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OUP accepted manuscript. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Baxter A, Wood EK, Witczak LR, Bales KL, Higley JD. Sexual Dimorphism in Titi Monkeys' Digit (2D:4D) Ratio is Associated with Maternal Urinary Sex Hormones During Pregnancy. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:979-991. [PMID: 31372988 PMCID: PMC7871332 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio is a sexually-dimorphic biomarker for prenatal sex hormone exposure. We investigated whether titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) exhibit sexually-dimorphic 2D:4D ratio, and whether variation in 2D:4D ratio correlates with maternal testosterone and estrogen levels during early pregnancy. Subjects were 61 adult titi monkeys (32 males, 29 females). For 26 subjects, maternal urine samples were collected approximately 15-20 weeks before birth and assayed for testosterone and estrone conjugate (E1 C). Titi monkeys exhibited a human-like pattern of sexual dimorphism in right-hand 2D:4D ratio, with females exhibiting higher 2D:4D ratio than males (β = -0.29, p = 0.023). For left-hand 2D:4D ratio, high levels of maternal E1 C predicted low offspring 2D:4D ratio (β = -0.48, p = 0.009). For right-hand 2D:4D ratio, high levels of testosterone (β = -0.53, p = 0.005) and testosterone-to-E1 C ratio (β = -0.41, p = 0.028) predicted low offspring 2D:4D ratio. For 2D:4D ratio asymmetry (right-hand - left-hand), high levels of testosterone (β = -0.43, p = 0.03) and testosterone-to-E1 C ratio (β = -0.53, p = 0.003) predicted low (right-biased) asymmetry. This is the first report of sexually-dimorphic 2D:4D ratio in New World monkeys, and the results support a growing literature suggesting prenatal sex hormones may modulate offspring 2D:4D ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Baxter
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
| | | | - Lynea R Witczak
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Karen L Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
| | - J Dee Higley
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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Glynn LM, Howland MA, Fox M. Maternal programming: Application of a developmental psychopathology perspective. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:905-919. [PMID: 30068423 PMCID: PMC6274636 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The fetal phase of life has long been recognized as a sensitive period of development. Here we posit that pregnancy represents a simultaneous sensitive period for the adult female with broad and persisting consequences for her health and development, including risk for psychopathology. In this review, we examine the transition to motherhood through the lens of developmental psychopathology. Specifically, we summarize the typical and atypical changes in brain and behavior that characterize the perinatal period. We highlight how the exceptional neuroplasticity exhibited by women during this life phase may account for increased vulnerability for psychopathology. Further, we discuss several modes of signaling that are available to the fetus to affect maternal phenotypes (hormones, motor activity, and gene transfer) and also illustrate how evolutionary perspectives can help explain how and why fetal functions may contribute to maternal psychopathology. The developmental psychopathology perspective has spurred advances in understanding risk and resilience for mental health in many domains. As such, it is surprising that this major epoch in the female life span has yet to benefit fully from similar applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Molly Fox
- University of California,Los Angeles
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Rogers FD, Rhemtulla M, Ferrer E, Bales KL. Longitudinal Trajectories and Inter-parental Dynamics of Prairie Vole Biparental Care. Front Ecol Evol 2018; 6:73. [PMID: 31396513 PMCID: PMC6687084 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
For altricial mammalian species, early life social bonds are constructed principally between offspring and their mothers, and the mother-offspring relationship sets the trajectory for offspring bio-behavioral development. In the rare subset of monogamous and biparental species, offspring experience an expanded social network which includes a father. Accordingly, in biparental species fathers also have the potential to influence trajectories of offspring development. Previous semi-natural and laboratory study of one monogamous and biparental species, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), has given insight into the role that mothers and fathers play in shaping behavioral phenotypes of offspring. Of particular interest is the influence of biparental care in the development of monogamous behavior in offspring. Here, we first briefly review that influence. We then present novel research which describes how parental investment in prairie voles changes across sequential litters of pups, and the extent to which it is coordinated between mothers and fathers. We use approximately 6 years of archival data on prairie vole parenting to investigate trajectories and inter-parent dynamics in prairie vole parenting. We use a series of latent growth models to assess the stability of parental investment across the first 4 l. Our findings suggest that prairie voles display sexually dimorphic patterns of change in parental behavior: mothers' investment declines linearly whereas fathers' pattern of change is characterized by initial decline between litters 1 and 2 with subsequent increase from litters 2 to 4. Our findings also support a conclusion that prairie vole paternal care may be better characterized as compensatory-that is, fathers may compensate for decline in maternal investment. Opposing trends in investment between mothers and fathers ultimately imply stability in offspring investment across sequential litters. These findings, combined with previous studies, generate a hypothesis that paternal compensation could play an important role in maintaining the development of monogamous behavioral phenotypes in individual offspring and across cohorts of those offspring. Understanding longitudinal and inter-individual dynamics of complex social behaviors is critical for the informed investigation of both proximate and ultimate mechanisms that may subserve these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest D. Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mijke Rhemtulla
