reports-a patient with acrodysostosis related to PRKAR1A and another with ciliopathy associated with KIAA0753, add new and relevant clinical information to the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina C Silveira
- Skeletal Dysplasias Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Genetics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thatiane Y Kanazawa
- Skeletal Dysplasias Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Genetics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Silveira
- Skeletal Dysplasias Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Genetics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria D J Lacarrubba-Flores
- Skeletal Dysplasias Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Genetics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Benilton S Carvalho
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Scientific Computing, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Denise P Cavalcanti
- Skeletal Dysplasias Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Genetics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Yamaguchi H, Meyer MD, He L, Senavirathna L, Pan S, Komatsu Y. The molecular complex of ciliary and golgin protein is crucial for skull development. Development 2021; 148:270770. [PMID: 34128978 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Intramembranous ossification, which consists of direct conversion of mesenchymal cells to osteoblasts, is a characteristic process in skull development. One crucial role of these osteoblasts is to secrete collagen-containing bone matrix. However, it remains unclear how the dynamics of collagen trafficking is regulated during skull development. Here, we reveal the regulatory mechanisms of ciliary and golgin proteins required for intramembranous ossification. During normal skull formation, osteoblasts residing on the osteogenic front actively secreted collagen. Mass spectrometry and proteomic analysis determined endogenous binding between ciliary protein IFT20 and golgin protein GMAP210 in these osteoblasts. As seen in Ift20 mutant mice, disruption of neural crest-specific GMAP210 in mice caused osteopenia-like phenotypes due to dysfunctional collagen trafficking. Mice lacking both IFT20 and GMAP210 displayed more severe skull defects compared with either IFT20 or GMAP210 mutants. These results demonstrate that the molecular complex of IFT20 and GMAP210 is essential for the intramembranous ossification during skull development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew D Meyer
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Li He
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lakmini Senavirathna
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sheng Pan
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Graduate Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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7
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Upadhyai P, Radhakrishnan P, Guleria VS, Kausthubham N, Nayak SS, Superti-Furga A, Girisha KM. Biallelic deep intronic variant c.5457+81T>A in TRIP11 causes loss of function and results in achondrogenesis 1A. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:1005-1014. [PMID: 34057271 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic loss of function variants in TRIP11 encoding for the Golgi microtubule-associated protein 210 (GMAP-210) causes the lethal chondrodysplasia achondrogenesis type 1A (ACG1A). Loss of TRIP11 activity has been shown to impair Golgi structure, vesicular transport, and results in loss of IFT20 anchorage to the Golgi that is vital for ciliary trafficking and ciliogenesis. Here, we report four fetuses, two each from two families, who were ascertained antenatally with ACG1A. Affected fetuses in both families are homozygous for the deep intronic TRIP11 variant, c.5457+81T>A, which was found in a shared region of homozygosity. This variant was found to cause aberrant transcript splicing and the retention of 77 base pairs of intron 18. The TRIP11 messenger RNA and protein levels were drastically reduced in fibroblast cells derived from one of the affected fetuses. Using immunofluorescence we also detected highly compacted Golgi apparatus in affected fibroblasts. Further, we observed a significant reduction in the frequency of ciliated cells and in the length of primary cilia in subject-derived cell lines, not reported so far in patient cells with TRIP11 null or hypomorphic variants. Our findings illustrate how pathogenic variants in intronic regions of TRIP11 can impact transcript splicing, expression, and activity, resulting in ACG1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Periyasamy Radhakrishnan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Vishal S Guleria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Neethukrishna Kausthubham
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Shalini S Nayak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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8
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Qian Y, Hu G, Chen M, Liu B, Yan K, Zhou C, Yu Y, Dong M. Novel deep intronic and frameshift mutations causing a TRIP11-related disorder. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2482-2487. [PMID: 34014608 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the thyroid hormone receptor interactor 11 gene (TRIP11, OMIM: 604505) at 14q32.12 have been associated with the autosomal recessive achondrogenesis type IA (ACG1A, OMIM: 200600) or osteochondrodysplasia (ODCD, OMIM: 184260). In this clinical report of a Chinese family, the mother had two consecutive pregnancies with similar aberrant phenotypes in the fetuses showing severe limb shortening. Whole exome sequencing (WES) of DNA from the second fetus identified a heterozygous frameshift mutation (NM_004239: c.3852delT) of TRIP11. Although this was consistent with the fetal clinical phenotypes, initial review of the WES results implied another novel mutation. To test this, we used high-precision clinical exome sequencing (HPCES) and found a mutation in Intron 18 of TRIP11 (c.5457+77T>G). Moreover, the sequencing depth of this mutation was only 3× that of WES compared with 161× that by HPCES. To ascertain the pathogenesis of the mutation (c.5457+77T>G), RT-PCR conducted using the parents' blood samples showed a 77-bp intronic sequence in the transcripts, which might have encoded for a shortened protein because of early termination due to code shifting. Our study furthers current understanding of deep intron function and provides a novel diagnostic method of deep intragenic mutations in families having two or more consecutive pregnancies with similar aberrant fetal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Qian
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 1, Xueshi Road, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 1, Xueshi Road, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Chen
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 1, Xueshi Road, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 1, Xueshi Road, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Yan
