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EFFECT OF BOMA CONFINEMENT ON HEMATOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL VALUES IN FREE-RANGING WHITE RHINOCEROS (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM) IN KRUGER NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH AFRICA. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:735-745. [PMID: 36228618 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Boma adaptation is an important component of rhinoceros translocations to allow transition to new diets, restricted space, and quarantine for disease screening. However, up to 20% of recently captured white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) do not adjust to captivity, resulting in early release or even death. The causes and physiologic consequences of maladaptation to boma confinement are poorly understood. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate hematologic and serum biochemical changes in maladapted rhinoceros compared to animals that adapted under the same boma conditions. Ninety-six white rhinoceros were captured between 2009 and 2011 in Kruger National Park, South Africa and placed in bomas prior to translocation. Weight, complete blood count, and serum biochemical panel results were recorded when rhinoceros were placed in the boma and repeated on the day of release. In this study, the mean duration of boma confinement for maladapted white rhinoceros was 13 d (range 8-16 d) compared to 89.9 d (range 39-187 d) for adapted animals. Mean weight loss between capture and release was significantly greater in maladapted rhinoceros (224.0 versus 65.9 kgs; P<0.001). Although adapted rhinoceros had statistically significant changes in some hematologic and biochemical values, most were not considered clinically relevant. In contrast, the maladapted rhinoceros had significant changes at the time of early release from the boma, including evidence of leukocytosis with left shift, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, decreased red blood cell count and hematocrit, increased serum creatine kinase, and decreased serum calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium values. Along with loss of body condition, these findings were consistent with a stress-associated catabolic response. These changes occurred in the first 2 wk of confinement, and the results provide a foundation for evaluating adaptation in white rhinoceros. Future studies should focus on factors that improve adaptation and welfare of recently confined free-ranging white rhinoceros.
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Guimarães VY, Zanoni DS, Alves CEF, Amorim RL, Takahira RK. Immunohematological features of free-living Alouatta belzebul (Linnaeus, 1766) red-handed howler monkeys in the Eastern Amazon. Primates 2022; 63:671-682. [PMID: 35972703 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01009-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The red-handed howler monkey (Alouatta belzebul) is one of the 35 threatened Brazilian primate species found in two highly endangered Brazilian biomes. Their Amazonian native populations have been declining due to exponential deforestation associated with human activities, especially the construction of dams. The studied population (n = 27) was located in the Belo Monte dam Area of Influence. For the first time, we presented hematological parameters and the basic profile of T (CD3) and B (BSAP PAX5) cells by immunocytochemistry. The results supported the hypothesis that the immuno-hematological profile is influenced by sex, age, and season. Eosinophils were significantly higher in females (p = 0.03), monocytes statistically greater in juveniles (p = 0.04), and total plasma protein increased significantly (p > 0.001) during the dry season. Furthermore, adults showed a statistically higher average absolute number of B lymphocytes than young individuals (p = 0.03), in contrast to T lymphocytes. Even without knowing the full history of antigenic exposure, these results not only contribute to elucidating the boundaries between health and disease but may help lay the groundwork for future research into the effects of anthropogenic stress on immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yunes Guimarães
- Veterinary Clinical Laboratory, Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa St., Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil.
| | - Diogo Sousa Zanoni
- Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa St., Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil
| | | | - Reneé Laufer Amorim
- Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa St., Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Regina Kiomi Takahira
- Veterinary Clinical Laboratory, Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa St., Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil
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HEMATOLOGIC REFERENCE INTEVALS FOR SPIDER MONKEYS (ATELES GEOFFROYI) IN MANAGED CARE WITH RESPECT TO SEX AND AGE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:214-221. [DOI: 10.1638/2018-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Bajpai G, Nahrendorf M. Infectious and lifestyle modifiers of immunity and host resilience. Immunity 2021; 54:1110-1122. [PMID: 34107270 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The interindividual heterogeneity of the immune system likely determines the personal risk for acquiring infections and developing diseases with inflammatory components. In addition to genetic factors, the immune system's heterogeneity is driven by diverging exposures of leukocytes and their progenitors to infections, vaccinations, and health behavior, including lifestyle-related stimuli such as diet, physical inactivity, and psychosocial stress. We review how such experiences alter immune cell responses to concurrent and subsequent challenges, leading to either improved host resilience or disease susceptibility due to a muted or overzealous immune system, with a primary focus on the contribution of innate immune cells. We explore the involvement of diverse mechanisms, including trained immunity, and their relevance for infections and cardiovascular disease, as these prevalent conditions are heavily influenced by immune cell abundance and phenotypic adaptions. Understanding the mechanistic bases of immune modulations by prior or co-exposures may lead to new therapies targeting dysfunctional inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Bajpai