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emilio Ferrer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Karen L. Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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He Z, Zhang S, Yu C, Li Y, Jia R, Tai F. Emotional attachment of pre-weaning pups to mothers and fathers in mandarin voles. Behav Processes 2017; 135:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Maupin AN, Roginiel AC, Rutherford HJV, Mayes LC. A Preliminary Review of Whether Prior Reproductive Experience Influences Caregiving. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2016; 2016:73-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cad.20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Linda C. Mayes
- Yale Child Study Center
- Sewanee: The University of the South
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Glynn LM, Davis EP, Sandman CA, Goldberg WA. Gestational hormone profiles predict human maternal behavior at 1-year postpartum. Horm Behav 2016; 85:19-25. [PMID: 27427279 PMCID: PMC5929113 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In many non-human species, including primates, gestational reproductive hormones play an essential role in the onset of maternal motivation and behaviors. We investigated the associations between prepartum estradiol and progesterone and maternal behavior at 1-year postpartum in 177 women. Blood was obtained at five gestational time points and an index of quality of maternal care was determined using a well-validated mother-child interaction protocol. Women who exhibited higher quality maternal care at 1-year postpartum were characterized by unique gestational profiles of estradiol, progesterone and the estrogen to progesterone ratio; specifically by slower accelerations and levels of these hormone trajectories beginning in midgestation. Further, it appeared that both fetal sex and parity moderated these findings, with first time mothers and mothers of females showing stronger associations. In sum, these data document persisting associations between prepartum hormone profiles and human maternal behavior. More broadly, these findings add to the growing literature highlighting the perinatal period as one of critical neurodevelopment in the lifespan of the human female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Glynn
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, One University Dr., Orange, CA 92868, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Dr., Building 3, Route 88, Orange, CA 92868, United States.
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Dr., Building 3, Route 88, Orange, CA 92868, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race St., Denver, CO 80210, United States
| | - Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Dr., Building 3, Route 88, Orange, CA 92868, United States
| | - Wendy A Goldberg
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 5300 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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Robison WT, Myers MM, Hofer MA, Shair HN, Welch MG. Prairie vole pups show potentiated isolation-induced vocalizations following isolation from their mother, but not their father. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 58:687-99. [PMID: 26990108 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vocalizations can be markers of emotional social communication. Maternal potentiation was originally described as an increased rate of vocalization by isolated rat pups following an interaction with their mothers, but not with other social companions. Here we asked if potentiation in prairie voles, a species with pair-bonding and bi-parental rearing, is parent-specific. We found that isolated, 8-11-day-old voles exhibited potentiation following reunions with the dam, but not the sire. These responses were present whether parents were anesthetized or active during the reunion. There were no significant correlations between parental behaviors during reunions and pup vocalization rates during re-isolation. The absence of potentiation to the sire contrasts to findings in bi-parentally reared rat pups, which do potentiate vocalizations to the sire. We interpret these results to be consistent with the idea that potentiation reflects disruption of mother-infant coregulation and is dependent upon the unique biology of mothering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58:687-699, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Theodore Robison
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Michael M Myers
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Unit 40, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr., New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Myron A Hofer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Unit 40, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr., New York, NY, 10032
| | - Harry N Shair
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Unit 40, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr., New York, NY, 10032
| | - Martha G Welch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032
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Dettmer AM, Rosenberg KL, Suomi SJ, Meyer JS, Novak MA. Associations between Parity, Hair Hormone Profiles during Pregnancy and Lactation, and Infant Development in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131692. [PMID: 26172048 PMCID: PMC4501543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies examining hormones throughout pregnancy and lactation in women have been limited to single, or a few repeated, short-term measures of endocrine activity. Furthermore, potential differences in chronic hormonal changes across pregnancy/lactation between first-time and experienced mothers are not well understood, especially as they relate to infant development. Hormone concentrations in hair provide long-term assessments of hormone production, and studying these measures in non-human primates allows for repeated sampling under controlled conditions that are difficult to achieve in humans. We studied hormonal profiles in the hair of 26 female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta, n=12 primiparous), to determine the influences of parity on chronic levels of cortisol (hair cortisol concentration, HCC) and progesterone (hair progesterone concentration, HPC) during early- to mid-pregnancy (PREG1), in late pregnancy/early lactation (PREG2/LACT1), and in peak lactation (LACT2). We also assessed infants' neurobehavioral