1
|
Douali L. Machine Learning to Predict Teratogenicity: Theory and Practice. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:159-180. [PMID: 38285338 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) that consists of developing algorithms that can automatically learn patterns and relationships from data, without being explicitly programmed. It continues to advance with the development of more sophisticated algorithms, increased computational power, and larger datasets, leading to significant advancements in AI technology. With the significant progress made in ML, the need to apply these systems in the area of teratogenicity is growing. It is sought as robust boosting methods to overcome many limitations and restrictions facing the experimental studies. By performing tasks such as classification, regression, clustering, anomaly detection, and decision systems, ML can be used to assess whether an agent is teratogen or not or to determine its teratogenic potential. It may also be used for the purpose of deciding on the use of medicinal products. In this chapter, we describe how ML can be used to investigate teratogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Douali
- Centre of Education and Training Professions (CRMEF) of Marrakech-Safi, Marrakech, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aoulad Fares D, Wiegel RE, Eggink AJ, Willemsen SP, van Meurs JBJ, Steegers-Theunissen RPM. Shorter periconception maternal telomere length and the risk of congenital cardiac outflow defects in the offspring. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13784. [PMID: 35347712 PMCID: PMC9540113 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital cardiac outflow defects (COD) are the largest group of congenital heart defects, with ventricular septal defect (VSD) as the most prevalent phenotype. Increased maternal age, excessive oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the pathophysiology of COD and enhance telomere length (TL) shortening. We investigated the association between periconception maternal TL and the risk of having a child with COD. METHODS From a multicentre case-control trial, 306 case mothers of a child with COD and 424 control mothers of a child without a congenital malformation were selected. Relative TL was measured by qPCR. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compute crude and adjusted odds ratios, per standard deviation decrease, between maternal T/S ratio and COD and VSD risk. Adjustments were made for maternal age. Additional adjustments were made in a second model. RESULTS Shorter maternal relative TL was significantly associated with an OR of 1.29 (95% CI 1.04-1.61), p = .02, for the risk of VSD in offspring, which remained significant after an adjustment for maternal age (adjOR 1.25(95% CI 1.01-1.55), p = .04). No association between maternal TL and the risk of overall COD in offspring was observed. CONCLUSION Shorter maternal relative TL is associated with an approximately 1.3-OR for the risk, per SD in relative TL shortening, of VSD in the offspring. These findings need further confirmation in other studies on the predictive value of maternal TL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damiat Aoulad Fares
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalieke E Wiegel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex J Eggink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sten P Willemsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maternal genetic factors in the development of congenital heart defects. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 76:101961. [PMID: 35882070 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are among the most common, serious birth defects. However, the cause of CHDs is unknown for approximately half of affected individuals and there are few prevention strategies. Although not extensively investigated, maternal genes may contribute to CHD etiology by modifying the effects of maternal exposures (e.g. medications, nutrients), contributing to maternal phenotypes that are associated with an increased risk of CHDs in offspring (e.g. diabetes), or acting as maternal effect genes. Since maternal genes could serve as a target for the primary prevention of CHDs, efforts to further define the contribution of the maternal genome to CHD etiology are warranted.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ghoneim FM, Alrefai H, Elsamanoudy AZ, Abo El-khair SM, Khalaf HA. The Protective Role of Prenatal Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation against Pancreatic Oxidative Damage in Offspring of Valproic Acid-Treated Rats: Histological and Molecular Study. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090239. [PMID: 32825436 PMCID: PMC7564314 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Sodium valproate (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug (AED) licensed for epilepsy and used during pregnancy in various indications. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a natural compound inducing endogenous antioxidant production. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of prenatal administration of VPA on the pancreas of rat offspring and assess the potential protective role of ALA co-administration during pregnancy. Methods: Twenty-eight pregnant female albino rats were divided into four groups: group I (negative control), group II (positive control, ALA treated), group III (VPA-treated), and group IV (VPA-ALA-treated). The pancreases of the rat offspring were removed at the fourth week postpartum and prepared for histological, immune-histochemical, morphometric, molecular, and oxidative stress marker studies. Results: In group III, there were pyknotic nuclei, vacuolated cytoplasm with ballooning of acinar, α, and β cells of the pancreas. Ultrastructural degeneration of cytoplasmic organelles was detected. Additionally, there was a significant increase in oxidative stress, a decrease in insulin-positive cell percentage, and an increase in glucagon positive cells in comparison to control groups. Moreover, VPA increased the gene expression of an apoptotic marker, caspase-3, with a decrease in anti-apoptotic Bcl2 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcriptional factor. Conversely, ALA improved oxidative stress and apoptosis in group VI, and a consequent improvement of the histological and ultrastructure picture was detected. Conclusion: ALA co-administration with VPA significantly improved the oxidative stress condition, histological and morphometric picture of the pancreas, and restored normal expression of related genes, including Nrf2, caspase-3, and Bcl-2. Administration of α-lipoic acid has a protective effect against VPA-induced pancreatic oxidative damage via its cytoprotective antioxidant effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M. Ghoneim
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (F.M.G.); (H.A.K.)
