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He B, Xie L, Varathan P, Nho K, Risacher SL, Saykin AJ, Yan J. Fused multi-modal similarity network as prior in guiding brain imaging genetic association. Front Big Data 2023; 6:1151893. [PMID: 37215688 PMCID: PMC10196480 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2023.1151893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brain imaging genetics aims to explore the genetic architecture underlying brain structure and functions. Recent studies showed that the incorporation of prior knowledge, such as subject diagnosis information and brain regional correlation, can help identify significantly stronger imaging genetic associations. However, sometimes such information may be incomplete or even unavailable. Methods In this study, we explore a new data-driven prior knowledge that captures the subject-level similarity by fusing multi-modal similarity networks. It was incorporated into the sparse canonical correlation analysis (SCCA) model, which is aimed to identify a small set of brain imaging and genetic markers that explain the similarity matrix supported by both modalities. It was applied to amyloid and tau imaging data of the ADNI cohort, respectively. Results Fused similarity matrix across imaging and genetic data was found to improve the association performance better or similarly well as diagnosis information, and therefore would be a potential substitute prior when the diagnosis information is not available (i.e., studies focused on healthy controls). Discussion Our result confirmed the value of all types of prior knowledge in improving association identification. In addition, the fused network representing the subject relationship supported by multi-modal data showed consistently the best or equally best performance compared to the diagnosis network and the co-expression network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Linhui Xie
- School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Pradeep Varathan
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jingwen Yan
- Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Sun Y, Wang M, Zhao Y, Hu K, Liu Y, Liu B. A Pathway-Specific Polygenic Risk Score is Associated with Tau Pathology and Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1745-1754. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Tauopathy is a primary neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease with a strong relationship to cognitive impairment. In the brain, tau aggregation is associated with the regulation of tau kinases and the binding ability of tau to microtubules. Objective: To explore the potential for using specific polygenic risk scores (PRSs), combining the genetic influences involved in tau-protein kinases and the tau-protein binding pathway, as predictors of tau pathology and cognitive decline in non-demented individuals. Methods: We computed a pathway-specific PRS using summary statistics from previous large-scale genome-wide association studies of dementia. We examined whether PRS is related to tau uptake in positron emission tomography (PET), tau levels, and the rate of tau level changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We further assessed whether PRS is associated with memory impairment mediated by CSF tau levels. Results: A higher PRS was related to elevated CSF tau levels and tau-PET uptake at baseline, as well as greater rates of change in CSF tau levels. Moreover, PRS was associated with memory impairment, mediated by increased CSF tau levels. The association between PRS and tau pathology was significant when APOE was excluded, even among females. However, the effect of PRS on cognitive decline appeared to be driven by the inclusion of APOE. Conclusion: The influence of genetic risk in a specific tau-related biological pathway may make an individual more susceptible to tau pathology, resulting in cognitive dysfunction in an early preclinical phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Sun
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
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Thapa P, Upadhyay SP, Suo WZ, Singh V, Gurung P, Lee ES, Sharma R, Sharma M. Chalcone and its analogs: Therapeutic and diagnostic applications in Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2021; 108:104681. [PMID: 33571811 PMCID: PMC7928223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chalcone [(E)-1,3-diphenyl-2-propene-1-one], a small molecule with α, β unsaturated carbonyl group is a precursor or component of many natural flavonoids and isoflavonoids. It is one of the privileged structures in medicinal chemistry. It possesses a wide range of biological activities encouraging many medicinal chemists to study this scaffold for its usefulness to oncology, infectious diseases, virology and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Small molecular size, convenient and cost-effective synthesis, and flexibility for modifications to modulate lipophilicity suitable for blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability make chalcones a preferred candidate for their therapeutic and diagnostic potential in AD. This review summarizes and highlights the importance of chalcone and its analogs as single target small therapeutic agents, multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) as well as molecular imaging agents for AD. The information summarized here will guide many medicinal chemist and researchers involved in drug discovery to consider chalcone as a potential scaffold for the development of anti-AD agents including theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Thapa
- Drug Discovery Program, Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
| | - Sunil P Upadhyay
- Drug Discovery Program, Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease & Aging Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Vikas Singh
- Division of Neurology, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Eung Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ram Sharma
