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Cuerrier-Richer E. Missing and murdered indigenous women and girls in Canada: a new population affinity assessment technique to aid in identification using 3D technology. Forensic Sci Res 2022; 7:427-439. [DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.2023417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Ross AH, Pilloud M. The need to incorporate human variation and evolutionary theory in forensic anthropology: A call for reform. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:672-683. [PMID: 34365637 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In 1992, Norm Sauer called for a language shift in which practitioners would move away from the socially loaded term "race" and replace it with the less provocative term "ancestry." While many heeded the call and moved towards ancestry in their research and reports, the actual approach to research and analysis did not change. In response to this change, there was a large growth in ancestry estimation method development in the early decade of the 2000s. However, the practice of ancestry estimation did not adequately incorporate evolutionary theory in interpretation or trait selection and continued with little critical reflection. In the past decade, there has been an increase in ancestry validation methods with little critique of the "race" concept or discussion of modern human variation or reference samples. To advance, forensic anthropologists need to reckon with the practice of ancestry estimation as it is currently practiced. We are calling for another reform in the axiom focusing on evolutionary theory, population history, trait selection, and population-level reference samples. The practice needs to abandon the terms ancestry and race completely and recalibrate to an analysis of population affinity. Population affinity is a statistical approach based on the underlying population structure that would allow the understanding of how microevolutionary forces act in concert with historical events (e.g., colonization, the Transatlantic Slave Trade, etc.) to shape modern human variation. This is not to be confused with geographic ancestry that all too often can be perceived as interchangeable with social race and as an affirmation of the biological concept of race. It is time to critically evaluate the social and scientific implications of the current practice of ancestry estimation, and re-frame our approach to studying and analyzing modern human variation through a population structure approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann H Ross
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marin Pilloud
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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Sujitha P, Bhavyaa R, Muthu MS, Kirthiga M. Morphological variations and prevalence of aberrant traits of primary molars. Ann Hum Biol 2021; 48:294-306. [PMID: 34032195 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1929476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological variations in tooth structure exhibit as metric and non-metric traits which play an important role in dental anthropology. AIM The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of morphometric traits and mean crown dimensions of primary molars in children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out in 4256 sectional dye casts of caries-free children aged 2.5-4 years from Puducherry. Two calibrated examiners graded the non-metric traits utilising the Arizona State University Dental Anthropological System classification and measured the crown dimensions in primary molars. The results are expressed in the form of numbers and percentages. RESULTS Of the eight non-metric traits studied, metaconule (30.17%), Cusp of Carabelli (90.6%), and deflecting wrinkle (87.41%) in second primary molars, and distal trigonid crest (93.06%) and parastyle (3.48%) in first primary molars, seemed to have higher prevalence, and the overall crown dimensions were found to be smaller in comparison with those in other populations. CONCLUSION This study highlights the prevalence of aberrant dental traits in primary molars in a population. The study describes, for the first time, the existence of these traits in first primary molars, adding anthropological significance of primary dentition in various other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sujitha
- Centre for Early Childhood Caries Research (CECCRe), Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - R Bhavyaa
- Centre for Early Childhood Caries Research (CECCRe), Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - M S Muthu
- Centre for Early Childhood Caries Research (CECCRe), Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - M Kirthiga
- Centre for Early Childhood Caries Research (CECCRe), Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Jeong Y, Jeong G, Pergande S, Lee K. Generating a Vertebrae‐based Method to Discriminate between Korean and U.S. White Male Casualties from the Korean War,. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1776-1781. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangseung Jeong
- Department of Biology Middle Tennessee State University 1301 E Main Street Murfreesboro TN 37132
| | - Gyorae Jeong
- Department of Police Science Korean National Police University 100‐50 Hwangsan‐gil, Sinchang‐myeon Asan‐si Chungcheongnam‐do 31539 South Korea
| | - Simon Pergande
- Forensic Science Program Middle Tennessee State University 1301 E Main Street Murfreesboro TN 37132
| | - Keunjae Lee
- Department of Economics Pusan National University Busandaehak‐ro 63 beon‐gil, Geumjeong‐gu Busan 46241 South Korea
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Ifekwunigwe JO, Wagner JK, Yu JH, Harrell TM, Bamshad MJ, Royal CD. A Qualitative Analysis of How Anthropologists Interpret the Race Construct. AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 2017; 119:422-434. [PMID: 30078844 PMCID: PMC6075721 DOI: 10.1111/aman.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This article assesses anthropological thinking about the race concept and its applications. Drawn from a broader national survey of geneticists' and anthropologists' views on race, in this analysis, we provide a qualitative account of anthropologists' perspectives. We delve deeper than simply asserting that "race is a social construct." Instead, we explore the differential ways in which anthropologists describe and interpret how race is constructed. Utilizing the heuristic of constructors, shifters, and reconcilers, we also illustrate the ways in which anthropologists conceptualize their interpretations of race along a broad spectrum as well as what these differential approaches reveal about the ideological and biological consequences of socially defined races, such as racism in general and racialized health disparities in particular. [race concept, social construction, racism, health disparities].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne O Ifekwunigwe
- Center on Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID), Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
| | - Jennifer K Wagner
- Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822;
| | - Joon-Ho Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105;
| | | | - Michael J Bamshad
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105;
| | - Charmaine D Royal
- Departments of African and African American Studies, Biology and Community and Family Medicine and Center on Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
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Dent SC. Interindividual differences in embodied marginalization: Osteological and stable isotope analyses of antebellum enslaved individuals. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C. Dent
- Department of Anthropology and Research Laboratories of Archaeology; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 27599 North Carolina