| | - Hani Alrefai
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.Z.E.); (S.M.A.E.-k.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Div., College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-513-975-9195
| | - Ayman Z. Elsamanoudy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.Z.E.); (S.M.A.E.-k.)
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21465, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa M. Abo El-khair
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.Z.E.); (S.M.A.E.-k.)
| | - Hanaa A. Khalaf
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (F.M.G.); (H.A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Feldkamp ML, Krikov S, Gardner J, Madsen MJ, Darlington T, Sargent R, Camp NJ. Shared genomic segments in high‐risk multigenerational pedigrees with gastroschisis. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:1655-1664. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L. Feldkamp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Sergey Krikov
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - John Gardner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Myke J. Madsen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | | | - Rob Sargent
- Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Nicola J. Camp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Komariah K, Manalu W, Kiranadi B, Winarto A, Handharyani E, Roeslan MO. Valproic Acid Exposure of Pregnant Rats During Organogenesis Disturbs Pancreas Development in Insulin Synthesis and Secretion of the Offspring. Toxicol Res 2018; 34:173-182. [PMID: 29686779 PMCID: PMC5903136 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2018.34.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) plays a role in histone modifications that eventually inhibit the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC), and will affect the expressions of genes Pdx1, Nkx6.1, and Ngn3 during pancreatic organogenesis. This experiment was designed to study the effect of VPA exposure in pregnant rats on the activity of HDAC that controls the expression of genes regulating the development of beta cells in the pancreas to synthesize and secrete insulin. This study used 30 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into 4 groups, as follows: (1) a control group of pregnant rats without VPA administration, (2) pregnant rats administered with 250 mg VPA on day 10 of pregnancy, (3) pregnant rats administered with 250 mg VPA on day 13 of pregnancy, and (4) pregnant rats administered with 250 mg VPA on day 16 of pregnancy. Eighty-four newborn rats born to control rats and rats administered with VPA on days 10, 13, and 16 of pregnancy were used to measure serum glucose, insulin, DNA, RNA, and ratio of RNA/DNA concentrations in the pancreas and to observe the microscopical condition of the pancreas at the ages of 4 to 32 weeks postpartum with 4-week intervals. The results showed that at the age of 32 weeks, the offspring of pregnant rats administered with 250 mg VPA on days 10, 13, and 16 of pregnancy had higher serum glucose concentrations and lower serum insulin concentrations, followed by decreased concentrations of RNA, and the ratio of RNA/DNA in the pancreas. Microscopical observations showed that the pancreas of the rats born to pregnant rats administered with VPA during pregnancy had low immunoreaction to insulin. The exposure of pregnant rats to VPA during pregnancy disturbs organogenesis of the pancreas of the embryos that eventually disturb the insulin production in the beta cells indicated by the decreased insulin secretion during postnatal life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komariah Komariah
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, West Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wasmen Manalu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Kiranadi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Adi Winarto
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ekowati Handharyani
- Department of Clinic, Reproduction, and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, West Java, Indonesia
| | - M Orliando Roeslan
- Department of Biology Oral, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, West Jakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sura Alwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christina D Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics and Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Al-Saleem AI, Al-Jobair AM. Possible association between acetazolamide administration during pregnancy and multiple congenital malformations. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:1471-6. [PMID: 27143854 PMCID: PMC4841426 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s99561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Congenital malformations might occur because of environmental or genetic factors, and sometimes occur because of unknown causes. Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat idiopathic intracranial hypertension, glaucoma, and epilepsy. The use of acetazolamide has not been recommended for pregnant women because of reported teratogenic risks. Congenital malformations, such as ectrodactyly, syndactyly, cleft lip/palate, and retarded incisor teeth development, have been reported in experimental animals. However, tooth agenesis due to the use of acetazolamide has not been reported yet. Oligodontia is a severe type of tooth agenesis involving six or more congenitally missing teeth. The causes of oligodontia are attributed to environmental factors, such as irradiation, drugs, trauma, tumors, infection, genetic factors, or a combination. There is no credible evidence of undesirable effects of acetazolamide use in human pregnancy. However, we report a case of a 12-year-old Saudi boy who was exposed to maternal acetazolamide (1,000 mg/day) for treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension before pregnancy, during the first trimester, and throughout the pregnancy. This treatment might have resulted in some congenital malformations, such as ectrodactyly, syndactyly, and oligodontia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afnan I Al-Saleem
- Dental Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma M Al-Jobair
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rayburn WF, Jolley JA, Simpson LL. Advances in ultrasound imaging for congenital malformations during early gestation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 103:260-8. [PMID: 25820190 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With refinement in ultrasound technology, detection of fetal structural abnormalities has improved and there have been detailed reports of the natural history and expected outcomes for many anomalies. The ability to either reassure a high-risk woman with normal intrauterine images or offer comprehensive counseling and offer options in cases of strongly suspected lethal or major malformations has shifted prenatal diagnoses to the earliest possible gestational age. METHODS When indicated, scans in early gestation are valuable in accurate gestational dating. Stricter sonographic criteria for early nonviability guard against unnecessary intervention. Most birth defects are without known risk factors, and detection of certain malformations is possible in the late first trimester. RESULTS The best time for a standard complete fetal and placental scan is 18 to 20 weeks. In addition, certain soft anatomic markers provide clues to chromosomal aneuploidy risk. Maternal obesity and multifetal pregnancies are now more common and further limit early gestation visibility. CONCLUSION Other advanced imaging techniques during early gestation in select cases of suspected malformations include fetal echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William F Rayburn
- Divisions of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
The shared pathoetiological effects of particulate air pollution and the social environment on fetal-placental development. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 2014:901017. [PMID: 25574176 PMCID: PMC4276595 DOI: 10.1155/2014/901017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate air pollution and socioeconomic risk factors are shown to be independently associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, their confounding relationship is an epidemiological challenge that requires understanding of their shared etiologic pathways affecting fetal-placental development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the etiological mechanisms associated with exposure to particulate air pollution in contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes and how these mechanisms intersect with those related to socioeconomic status. Here we review the role of oxidative stress, inflammation and endocrine modification in the pathoetiology of deficient deep placentation and detail how the physical and social environments can act alone and collectively to mediate the established pathology linked to a spectrum of adverse pregnancy outcomes. We review the experimental and epidemiological literature showing that diet/nutrition, smoking, and psychosocial stress share similar pathways with that of particulate air pollution exposure to potentially exasperate the negative effects of either insult alone. Therefore, socially patterned risk factors often treated as nuisance parameters should be explored as potential effect modifiers that may operate at multiple levels of social geography. The degree to which deleterious exposures can be ameliorated or exacerbated via community-level social and environmental characteristics needs further exploration.