development across the first month of life. After controlling for age and stage of pregnancy at the first hair sampling period, we found that HCCs overall peaked in PREG2/LACT1 (p=0.02), but only in primiparous monkeys (p<0.001). HPCs declined across pregnancy and lactation for all monkeys (p<0.01), and primiparous monkeys had higher HPCs overall than multiparous monkeys (p=0.02). Infants of primiparous mothers had lower sensorimotor reflex scores (p=0.02) and tended to be more irritable (p=0.05) and less consolable (p=0.08) in the first month of life. Moreover, across all subjects, HCCs in PREG2/LACT1 were positively correlated with irritability (r(s)=0.43, p=0.03) and negatively correlated with sensorimotor scores (r(s)=-0.41, p=0.04). Together, the present results indicate that primiparity influences both chronic maternal hormonal profiles and infant development. These effects may, in part, reflect differential reproductive and maternal effort in mothers with varied caretaking experience. In addition, infant exposure to relatively higher levels of maternal cortisol during the late fetal and early postnatal periods is predictive of poorer developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Dettmer
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, NIH, Poolesville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kendra L. Rosenberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Suomi
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, NIH, Poolesville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerrold S. Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melinda A. Novak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Bardi M, Eckles M, Kirk E, Landis T, Evans S, Lambert KG. Parity modifies endocrine hormones in urine and problem-solving strategies of captive owl monkeys (Aotus spp.). Comp Med 2014; 64:486-95. [PMID: 25527030 PMCID: PMC4275085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Parental behavior modifies neural, physiologic, and behavioral characteristics of both maternal and paternal mammals. These parenting-induced modifications extend to brain regions not typically associated with parental responses themselves but that enhance ancillary responses, such as foraging efficiency and predator avoidance. Here we hypothesized that male and female owl monkeys (Aotus spp.) with reproductive experience (RE) would demonstrate more adaptive ancillary behavioral and neuroendocrine responses than those of their nonRE counterparts. To assess cognitive skills and coping flexibility, we introduced a foraging strategy task, including a set of novel objects (coin holders) marked with different symbols representing different food rewards, to the animals. To assess endocrine responses, urine samples were assayed for cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels and their ratios to determine physiologic measures of emotional regulation in RE and nonRE owl monkeys. Compared with nonRE monkeys, experienced parents had higher DHEA:cortisol ratios after exposure to habituation training and on the first day of testing in the foraging task. Both hormones play critical roles in the stress response and coping mechanisms, and a high DHEA:cortisol ratio usually indicates increased coping skills. In addition, RE monkeys exhibited more efficient foraging responses (by 4-fold) than did the nonRE mating pairs. We conclude that RE modifies relevant behavioral and hormonal responses of both maternal and paternal owl monkeys exposed to a challenging cognitive paradigm. Corroborating previous research demonstrating adaptive modifications in foraging efficiency and emotional responses in reproductively experienced rodents, the current results extend these findings to a monogamous primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily Kirk
- Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Sian Evans
- DuMond Conservancy and Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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Mustoe AC, Jensen HA, French JA. Describing ovarian cycles, pregnancy characteristics, and the use of contraception in female white-faced marmosets, Callithrix geoffroyi. Am J Primatol 2012; 74:1044-53. [PMID: 22865351 PMCID: PMC3460071 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine data and characteristics of nonconceptive ovarian cycling and pregnancy are limited within the genus Callithrix to the common marmoset (C. jacchus) and Wied's black tufted-ear marmoset (C. kuhlii). This article presents patterns of urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) excretion, as determined by enzyme immunoassay, throughout the course of ovarian cycling and pregnancy in white-faced marmosets (C. geoffroyi). Furthermore, characteristics of reproductive parameters including litter size, duration of gestation, maternal age, and information about ovarian cycling following administration of contraceptives are also described. A steep increase in PdG, an indication of ovulation, characterizes normative ovarian cycles, with peak-to-peak intervals between cycles being 27.82 ± 1.49 days in length. PdG excretion (μg/mg Cr) across pregnancy peaked during the 1st and 2nd trimesters (1st = 20.71 ± 2.98, 2nd = 21.16 ± 2.60) and declined gradually to near preconception levels over the 3rd trimester until parturition (3rd = 5.74 ± 1.60). Gestation lasted 148.55 ± 1.89 days. Most pregnancies (82.8%) resulted in an immediate postpartum ovulation (PPO) of 17.45 ± 2.22 days with 58.3% of PPOs resulting in conception. No differences in PdG excretion during the 1st trimester between full pregnancies and miscarriages were found, and pregnancy characteristics such as litter size, duration of gestation, and maternal age were not associated with PdG concentrations. Administration of cloprostenol resulted in shorter peak-to-peak cycle durations, but ovulation was detectable with similar concentrations of peak PdG to a normal nonconceptive cycle. Conversely, medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injections resulted in little to no PdG excretion across the ovarian cycle. Both methods of contraception providing effective prevention of conception. Overall, these results show that strong similarities in reproductive parameters persist within the genus Callithrix and to a lesser extent across the Callitrichidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaryn C Mustoe
- Callitrichid Research Center, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA.
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