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Wang Q, Francis G. Coming to the Caribbean: Eighty-five years of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at Cayo Santiago-A rare nonhuman primate model for the studies of adaptation, diseases, genetics, natural disasters, and resilience. Am J Primatol 2024:e23659. [PMID: 38961812 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The Cayo Santiago rhesus macaque colony represents one of the most important nonhuman primate resources since their introduction to the Caribbean area in 1938. The 85 years of continuing existence along with the comprehensive database of the rhesus colony and the derived skeletal collections have provided and will continue to provide a powerful tool to test hypotheses about adaptive and evolutionary mechanisms in both biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - George Francis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Albrecht A, Behringer V, Zierau O, Hannig C. Dental findings in wild great apes from macerated skull analysis. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23581. [PMID: 38041590 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral health is a crucial aspect of overall well-being in both humans and nonhuman primates. Understanding the oral pathologies and dental conditions in apes can provide valuable insights into their evolutionary history, dietary habits, and overall health. The present study evaluates dental findings in wild great apes from museum specimens to gain insights into the influence of natural nutrition on dental health. Complete macerated skulls of wild, adult great apes from the collection of the Museum of Natural History, Berlin, Germany, were examined. We analyzed skulls of 53 gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), 63 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and 41 orangutans (Pongo spp.). For each skull, we recorded wear of dental hard tissues (Lussi and Ganss index), carious lesions, and periodontal bone loss. Incisal and occlusal dental hard tissue defects were found in all skulls, as well as considerable external staining. In all species, incisors and canines showed the greatest loss of tissue, followed by molars. The wear of molars decreased from the first to the third molars, premolars showed the least pronounced defects. Some individuals had apical osteolytic defects along with severe dental hard tissue loss with pulp involvement or after dental trauma, respectively (n = 5). Our study did not observe any carious lesions among the examined great ape skulls. However, we did find evidence for localized or generalized periodontal bone loss in a subset of the specimens (n = 3 chimpanzees, n = 7 orangutans). The natural diet and foraging behavior of great apes induces abrasion and attrition of dental hard tissue but does not yield carious lesions. The occurrence of periodontitis in individual apes indicates that the natural circumstances can induce periodontal bone loss even in the wild, despite physiological nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Albrecht
- Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Pediatric Dentistry Dresden, Faculty of Medicine 'Carl Gustav Carus', Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Verena Behringer
- Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Pediatric Dentistry Dresden, Faculty of Medicine 'Carl Gustav Carus', Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu SS, Nguyen LM, Gonzalez OA. Periodontitis-resistant and -susceptible matriline regulation of gingival transcriptome in nonhuman primates. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:1171-1187. [PMID: 37638662 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report identified if gingival gene expression transcriptomes demonstrated unique profiles that discriminated periodontitis-susceptible (PDS) and periodontitis-resistant (PDR) animals in health and disease. BACKGROUND Nonhuman primates generally organize their social groups based upon matriline origin. We have used a multi-generational colony of rhesus macaques to identify matrilines presenting with significant differences in periodontitis (e.g., earlier age onset, greater prevalence, and severity). METHODS Animals from 12 to 23 years of age (n = 17; 8 - PDR, 9 - PDS) were entered into a ligature-induced periodontitis trial. Gingival biopsies were taken at baseline and 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 months post-ligation, and microarray analysis was used to quantify gene expression in samples at each time point. RESULTS Over 1000 genes showed significant (p < .01) differences in the PDR versus PDS animals at baseline. The frequency of differences generally decreased during the disease process, and increased with resolution (i.e., 5 months). A nearly 2:1 ratio of elevated gene levels was noted in baseline PDR samples that included up-regulated MMPs, Fc receptors, chemokines, interleukins, and innate immune receptors, and down-regulated genes particularly related to epithelial biology. Most dramatically, there was a skewed differential expression of adaptive immune response genes in the PDR and epithelial cell structure/function genes in PDS samples. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate substantive differences in gingival tissue response capacity/programming in PDR and PDS samples that may contribute to the differences in clinical outcomes related to the heritability of disease risk through matrilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - S S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - L M Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez O. Differential oral microbiome in nonhuman primates from periodontitis-susceptible and periodontitis-resistant matrilines. Mol Oral Microbiol 2023; 38:93-114. [PMID: 35837817 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus monkeys (n = 36) exhibiting a healthy periodontium at baseline were used to induce progressing periodontitis through ligature placement around premolar/molar teeth. Bacterial samples were collected at baseline, 0.5, 1, and 3 months of disease and at 5 months for disease resolution. The animals were distributed into two groups (18/group): 3-7 years (young) and 12-23 years (adult) and stratified based upon matriline susceptibility to periodontitis (PDS, susceptible; PDR, resistant). A total of 444 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 100 microbes representing a core microbiome present in ≥75% of the samples were identified. Only 48% of the major phylotypes overlapped in the PDS and PDR samples. Different OTU abundance patterns were seen in young animals from the PDS and PDR matrilines, with qualitative similarities during disease and the relative abundance of phylotypes becoming less diverse. In adults, 23 OTUs were increased during disease in PDS samples and 24 in PDR samples; however, only five were common between these groups. Greater diversity of OTU relative abundance at baseline was observed with adult compared to young oral samples from both the PDS and PDR groups. With disease initiation (2 weeks), less diversity of relative abundance and some distinctive increases in specific OTUs were noted. By 1 month, there was considerable qualitative homogeneity in the major OTUs in both groups; however, by 3 months, there was an exacerbation of both qualitative and quantitative differences in the dominant OTUs between the PDS and PDR samples. These results support that some differences in disease expression related to matriline (familial) periodontitis risk may be explained by microbiome features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sreenatha Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Octovio Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu SS, Gonzalez OA. Oral microbiome interactions with gingival gene expression patterns for apoptosis, autophagy and hypoxia pathways in progressing periodontitis. Immunology 2021; 162:405-417. [PMID: 33314069 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucosal tissues must react with and respond to microbes comprising the oral microbiome ecology. This study examined the interaction of the microbiome with transcriptomic footprints of apoptosis, autophagy and hypoxia pathways during periodontitis. Adult Macaca mulatta (n = 18; 12-23 years of age) exhibiting a healthy periodontium at baseline were used to induce progressing periodontitis through ligature placement around premolar/molar teeth. Gingival tissue samples collected at baseline, 0·5, 1 and 3 months of disease and at 5 months for disease resolution were analysed via microarray. Bacterial samples were collected at identical sites to the host tissues and analysed using MiSeq. Significant changes in apoptosis and hypoxia gene expression occurred with initiation of disease, while autophagy gene changes generally emerged later in disease progression samples. These interlinked pathways contributing to cellular homeostasis showed significant correlations between altered gene expression profiles in apoptosis, autophagy and hypoxia with groups of genes correlated in different directions across health and disease samples. Bacterial complexes were identified that correlated significantly with profiles of host genes in health, disease and resolution for each pathway. These relationships were more robust in health and resolution samples, with less bacterial complex diversity during disease. Using these pathways as cellular responses to stress in the local periodontal environment, the data are consistent with the concept of dysbiosis at the functional genomics level. It appears that the same bacteria in a healthy microbiome may be interfacing with host cells differently than in a disease lesion site and contributing to the tissue destructive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sreenatha S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Galbany J, Muhire T, Vecellio V, Mudakikwa A, Nyiramana A, Cranfield MR, Stoinski TS, McFarlin SC. Incisor tooth wear and age determination in mountain gorillas from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:930-935. [PMID: 30368801 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ecological factors, but also tooth-to-tooth contact over time, have a dramatic effect on tooth wear in primates. The aim of this study is to test whether incisor tooth wear changes predictably with age and can thus be used as an age estimation method in a wild population of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. MATERIALS AND METHODS In mountain gorillas of confidently known chronological age (N = 24), we measured the crown height of all permanent maxillary and mandibular incisors (I1 , I1 , I2 , I2 ) as a proxy for incisal macrowear. Linear and quadratic regressions for each incisor were used to test whether age can be predicted by crown height. Using these models, we then predicted age at death of two individual mountain gorillas of probable identifications, based on their incisor crown height. RESULTS Age decreased significantly with incisor height for all teeth, but the upper first incisors (I1 ) provided the best results, with the lowest Akaike's Information Criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc) and lowest Standard Error of the Estimate (SEE). When the best age equations for each sex were applied to gorillas with probable identifications, the predicted ages differed 1.58 and 3.33 years from the probable ages of these individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our findings corroborate that incisor crown height, a proxy for incisal wear, varies predictably with age. This relationship can be used to estimate age at death of unknown gorillas in the skeletal collection, and in some cases, to corroborate the identity of individual gorillas recovered from the forest postmortem at an advanced state of decomposition. Such identifications help fill gaps in the demographic database and support research that requires individual-level data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Galbany
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thadée Muhire
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Antoine Mudakikwa
- Department of Tourism and Conservation, Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Michael R Cranfield