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tang X, Nick TG, Cleves MA, Erickson SW, Li M, Li J, MacLeod SL, Hobbs CA. Maternal obesity and tobacco use modify the impact of genetic variants on the occurrence of conotruncal heart defects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108903. [PMID: 25275547 PMCID: PMC4183535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) are among the most severe birth defects worldwide. Studies of CTDs indicate both lifestyle behaviors and genetic variation contribute to the risk of CTDs. Based on a hybrid design using data from 616 case-parental and 1645 control-parental triads recruited for the National Birth Defects Prevention Study between 1997 and 2008, we investigated whether the occurrence of CTDs is associated with interactions between 921 maternal and/or fetal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and maternal obesity and tobacco use. The maternal genotypes of the variants in the glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit (GCLC) gene and the fetal genotypes of the variants in the glutathione S-transferase alpha 3 (GSTA3) gene were associated with an elevated risk of CTDs among obese mothers. The risk of delivering infants with CTDs among obese mothers carrying AC genotype for a variant in the GCLC gene (rs6458939) was 2.00 times the risk among those carrying CC genotype (95% confidence interval: 1.41, 2.38). The maternal genotypes of several variants in the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) family of genes and the fetal genotypes of the variants in the GCLC gene interacted with tobacco exposures to increase the risk of CTDs. Our study suggests that the genetic basis underlying susceptibility of the developing heart to the adverse effects of maternal obesity and tobacco use involve both maternal and embryonic genetic variants. These results may provide insights into the underlying pathophysiology of CTDs, and ultimately lead to novel prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Tang
- Biostatistics Program, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Todd G. Nick
- Biostatistics Program, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Mario A. Cleves
- Division of Birth Defects Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Stephen W. Erickson
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Ming Li
- Biostatistics Program, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Jingyun Li
- Biostatistics Program, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Stewart L. MacLeod
- Division of Birth Defects Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Charlotte A. Hobbs
- Division of Birth Defects Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jose M, Banerjee M, Mathew A, Bharadwaj T, Vijayan N, Thomas SV. Pharmacogenetic evaluation of ABCB1, Cyp2C9, Cyp2C19 and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms in teratogenicity of anti-epileptic drugs in women with epilepsy. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014; 17:259-66. [PMID: 25221392 PMCID: PMC4162009 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.138475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Pregnancy in women with epilepsy (WWE) who are on anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) has two- to three-fold increased risk of fetal malformations. AEDs are mostly metabolized by Cyp2C9, Cyp2C19 and Cyp3A4 and transported by ABCB1. Patients on AED therapy can have folate deficiency. We hypothesize that the polymorphisms in ABCB1, Cyp2C9, Cyp2C19 and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) might result in differential expression resulting in differential drug transport, drug metabolism and folate metabolism, which in turn may contribute to the teratogenic impact of AEDs. Materials and Methods: The ABCB1, Cyp2C9, Cyp2C19 and MTHFR polymorphisms were genotyped for their role in teratogenic potential and the nature of teratogenecity in response to AED treatment in WWE. The allelic, genotypic associations were tested in 266 WWE comprising of 143 WWE who had given birth to babies with WWE-malformation (WWE-M) and 123 WWE who had normal offsprings (WWE-N). Results: In WWE-M, CC genotype of Ex07 + 139C/T was overrepresented (P = 0.0032) whereas the poor metabolizer allele *2 and *2 *2 genotype of CYP2C219 was significantly higher in comparison to WWE-N group (P = 0.007 and P = 0.005, respectively). All these observations were independent of the nature of malformation (cardiac vs. non cardiac malformations). Conclusion: Our study indicates the possibility that ABCB1 and Cyp2C19 may play a pivotal role in the AED induced teratogenesis, which is independent of nature of malformation. This is one of the first reports indicating the pharmacogenetic role of Cyp2C19 and ABCB1 in teratogenesis of AED in pregnant WWE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manna Jose
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India ; Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Moinak Banerjee
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Anila Mathew
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Tashi Bharadwaj
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Neetha Vijayan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sanjeev V Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Early life arsenic exposure and brain dopaminergic alterations in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 38:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
14
|