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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de Melo CMF, Daneze ER, Mendes NS, de Souza Ramos IA, Morales-Donoso JA, Fernandes SJ, Machado RZ, André MR, da Rosa Sobreira MF. Genetic diversity and hematological and biochemical alterations in Alouatta primates naturally infected with hemoplasmas in Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 63:104-111. [PMID: 30961804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma spp. and Bartonella spp. are Gram-negative bacteria transmitted by arthropod vectors that infect red blood cells of several mammal species. This study investigated the occurrence and genetic diversity of hemoplasmas and Bartonella spp. in 68 howler monkeys kept in captivity in São Paulo, a southeastern state in Brazil. In addition, possible hematological, biochemical and electrophoretic changes of serum proteins associated with the occurrence of hemoplasmas and Bartonella spp. in captive primates were also investigated. The cPCR results showed that all sampled howler monkeys were negative for Bartonella spp. based on the gltA gene. The cPCR results indicated that 18 (26.47%) non-human primates (NHP) were positive for hemoplasmas based on the 16S rRNA gene. Monocyte and lymphocyte counts were higher in hemoplasma-positive howlers (P < 0.05). Platelet counts decreased in nonhuman primates (NHP) positive for hemoplasmas (P < 0.05). The results from the blood serum proteinogram and biochemistry analyses were not significantly different between NHPs positive and negative for hemotrophic mycoplasmas. Phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian Inference (BI) based on the 16S rRNA gene positioned the obtained sequences close to 'Candidatus Mycoplasma kahanei'. The analysis of sequence diversity of the 16S rRNA gene showed that 5 different genotypes are circulating in NHP in Brazil and in the world; besides, a clear separation between the sequences of hemoplasmas that infect NHP of the Sapajus and Alouatta genus in Brazil was found, probably corresponding to two different species. The pathogenic potential of this hemoplasma species in NHP should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Maria Fernandes de Melo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Edmilson Rodrigo Daneze
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia Serra Mendes
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Inalda Angelica de Souza Ramos
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Alfonso Morales-Donoso
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone J Fernandes
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Fischer CP, Romero LM. Chronic captivity stress in wild animals is highly species-specific. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz093. [PMID: 31824674 PMCID: PMC6892464 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wild animals are brought into captivity for many reasons-conservation, research, agriculture and the exotic pet trade. While the physical needs of animals are met in captivity, the conditions of confinement and exposure to humans can result in physiological stress. The stress response consists of the suite of hormonal and physiological reactions to help an animal survive potentially harmful stimuli. The adrenomedullary response results in increased heart rate and muscle tone (among other effects); elevated glucocorticoid (GC) hormones help to direct resources towards immediate survival. While these responses are adaptive, overexposure to stress can cause physiological problems, such as weight loss, changes to the immune system and decreased reproductive capacity. Many people who work with wild animals in captivity assume that they will eventually adjust to their new circumstances. However, captivity may have long-term or permanent impacts on physiology if the stress response is chronically activated. We reviewed the literature on the effects of introduction to captivity in wild-caught individuals on the physiological systems impacted by stress, particularly weight changes, GC regulation, adrenomedullary regulation and the immune and reproductive systems. This paper did not review studies on captive-born animals. Adjustment to captivity has been reported for some physiological systems in some species. However, for many species, permanent alterations to physiology may occur with captivity. For example, captive animals may have elevated GCs and/or reduced reproductive capacity compared to free-living animals even after months in captivity. Full adjustment to captivity may occur only in some species, and may be dependent on time of year or other variables. We discuss some of the methods that can be used to reduce chronic captivity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Michael Romero
- Department of Biology, 200 College Ave. Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155 USA
- Corresponding author: Department of Biology, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Pyke GH, Szabo JK. Conservation and the 4 Rs, which are rescue, rehabilitation, release, and research. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2018; 32:50-59. [PMID: 28328146 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate animals can be injured or threatened with injury through human activities, thus warranting their "rescue." Details of wildlife rescue, rehabilitation, release, and associated research (our 4 Rs) are often recorded in large databases, resulting in a wealth of available information. This information has huge research potential and can contribute to understanding of animal biology, anthropogenic impacts on wildlife, and species conservation. However, such databases have been little used, few studies have evaluated factors influencing success of rehabilitation and/or release, recommended actions to conserve threatened species have rarely arisen, and direct benefits for species conservation are yet to be demonstrated. We therefore recommend that additional research be based on data from rescue, rehabilitation, and release of animals that is broader in scope than previous research and would have community support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham H Pyke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Department of Biology, Macquarie University, Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Judit K Szabo
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia
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