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 1, Xueshi Road, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caiyun Zhou
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqin Yu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minyue Dong
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 1, Xueshi Road, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Del Pino M, Sanchez-Soler MJ, Parrón-Pajares M, Aza-Carmona M, Heath KE, Fano V. Description of four patients with TRIP11 variants expand the clinical spectrum of odontochondroplasia (ODCD) and demonstrate the existence of common variants. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104198. [PMID: 33746040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
More than two decades since the first clinical and radiological description of odontochondroplasia (ODCD) was reported, biallelic loss of function variants in the Thyroid hormone receptor interactor 11 gene (TRIP11) were identified, the same gene implicated in the lethal disorder achondrogenesis (ACG1A). Here we report the clinical and radiological follow-up of four ODCD patients, including two siblings and an adult who interestingly has the mildest form observed to date. Four TRIP11 variants were detected, two previously unreported. Subsequently, we review the clinical and radiological findings of the 14 reported ODCD patients. The majority of ODCD patients are compound heterozygotes for TRIP11 variants, 12/14 have a null allele and a splice variant whilst one is homozygous for an in-frame splicing variant, with the splice variants resulting in residual GMAP activity and hypothesized to explain why they have ODCD and not ACG1A. However, adult patient 4 has two potentially null alleles and it remains unknown why she has very mild clinical features. The c.586C>T; p.(Gln196*) variant, previously shown by mRNA studies to result in p.Val105_Gln196del, is the most frequent variant, present in seven individuals from four families, three from different regions of the world, suggesting that it may be a variant hotspot. Another variant, c.2993_2994del; p.(Lys998Serfs*5), has been observed in two individuals with a possible common ancestor. In summary, although there are clinical and radiological characteristics common to all individuals, we demonstrate that the clinical spectrum of TRIP11-associated dysplasias is even more diverse than previously described and that common genetic variants may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Del Pino
- Dept of Growth and Development, Hospital Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Maria José Sanchez-Soler
- Medical Genetics Section, Dept of Pediatrics, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain; CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Parrón-Pajares
- Dept of Radiology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Skeletal dysplasia multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE) and ERN-BOND, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Aza-Carmona
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Skeletal dysplasia multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE) and ERN-BOND, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Medical & Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), UAM, IdiPAZ Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen E Heath
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Skeletal dysplasia multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE) and ERN-BOND, Hospital Universitario la Paz, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Medical & Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), UAM, IdiPAZ Madrid, Spain.
| | - Virginia Fano
- Dept of Growth and Development, Hospital Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cavalcanti DP, Fano V, Mellado C, Lacarrubba-Flores MDJ, Silveira C, Silveira KC, del Pino M, Moresco A, Caino S, Mejía RR, García CJ, Lay-Son G, Ferreira CR. Skeletal dysplasias in Latin America. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:986-995. [PMID: 33219737 PMCID: PMC9827228 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias (SD) are disturbances in growth due to defects intrinsic to the bone and/or cartilage, usually affecting multiple bones and having a progressive character. In this article, we review the state of clinical and research SD resources available in Latin America, including three specific countries (Brazil, Argentina, and Chile), that have established multidisciplinary clinics for the care of these patients. From the epidemiological point of view, the SD prevalence of 3.2 per 10,000 births from nine South American countries included in the ECLAMC network represents the most accurate estimate not just in Latin America, but worldwide. In Brazil, there are currently five groups focused on SD. The data from one of these groups including the website www.ocd.med.br, created to assist in the diagnosis of SD, are highlighted showing that telemedicine for this purpose represents a good strategy for the region. The experience of more than 30 years of the SD multidisciplinary clinic in an Argentinian Hospital is presented, evidencing a solid experience mainly in the follow-up of the most frequent SD, especially those belonging the FGFR3 group and OI. In Chile, a group with 20 years of experience presents its work with geneticists and pediatricians, focusing on diagnostic purposes and clinical management. Altogether, although SD health-care and research activities in Latin America are in their early stages, the experience in these three countries seems promising and stimulating for the region as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise P. Cavalcanti
- Skeletal Dysplasia Group, Medical Genetics Department, Medical Sciences Faculty, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Virginia Fano
- Growth and Development Department, Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Mellado
- Study Group of Genetic Skeletal Abnormalities, Genetic Unit, Pediatrics Division, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Dora J. Lacarrubba-Flores
- Skeletal Dysplasia Group, Medical Genetics Department, Medical Sciences Faculty, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Silveira
- Skeletal Dysplasia Group, Medical Genetics Department, Medical Sciences Faculty, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina C. Silveira
- Skeletal Dysplasia Group, Medical Genetics Department, Medical Sciences Faculty, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana del Pino
- Growth and Development Department, Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Silvia Caino
- Growth and Development Department, Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosario Ramos Mejía
- Growth and Development Department, Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristián J. García
- Study Group of Genetic Skeletal Abnormalities, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Lay-Son
- Study Group of Genetic Skeletal Abnormalities, Genetic Unit, Pediatrics Division, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos R. Ferreira
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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