Pei L, Zhu H, Ye R, Wu J, Liu J, Ren A, Li Z, Zheng X. Interaction between the SLC19A1 gene and maternal first trimester fever on offspring neural tube defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 103:3-11. [PMID: 24917213 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have indicated that the reduced folate carrier gene (SLC19A1) is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). However, the interaction between the SLC19A1 gene variant and maternal fever exposure and NTD risk remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the risk for NTDs was influenced by the interactions between the SLC19A1 (rs1051266) variant and maternal first trimester fever. METHODS We investigated the potential interaction between maternal first trimester fever and maternal or offspring SLC19A1 polymorphism through a population-based case-control study. One hundred and four nuclear families with NTDs and 100 control families with nonmal newborns were included in the study. SLC19A1 polymorphism was determined using polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Mothers who had the GG/GA genotype and first trimester fever had an elevated risk of NTDs (adjusted odds ratio, 11.73; 95% confidence interval, 3.02-45.58) as compared to absence of maternal first trimester fever and AA genotype after adjusting for maternal education, paternal education, and age, and had a significant interactive coefficient (γ = 3.17) between maternal GG/GA genotype and first trimester fever. However, there was no interaction between offspring's GG/GA genotype and maternal first trimester fever (the interactive coefficient γ = 0.97) after adjusting for confounding factors. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that the risk of NTDs was potentially influenced by a gene-environment interaction between maternal SLC19A1 rs1051266 GG/GA genotype and first trimester fever. Maternal GG/GA genotype may strengthen the effect of maternal fever exposure on NTD risk in this Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Pei
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Veiby G, Daltveit AK, Engelsen BA, Gilhus NE. Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. J Neurol 2014; 261:579-88. [PMID: 24449062 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to assess the risks of fetal growth restriction and birth defects in children exposed prenatally to newer and older antiepileptic drugs, using an unselected epilepsy cohort. Deliveries recorded in the compulsory Medical Birth Registry of Norway 1999-2011 formed the study population. All 2,600 children exposed to antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy were compared to all 771,412 unexposed children born to women without epilepsy. Children of untreated mothers with epilepsy served as an internal control group. The main outcomes were small for gestational age birth weight and head circumference, and major congenital malformations. Children exposed to antiepileptic drugs had a moderate risk of growth restriction. Infants exposed to topiramate had a considerable risk of microcephaly (11.4 vs. 2.4 %; OR 4.8; CI 2.5-9.3) and small for gestational age birth weight (24.4 vs. 8.9 %; OR 3.1; 95 % CI 1.9-5.3). Carbamazepine, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, gabapentin, and pregabalin had low malformation rates, whereas topiramate tended to have an elevated malformation rate. Valproate monotherapy was associated with a significant risk of birth defects (6.3 vs. 2.9 %; OR 2.5; CI 1.6-3.8), and specifically with septal heart defects and hypospadias. For mothers using valproate, the presence of major birth defect in one child was associated with a markedly increased risk for the siblings (42.9 vs. 6.7 %; OR 10.4; CI 2.3-46.7). Children of untreated mothers with epilepsy had malformation risk similar to the reference group. In conclusion, topiramate was associated with a substantial risk of fetal growth restriction, and possibly an increased malformation rate. Other newer-generation antiepileptic drugs had a low malformation rate. Valproate monotherapy had a significant malformation risk, especially in repeated pregnancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyri Veiby
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Neurology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wlodarczyk BJ, Zhu H, Finnell RH. Mthfr gene ablation enhances susceptibility to arsenic prenatal toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 275:22-7. [PMID: 24384392 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero exposure to arsenic is known to adversely affect reproductive outcomes. Evidence of arsenic teratogenicity varies widely and depends on individual genotypic differences in sensitivity to As. In this study, we investigated the potential interaction between 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (Mthfr) genotype and arsenic embryotoxicity using the Mthfr knockout mouse model. METHODS Pregnant dams were treated with sodium arsenate, and reproductive outcomes including: implantation, resorption, congenital malformation and fetal birth weight were recorded at E18.5. RESULTS When the dams in Mthfr(+/-)×Mthfr(+/-) matings were treated with 7.2 mg/kg As, the resorption rate increased to 43.4%, from