- Drug Discovery Program, Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Drug Discovery Program, Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
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Pivotal Role of Fyn Kinase in Parkinson's Disease and Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia: a Novel Therapeutic Target? Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1372-1391. [PMID: 33175322 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The exact etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains obscure, although many cellular mechanisms including α-synuclein aggregation, oxidative damage, excessive neuroinflammation, and dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis are implicated in its pathogenesis. There is still no disease-modifying treatment for PD and the gold standard therapy, chronic use of levodopa is usually accompanied by severe side effects, mainly levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Hence, the elucidation of the precise underlying molecular mechanisms is of paramount importance. Fyn is a tyrosine phospho-transferase of the Src family nonreceptor kinases that is highly implicated in immune regulation, cell proliferation and normal brain development. Accumulating preclinical evidence highlights the emerging role of Fyn in key aspects of PD and LID pathogenesis: it may regulate α-synuclein phosphorylation, oxidative stress-induced dopaminergic neuronal death, enhanced neuroinflammation and glutamate excitotoxicity by mediating key signaling pathways, such as BDNF/TrkB, PKCδ, MAPK, AMPK, NF-κB, Nrf2, and NMDAR axes. These findings suggest that therapeutic targeting of Fyn or Fyn-related pathways may represent a novel approach in PD treatment. Saracatinib, a nonselective Fyn inhibitor, has already been tested in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease, and novel selective Fyn inhibitors are under investigation. In this comprehensive review, we discuss recent evidence on the role of Fyn in the pathogenesis of PD and LID and provide insights on additional Fyn-related molecular mechanisms to be explored in PD and LID pathology that could aid in the development of future Fyn-targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Fyn Tyrosine Kinase as Harmonizing Factor in Neuronal Functions and Dysfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124444. [PMID: 32580508 PMCID: PMC7352836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fyn is a non-receptor or cytoplasmatic tyrosine kinase (TK) belonging to the Src family kinases (SFKs) involved in multiple transduction pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) including synaptic transmission, myelination, axon guidance, and oligodendrocyte formation. Almost one hundred years after the original description of Fyn, this protein continues to attract extreme interest because of its multiplicity of actions in the molecular signaling pathways underlying neurodevelopmental as well as neuropathologic events. This review highlights and summarizes the most relevant recent findings pertinent to the role that Fyn exerts in the brain, emphasizing aspects related to neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. Fyn is a common factor in healthy and diseased brains that targets different proteins and shapes different transduction signals according to the neurological conditions. We will primarily focus on Fyn-mediated signaling pathways involved in neuronal differentiation and plasticity that have been subjected to considerable attention lately, opening the fascinating scenario to target Fyn TK for the development of potential therapeutic interventions for the treatment of CNS injuries and certain neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease.
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Zahratka JA, Shao Y, Shaw M, Todd K, Formica SV, Khrestian M, Montine T, Leverenz JB, Bekris LM. Regulatory region genetic variation is associated with FYN expression in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 51:43-53. [PMID: 28033507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, are a key pathologic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau phosphorylation is under the control of multiple kinases and phosphatases, including Fyn. Previously, our group found an association between 2 regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FYN gene with increased tau levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. In this study, we hypothesized that Fyn expression in the brain is influenced by AD status and genetic content. We found that Fyn protein, but not messenger RNA, levels were increased in AD patients compared to cognitively normal controls and are associated with regulatory region single nucleotide polymorphisms. In addition, the expression of the FYN 3'UTR can decrease expression in multiple cell lines, suggesting this regulatory region plays an important role in FYN expression. Taken together, these data suggest that FYN expression is regulated according to AD status and regulatory region haplotype, and genetic variants may be instrumental in the development of neurofibrillary tangles in AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Zahratka
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Yvonne Shao
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - McKenzie Shaw
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kaitlin Todd
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shane V Formica
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maria Khrestian
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lynn M Bekris