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Shannon C McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Ebersole JL, Orraca L, Kensler TB, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Maldonado E, Gonzalez OA. Periodontal disease susceptible matrilines in the Cayo Santiago Macaca mulatta macaques. J Periodontal Res 2018; 54:134-142. [PMID: 30277577 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND The expression of periodontitis, including age of onset, extent, and severity is considered to represent an interaction of the individual's oral microbiome and host response to the microbial challenge that is modified by both genetics and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of periodontitis in a population of nonhuman primates, to document features of familial distribution that could reflect heritability and transmission of microbes with enhanced virulence. MATERIAL AND METHODS This report presents our findings from evaluation of periodontal disease bone defects in skulls from 569 animals (5-31 years of age) derived from the skeletons of the rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of Cayo Santiago derived from eight matrilines over 6-9 generations. The distance from the base of alveolar bone to the cemento-enamel junction on 1st /2nd premolars and 1st /2nd molars from all four quadrants was evaluated as a measure of periodontal disease. Additionally, we documented the presence of periodontitis in 79 living descendants within these matrilines. RESULTS The results demonstrated an increased extent and severity of periodontitis with aging across all matrilines. Extensive heterogeneity in disease expression was observed among the animals and this was linked to specific periodontitis susceptible matrilines. Moreover, we identified some matrilines in which the members appeared to show some resistance to more severe disease, even with aging. CONCLUSION Linking these disease variations to multigenerational matriarchal family units supported familial susceptibility of periodontitis. This familial disease relationship was reinforced by the distribution of naturally-occurring periodontitis in the living descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Luis Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Terry B Kensler
- Laboratory of Primate Morphology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Elisabeth Maldonado
- Laboratory of Primate Morphology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Li H, Luo W, Feng A, Tang ML, Kensler TB, Maldonado E, Gonzalez OA, Kessler MJ, Dechow PC, Ebersole JL, Wang Q. Odontogenic abscesses in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) of Cayo Santiago. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:441-457. [PMID: 30129143 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Odontogenic abscesses are one of the most common dental diseases causing maxillofacial skeletal lesions. They affect the individual's ability to maintain the dental structures necessary to obtain adequate nutrition for survival and reproduction. In this study, the prevalence and pattern of odontogenic abscesses in relation to age, sex, matriline, and living periods were investigated in adult rhesus macaque skeletons of the free-ranging colony on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. MATERIALS AND METHODS The skulls used for this study were from the skeletons of 752 adult rhesus macaques, aged 8-31 years, and born between 1951 and 2000. They came from 66 matrilines ranging from 1 to 88 individuals. Fistulae or skeletal lesions caused by odontogenic abscesses drainage, carious lesions, tooth fractures, tooth loss, and alveolar resorption were evaluated visually. RESULTS Seventy-two specimens (9.57%) had odontogenic abscesses of varying severity. Males had a significantly higher prevalence than females. The prevalence of odontogenic abscesses in several matrilines was significantly higher than in the population as a whole. Animals born between 1950 and 1965 tended to have a higher prevalence of odontogenic abscesses than those born in later periods. DISCUSSION These results suggest that oral pathologies, such as dental and periodontal abscesses in rhesus macaques are fairly common, which may indicate familial effects interwoven with ecological and social factors. The closeness of the rhesus and human genomes allows insights to understand of the epidemiology of these diseases in the human population. Further assessment of the role played by environmental and familial factors on rhesus oral health and disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Anna Feng
- Pre-Dental Scholars Program, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michelle L Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Terry B Kensler
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Elizabeth Maldonado
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research & Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Matthew J Kessler
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
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Colombo APV, Paster BJ, Grimaldi G, Lourenço TGB, Teva A, Campos-Neto A, McCluskey J, Kleanthous H, Van Dyke TE, Stashenko P. Clinical and microbiological parameters of naturally occurring periodontitis in the non-human primate Macaca mulatta. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1403843. [PMID: 29805776 PMCID: PMC5963701 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1403843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-human primates appear to represent the most faithful model of human disease, but to date the oral microbiome in macaques has not been fully characterized using next-generation sequencing. Objective: In the present study, we characterized the clinical and microbiological features of naturally occurring periodontitis in non-human primates (Macaca mulatta). Design: Clinical parameters of periodontitis including probing pocket depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured in 40 adult macaques (7–22 yrs), at six sites per tooth. Subgingival plaque was collected from diseased and healthy sites, and subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing and identification at the species or higher taxon level. Results: All macaques had mild periodontitis at minimum, with numerous sites of PD ≥ 4 mm and BOP. A subset (14/40) had moderate-severe disease, with >2 sites with PD ≥ 5mm, deeper mean PD, and more BOP. Animals with mild vs moderate-severe disease were identical in age, suggesting genetic heterogeneity. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that all macaques had species that were identical to those in humans or closely related to human counterparts, including Porphyromonas gingivalis which was present in all animals. Diseased and healthy sites harboured distinct microbiomes; however there were no significant differences in the microbiomes in moderate-severe vs. mild periodontitis. Conclusions: Naturally occurring periodontitis in older macaques closely resembles human adult periodontitis, thus validating a useful model to evaluate novel anti-microbial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P V Colombo
- Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B J Paster
- Departments of Microbiology and Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G Grimaldi
- Department of Immunology, Fiocruz Primate Research Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T G B Lourenço
- Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A Teva
- Department of Immunology, Fiocruz Primate Research Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A Campos-Neto
- Departments of Microbiology and Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - T E Van Dyke
- Departments of Microbiology and Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P Stashenko
- Departments of Microbiology and Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Roux P, Brecheisen M, de Carvalho R, Bergadano A. Diagnoses and Treatment of Dental Disorders in a Research Colony of Macaca fascicularis: A Case Series. J Vet Dent 2017; 34:179-189. [PMID: 28814183 DOI: 10.1177/0898756417722021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During daily routine oral examinations in a research colony of nonhuman primates (NHPs, Macaca fascicularis), a variety of oral-dental lesions were identified. A dental care program was established based on these findings. Based on the presence of dental clinical signs and their severity, 31 animals were triaged to be examined and treated by a veterinarian. Clinical examination consisted of visual inspection using a periodontal probe/explorer and full or partial mouth dental radiographs. Treatment was performed during the same procedure. Some animals had a follow-up examination including radiographs months later. Four common dental diseases were diagnosed: periodontal disease, caries, tooth fracture, and tooth attrition. Less frequent were dental abscess, enamel hypomineralization, gingival hyperplasia, hypercementosis, tooth luxation, tooth dysplasia, root resorption, abrasion. Less severe periodontal disease was treated conservatively. If severely affected, teeth were extracted. Well-circumscribed caries without endodontic involvement were treated by composite restoration. Teeth with extensive caries and pulp involvement were extracted. Teeth with exposed pulp were treated via extraction or orthograde root canal treatment. In this case series, 27 (87%) of 31 NHPs exhibited at least 1 moderate to severe dental lesion that required treatment. The presumable improvement in welfare and weight of oral/dental lesions for the overall health status in research NHPs encourages us to continue this program prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muriel Brecheisen
- 2 F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Comparative Medicine, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rafael de Carvalho
- 2 F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Comparative Medicine, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Bergadano
- 2 F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Comparative Medicine, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Pandruvada SN, Gonzalez OA, Kirakodu S, Gudhimella S, Stromberg AJ, Ebersole JL, Orraca L, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Novak MJ, Huja SS. Bone biology-related gingival transcriptome in ageing and periodontitis in non-human primates. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:408-17. [PMID: 26859687 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cellular and molecular immunoinflammatory changes in gingival tissues drive alveolar bone loss in periodontitis. Since ageing is a risk factor for periodontitis, we sought to identify age-related gingival transcriptome changes associated with bone metabolism in both healthy and in naturally occurring periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult (12-16 years) and aged (18-23 years) non-human primates (M. mulatta) (n = 24) were grouped into healthy and periodontitis. Gingival tissue samples were obtained and subjected to microarray analysis using the Gene Chip Macaque Genome Array. Gene expression profiles involved in osteoclast/osteoblast proliferation, adhesion and function were evaluated and compared across and between the age groups. QPCR was also performed on selected genes to validate microarray data. RESULTS Healthy aged tissues showed a gene profile expression that suggest enhancement of osteoclastic adhesion, proliferation/survival and function (SPP1, TLR4, MMP8 and TFEC) and impaired osteoblastic activity (SMEK3P and SMAD5). The gingival transcriptome in both adult and aged animals with naturally occurring periodontitis (FOS, IL6, TLR4, MMP9, MMP10 and SPP1 genes) was consistent with a local inflammatory response driving towards bone/connective tissue destruction. CONCLUSION A pro-osteoclastogenic gingival transcriptome is associated with periodontitis irrespective of age; however; a greater bone-destructive molecular environment is associated with ageing in healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanya N Pandruvada
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sreenatha Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sudha Gudhimella
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Luis Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - Michael J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sarandeep S Huja
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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