a background frequency of 7.2%. The As treatment also induced external malformations (40.9%) and significantly lowered the average fetal birth weight among fetuses, without any obvious toxic effect on the dam. When comparing the pregnancy outcomes resulting from different mating scenarios (Mthfr(+/+)×Mthfr(+/-), Mthfr(+/-)×Mthfr(+/-) and Mthfr(-/-)×(Mthfr+/-)) and arsenic exposure; the resorption rate showed a linear relationship with the number of null alleles (0, 1 or 2) in the Mthfr dams. Fetuses from nullizygous dams had the highest rate of external malformations (43%) and lowest average birth weight. When comparing the outcomes of reciprocal matings (nullizygote×wild-type versus wild-type×nullizygote) after As treatment, the null dams showed significantly higher rates of resorptions and malformations, along with lower fetal birth weights. CONCLUSIONS Maternal genotype contributes to the sensitivity of As embryotoxicity in the Mthfr mouse model. The fetal genotype, however, does not appear to affect the reproductive outcome after in utero As exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan J Wlodarczyk
- Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Huiping Zhu
- Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yamaguchi Y, Miura M. How to form and close the brain: insight into the mechanism of cranial neural tube closure in mammals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:3171-86. [PMID: 23242429 PMCID: PMC3742426 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of the embryonic brain critically depends on successfully completing cranial neural tube closure (NTC). Failure to properly close the neural tube results in significant and potentially lethal neural tube defects (NTDs). We believe these malformations are caused by disruptions in normal developmental programs such as those involved in neural plate morphogenesis and patterning, tissue fusion, and coordinated cell behaviors. Cranial NTDs include anencephaly and craniorachischisis, both lethal human birth defects. Newly emerging methods for molecular and cellular analysis offer a deeper understanding of not only the developmental NTC program itself but also mechanical and kinetic aspects of closure that may contribute to cranial NTDs. Clarifying the underlying mechanisms involved in NTC and how they relate to the onset of specific NTDs in various experimental models may help us develop novel intervention strategies to prevent NTDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Yamaguchi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, and CREST, JST, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ejdesjö A, Wentzel P, Eriksson UJ. Influence of maternal metabolism and parental genetics on fetal maldevelopment in diabetic rat pregnancy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1198-209. [PMID: 22374754 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00661.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of parental transgenerational genetics and maternal metabolic state on fetal maldevelopment in diabetic rat pregnancy. Rats from an inbred malformation-resistant (W) strain, and an inbred malformation-prone (L) strain, were cross-mated to produce two different F(1) hybrids, WL and LW. Normal (N) and manifestly diabetic (MD) WL and LW females were mated with normal males of the same F(1) generation to obtain WLWL and LWLW F(2) hybrids. Maternal diabetes increased malformation and resorption rates in both F(2) generations. MD-WLWL offspring had higher resorption rate but similar malformation rate compared with the MD-LWLW offspring. Malformed MD-WLWL offspring presented with 100% agnathia/micrognathia, whereas malformed MD-LWL offspring had 60% agnathia/micrognathia and 40% cleft lip and palate. The MD-WL dams showed increased β-hydroxybutyrate levels and alterations in concentrations of several amino acids (taurine, asparagine, citrulline, cystine, glutamic acid, leucine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) compared with MD-LW dams. Fetal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) activity and gene expression were more altered in MD-WLWL than MD-LWLW. Fetal gene expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger enzymes was diminished in MD-WLWL compared with MD-LWLW. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and Ret proto-oncogene gene expression was decreased in both MD-WLWL and MD-LWLW fetuses, whereas increased bone morphogenetic protein 4 and decreased Sonic hedgehog homolog expression was found only in MD-LWLW fetuses. Despite identical autosomal genotypes, the WL and LW dams gave birth to offspring with markedly different malformation patterns. Together with fetal differences in enzymatic activity and expression of Gapdh, ROS scavengers, and developmental genes, these results may suggest a teratological mechanism in diabetic pregnancy influenced by maternal metabolism and parental strain epigenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ejdesjö
- Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Biomedical Centre, PO Box 571, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|