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Geller PL, Stojanowksi CM. The vanishing Black Indian: Revisiting craniometry and historic collections. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 162:267-284. [PMID: 27753072 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article uses craniometric allocation as a platform for discussing the legacy of Samuel G. Morton's collection of crania, the process of racialization, and the value of contextualized biohistoric research perspectives in biological anthropology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Standard craniometric measurements were recorded for seven Seminoles in the Samuel G. Morton Crania Collection and 10 European soldiers from the Fort St. Marks Military Cemetery; all individuals were men and died in Florida during the 19th century. Fordisc 3.1 was used to assess craniometric affinity with respect to three samples: the Forensic Data Bank, Howells data set, and an archival sample that best fits the target populations collected from 19th century Florida. Discriminant function analyses were used to evaluate how allocations change across the three comparative databases, which roughly reflect a temporal sequence. RESULTS Most Seminoles allocated as Native American, while most soldiers allocated as Euro-American. Allocation of Seminole crania, however, was unstable across analysis runs with more individuals identifying as African Americans when compared to the Howells and Forensic Data Bank. To the contrary, most of the soldiers produced consistent allocations across analyses. Repeatability for the St. Marks sample was lower when using the archival sample database, contrary to expectations. For the Seminole crania, Cohen's κ indicates significantly lower repeatability. A possible Black Seminole individual was identified in the Morton Collection. DISCUSSION Recent articles discussing the merits and weaknesses of comparative craniometry focus on methodological issues. In our biohistoric approach, we use the patterning of craniometric allocations across databases as a platform for discussing social race and its development during the 19th century, a process known as racialization. Here we propose that differences in repeatability for the Seminoles and Euro-American soldiers reflect this process and transformation of racialized identities during 19th century U.S. nation-building. In particular, notions of whiteness were and remain tightly controlled, while other racial categorizations were affected by legal, social, and political contexts that resulted in hybridity in lieu of boundedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Geller
- Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Christopher M Stojanowksi
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Arizona.,Center for Bioarchaeological Research, Arizona State University, Arizona
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Dental anthropology of a Brazilian sample: Frequency of nonmetric traits. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 258:102.e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sevush-Garcy J, Gutierrez J. An Epidemiological Perspective on Race/Ethnicity and Stroke. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-015-0448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Admixture Indicative Interval (AII): a new approach to assess trends in genetic admixture. Genetica 2014; 142:473-82. [PMID: 25238944 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-014-9792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The genetic admixture is a dynamic and diachronic process, taking place during a great number of generations. Consequently, a sole admixture rate does not represent such an event and several estimates could help to take into account its dynamics. We developed an Admixture Indicative Interval (AII) which gives a mathematical key to avoid this problem by integrating several admixture estimators and their respective accuracy into a single metric and provides a trend in genetic admixture. To illustrate AIIs interests in admixture studies, AII were calculated using seven estimators on two sets of simulated SNPs data generated under two different admixture scenarios and were then calculated from several published admixed population data: a Comorian population and several Puerto-Rican and Colombian populations for recent admixture events as well as European populations representing the Neolithic/Paleolithic admixture for an older event. Our method provides intervals taking properly the variability and accuracy of admixture estimates into account. The AII lays in the intuitive interval in all actual and simulated datasets and is not biased by divergent points by the mean of a double-weighting step. The great quantity of heterogeneous parental contributions is synthesized by a few AII, which turn out to be more manageable and meaningful than aplenty variable point estimates. This offers an improvement in admixture study, allowing a better understanding of migratory flows. Furthermore, it offers a better assessment of admixture than the arithmetic mean, and enhances comparisons between regions, samples, and between studies on same population.
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Edgar HJH, Daneshvari S, Harris EF, Kroth PJ. Inter-observer agreement on subjects' race and race-informative characteristics. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23986. [PMID: 21897865 PMCID: PMC3163683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Health and socioeconomic disparities tend to be experienced along racial and ethnic lines, but investigators are not sure how individuals are assigned to groups, or how consistent this process is. To address these issues, 1,919 orthodontic patient records were examined by at least two observers who estimated each individual's race and the characteristics that influenced each estimate. Agreement regarding race is high for African and European Americans, but not as high for Asian, Hispanic, and Native Americans. The indicator observers most often agreed upon as important in estimating group membership is name, especially for Asian and Hispanic Americans. The observers, who were almost all European American, most often agreed that skin color is an important indicator of race only when they also agreed the subject was European American. This suggests that in a diverse community, light skin color is associated with a particular group, while a range of darker shades can be associated with members of any other group. This research supports comparable studies showing that race estimations in medical records are likely reliable for African and European Americans, but are less so for other groups. Further, these results show that skin color is not consistently the primary indicator of an individual's race, but that other characteristics such as facial features add significant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J H Edgar
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
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L’Abbé E, Van Rooyen C, Nawrocki S, Becker P. An evaluation of non-metric cranial traits used to estimate ancestry in a South African sample. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 209:195.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gourjon G, Boëtsch G, Degioanni A. Gender and population history: Sex bias revealed by studying genetic admixture of Ngazidja population (Comoro Archipelago). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 144:653-60. [PMID: 21312182 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Géraud Gourjon
- UMR 6578 Anthropologie bioculturelle, Université de la Méditerranée/CNRS/EFS, Faculté de Médecine-Secteur Nord Université de la Méditerranée, Bd. Pierre Dramard, Marseille Cedex 15, France
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