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Li J, Zhou HD, Deng J, Zhu J, Li L, Zhang M, Zeng F, Wang YJ. The association of single nucleotide polymorphism of the Fyn gene with sporadic Alzheimer's disease in the Chinese Han population. Neurosci Lett 2014; 575:80-4. [PMID: 24852829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggested genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). Fibroblast Yes related novel (Fyn), a tau kinase, has been reported to be associated with aberrant phosphorylated tau and neurofibrillary tangles formation. Fyn gene may be a potential candidate gene for AD. To investigate the association of the polymorphisms in Fyn gene with the susceptibility to sAD, we conducted a case-control study in a Chinese Han cohort including 200 sAD patients and 243 control participants. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs111787668, rs1057979, rs6916861 and rs12910) within the promoter region of Fyn gene and one (rs7768046) in intron were selected and genotyped with a polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR) method. Logistic regression under four genetic models was used to analyze the association between target SNPs and the risk of sAD. After adjusting for age, sex and APOE ɛ4 status, no association was revealed between these SNPs or the haplotypes containing four SNPs and the risk of sAD (P>0.05). The SNPs in the selected regions of the Fyn gene are unlikely to confer the susceptibility of sAD in the Chinese Han population. Further studies with a larger sample size and different ethnic populations are needed to reveal the role of Fyn gene in the pathogenesis of sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua-Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Deng
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Miyashita A, Hatsuta H, Kikuchi M, Nakaya A, Saito Y, Tsukie T, Hara N, Ogishima S, Kitamura N, Akazawa K, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Murayama S, Ihara Y, Ikeuchi T, Kuwano R. Genes associated with the progression of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e396. [PMID: 26126179 PMCID: PMC4080317 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spreading of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), intraneuronal aggregates of highly phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau, across the human brain is correlated with the cognitive severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To identify genes relevant to NFT expansion defined by the Braak stage, we conducted whole-genome exon array analysis with an exploratory sample set consisting of 213 human post-mortem brain tissue specimens from the entorinal, temporal and frontal cortices of 71 brain-donor subjects: Braak NFT stages 0 (N=13), I-II (N=20), III-IV (N=19) and V-VI (N=19). We identified eight genes, RELN, PTGS2, MYO5C, TRIL, DCHS2, GRB14, NPAS4 and PHYHD1, associated with the Braak stage. The expression levels of three genes, PHYHD1, MYO5C and GRB14, exhibited reproducible association on real-time quantitative PCR analysis. In another sample set, including control subjects (N=30), and in patients with late-onset AD (N=37), dementia with Lewy bodies (N=17) and Parkinson disease (N=36), the expression levels of two genes, PHYHD1 and MYO5C, were obviously associated with late-onset AD. Protein-protein interaction network analysis with a public database revealed that PHYHD1 interacts with MYO5C via POT1, and PHYHD1 directly interacts with amyloid beta-peptide 42. It is thus likely that functional failure of PHYHD1 and MYO5C could lead to AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miyashita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8585, Japan. E-mails: or
| | - H Hatsuta
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kikuchi
- Research Association for Biotechnology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Nakaya
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Y Saito
- Department of Pathology, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Tsukie
- Research Association for Biotechnology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Hara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - S Ogishima
- Department of Health Record Informatics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - N Kitamura
- Department of Medical Informatics, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - K Akazawa
- Department of Medical Informatics, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - A Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - S Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Ihara
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - R Kuwano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8585, Japan. E-mails: or
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Nygaard HB, van Dyck CH, Strittmatter SM. Fyn kinase inhibition as a novel therapy for Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:8. [PMID: 24495408 PMCID: PMC3978417 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, afflicting more than one-third of people over the age of 85. While many therapies for AD are in late-stage clinical testing, rational drug design based on distinct signaling pathways in this disorder is only now emerging. Here we review the putative signaling pathway of amyloid-beta (Aβ), by which the tyrosine kinase Fyn is activated via cell surface binding of Aβ oligomers to cellular prion protein. Several lines of evidence implicate Fyn in the pathogenesis of AD, and its interaction with both Aβ and Tau renders Fyn a unique therapeutic target that addresses both of the major pathologic hallmarks of AD. We are currently enrolling patients in a phase Ib study of saracatinib (AZD0530), a small molecule inhibitor with high potency for Src and Fyn, for the treatment of AD. The results of this trial and a planned phase IIa multisite study will provide important data regarding the potential for this therapeutic strategy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haakon B Nygaard
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208018, New Haven, CT 06520, USA ; Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, BCMM 436, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Christopher H van Dyck
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Suite 600, New Haven, CT 06510, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208018, New Haven, CT 06520, USA ; Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, BCMM 436, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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Cruchaga C, Ebbert MTW, Kauwe JSK. Genetic discoveries in AD using CSF amyloid and tau. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 2:23-29. [PMID: 24729949 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-014-0031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of cerebrospinal fluid levels of Aβ42 and pTau181 as endophenotypes for genetic studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has led to successful identification of both rare and common AD risk variants. In addition, this approach has provided meaningful hypotheses for the biological mechanisms by which known AD risk variants modulate the disease process. In this article we discuss these successes and outline challenges to effective and continued applications of this approach. We contrast the statistical power of this approach with traditional case-control designs and discuss solutions to address challenges in quality control and data analysis for these phenotypes. Finally, we discuss the potential for the use of this approach with larger samples as well as the incorporation of next generation sequencing and for future work with other endophenotypes for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri ; The Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration (HPAN), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark T W Ebbert
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah ; The ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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Thambisetty M, An Y, Tanaka T. Alzheimer's disease risk genes and the age-at-onset phenotype. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2696.e1-5. [PMID: 23870418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent identification of several novel risk genes for Alzheimer's disease (AD), little is known about their influence on the age at onset (AAO) of AD. The AAO is a phenotype with a heritable component distinct from disease risk and may be a useful trait to study in the context of developing interventions for delaying the onset of AD. We studied the influence of 10 recently identified AD risk genes and APOE in relation to AAO in a large cohort of AD patients (N = 2569). We find that the novel AD risk gene, PICALM, exerts a small effect on the AAO of AD with earlier disease onset in risk allele carriers. In addition, we confirmed the previously reported association between the APOE ε4 allele and earlier disease onset. None of the other AD risk genes influenced AAO of AD. Our results suggest that besides APOE, other genes associated with AD risk do not exert large effects on the AAO phenotype of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Thambisetty
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Elias-Sonnenschein LS, Helisalmi S, Natunen T, Hall A, Paajanen T, Herukka SK, Laitinen M, Remes AM, Koivisto AM, Mattila KM, Lehtimäki T, Verhey FRJ, Visser PJ, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Genetic loci associated with Alzheimer's disease and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in a Finnish case-control cohort. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59676. [PMID: 23573206 PMCID: PMC3616106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To understand the relation between risk genes for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and their influence on biomarkers for AD, we examined the association of AD in the Finnish cohort with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from top AlzGene loci, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and candidate gene studies; and tested the correlation between these SNPs and AD markers Aβ1–42, total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods We tested 25 SNPs for genetic association with clinical AD in our cohort comprised of 890 AD patients and 701-age matched healthy controls using logistic regression. For the correlational study with biomarkers, we tested 36 SNPs in a subset of 222 AD patients with available CSF using mixed models. Statistical analyses were adjusted for age, gender and APOE status. False discovery rate for multiple testing was applied. All participants were from academic hospital and research institutions in Finland. Results APOE-ε4, CLU rs11136000, and MS4A4A rs2304933 correlated with significantly decreased Aβ1–42 (corrected p<0.05). At an uncorrected p<0.05, PPP3R1 rs1868402 and MAPT rs2435211 were related with increased t-tau; while SORL1 rs73595277 and MAPT rs16940758, with increased p-tau. Only TOMM40 rs2075650 showed association with clinical AD after adjusting for APOE-ε4 (p = 0.007), but not after multiple test correction (p>0.05). Conclusions We provide evidence that APOE-ε4, CLU and MS4A4A, which have been identified in GWAS to be associated with AD, also significantly reduced CSF Aβ1–42 in AD. None of the other AlzGene and GWAS loci showed significant effects on CSF tau. The effects of other SNPs on CSF biomarkers and clinical AD diagnosis did not reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that APOE-ε4, CLU and MS4A4A influence both AD risk and CSF Aβ1–42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyzel S. Elias-Sonnenschein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anette Hall
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Paajanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Laitinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M. Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M. Koivisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari M. Mattila
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Frans R. J. Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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