1
|
Eroglu E, Ozcan T. Pro-pre and Postbiotic Fermentation of the Dietetic Dairy Matrix with Prebiotic Sugar Replacers. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:726-736. [PMID: 37093514 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, bacterial growth, postbiotic short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) formation, and gelation properties of sugar-free probiotic milk gels produced with stevia and inulin as a sugar replacer and synbiotic interactions were investigated with regard to prebiotic/bio-therapeutic potential and consumer preference. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis cultures were used in the manufacture of dietetic milk gels. The addition of stevia and inulin promoted the viability of bacteria and enhanced milk gel firmness throughout its shelf life. The activity of the probiotic bacteria was identified to be within the potential prebiotic effects (> 8.30 log10 cfu mL-1) in a food matrix. However, it was determined that especially stevia and stevia + inulin addition increased the survival rate of probiotic bacteria and in vitro total SCFA production with higher scores for consumers' preferences rather than with the addition of stevia alone. Yoghurts containing B. animalis subsp. lactis have improved the instrumental textural properties, whereas yoghurts containing L. acidophilus had higher scores for sensorial attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Eroglu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, 16059, Turkey
| | - Tulay Ozcan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, 16059, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zuercher MD, Harvey DJ, Santiago-Torres M, Au LE, Shivappa N, Shadyab AH, Allison M, Snetselaar L, Liu B, Robbins JA, Hébert JR, Garcia L. Dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular disease risk in Hispanic women from the Women's Health Initiative. Nutr J 2023; 22:5. [PMID: 36631866 PMCID: PMC9835220 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-023-00838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Hispanic women from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), and to determine if body mass index (BMI) interacted with the DII scores. METHODS Secondary analysis of baseline dietary data and long-term CVD outcomes among 3,469 postmenopausal women who self-identified as Hispanic enrolled in WHI. DII scores were calculated from self-administered food frequency questionnaires. The CVD outcomes included coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Stratified Cox regression models were used to assess the relationship between DII scores and CVD in women with and without obesity. Models were adjusted for age, lifestyle risk factors, known risk factors, and neighborhood socioeconomic status. RESULTS The incidence of CHD was 3.4 and 2.8% for stroke after a median follow-up of 12.9 years. None of the DIIs were associated with CVD risk in this sample of Hispanic women. BMI interacted with the DII (p < 0.20) and stratified models showed that the associations between the DII and CVD were only significant in women with overweight (p < 0.05). In this group, higher DII scores were associated with a higher risk of CHD (HR 1.27; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.51) and a higher risk of stroke (HR 1.32; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.64). CONCLUSION Among postmenopausal Hispanic women with overweight, greater adherence to pro-inflammatory diets was associated with higher risk of CVD. Additional research is needed to understand how to promote long-term heart-healthy dietary habits to reduce inflammation and prevent CVD in at-risk Hispanic women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica D. Zuercher
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Danielle J. Harvey
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Margarita Santiago-Torres
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Lauren E. Au
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- grid.254567.70000 0000 9075 106XDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Aladdin H. Shadyab
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Matthew Allison
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Family Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Linda Snetselaar
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Buyun Liu
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - John A. Robbins
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - James R. Hébert
- grid.254567.70000 0000 9075 106XDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Lorena Garcia
- University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA. .,Medical Sciences 1C, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohammadi H, Eshtiaghi R, Gorgani S, Khoramizade M. Assessment of Insulin, GLUT2 and inflammatory cytokines genes expression in pancreatic β-Cells in zebrafish ( Danio rario) with overfeeding diabetes induction w/o glucose. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1567-1572. [PMID: 34900808 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract In recent years, zebrafish have been proposed as a model for rapid analysis of gene function and biological activity due to high genetic similarities with humans. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of overfeeding-induced diabetes w/o glucose on inflammatory cytokine as well as insulin and glucose transporter-2 genes (GLUT2) genes expression in the pancreas in zebrafish. Materials and methods The experiment was performed on 120 zebrafish (duplicated sample) with a specific genetic mapping (AB-Wild type). A total of 8 tanks, each containing 15 fish per 2-liter water, were used and divided into four groups: (1) Control group, (2) regular diet with glucose,3) Only Artemia overfeeding and 4) Combined Artemia with glucose. We induced T2DM zebrafish using glucose monohydrate solution in water and repeated daily Artemia feeding. In this model, fasting blood glucose increase is preceded by obesity and glucose intolerance. The experiment lasted for two months. Blood glucose and fish biometrics were measured in two steps. The expression of TNFα, IFNγ, GLUT2 and Insulin genes were quantified by a Real-Time qPCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA) using a set of specific primers. Results The highest mortality rate was observed in combined Artemia and glucose (p < 0.05). We showed significantly higher expression of IL-1B and TNF-α as well as inhibitory cytokines such as IFNγ genes in overfeeding induced diabetes(OID) which was highest in the combined Artemia and glucose group.(p < 0.05)The GLUT2 gene expression was higher in the pure artemia group which decreased to a lower level by adding glucose to Artemia in the diet. (p < 0.05). Also, the lowest insulin gene expression was observed in the combined group (p < 0.05). Conclusions In zebrafish, diabetes induction with overfeeding and supraphysiological glucose in diet accompanied with higher expression of inflammatory cytokines genes in the pancreas as well as lower insulin and GLU2 genes. These epigenetic factors appeared to initiate pancreatic beta dysfunction alongside insulin resistance and could have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of overfeeding-induced diabetes using primitive animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mohammadi
- Department of Aquaculture Science, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Paramedical School, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Radina Eshtiaghi
- Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Ward, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sattar Gorgani
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Paramedical School, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Khoramizade
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, and Zebra fish core Facility (ZFIN ID : ZDB-LAB- 190117-2), Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bootorabi F, Saadat F, Falak R, Manouchehri H, Changizi R, Mohammadi H, Safavifar F, Khorramizadeh MR. Gut micobiota alteration by Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and glucose level in the adult model of Zebrafish. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:302. [PMID: 34372916 PMCID: PMC8351095 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still a challenge for physicians to manage patient’s circumstances. It is assumed that alterations in the normal flora may be involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM through inducing chronic inflammation. To investigate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus as a common probiotic on T2DM, we induced an experimental model of T2DM in adult male Zebrafish by gradient hyper-glucose accumulation methodology. Results In this trial 3-month old male adult Zebrafish were divided in to four groups including two control groups and T2DM induced groups with or without probiotic treatment. After 5 days of acclimation, T2DM was induced by a gradient hyper-glucose accumulation methodology. Diabetic fishes had statistically abnormal blood glucose and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels compared to control group (p = 0.0001). These results suggest that probiotic intervention decreased the blood glucose level in the T2DM-P group by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for signaling in T2DM therapeutic modalities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05706-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bootorabi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI), Next to Dr. Shariati Hospital,#10 Jalal Al-E-Ahmad Expy, 1411713119, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Saadat
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Manouchehri
- Department of Aquaculture, Babol Branch of Islamic Azad University, 47134, Babol, Iran
| | - Reza Changizi
- Department of Aquaculture, Babol Branch of Islamic Azad University, 47134, Babol, Iran
| | - Hasan Mohammadi
- Zebrafish Core Facility, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Safavifar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khorramizadeh
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI), Next to Dr. Shariati Hospital,#10 Jalal Al-E-Ahmad Expy, 1411713119, Tehran, Iran. .,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
University of Alabama at Birmingham Nathan Shock Center: comparative energetics of aging. GeroScience 2021; 43:2149-2160. [PMID: 34304389 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The UAB Nathan Shock Center focuses on comparative energetics and aging. Energetics, as defined for this purpose, encompasses the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of the acquisition, storage, and use of metabolizable energy. Comparative energetics is the study of metabolic processes at multiple scales and across multiple species as it relates to health and aging. The link between energetics and aging is increasingly understood in terms of dysregulated mitochondrial function, altered metabolic signaling, and aberrant nutrient responsiveness with increasing age. The center offers world-class expertise in comprehensive, integrated energetic assessment and analysis from the level of the organelle to the organism and across species from the size of worms to rats as well as state-of-the-art data analytics. The range of services offered by our three research cores, (1) The Organismal Energetics Core, (2) Mitometabolism Core, and (3) Data Analytics Core, is described herein.
Collapse
|
6
|
The Effect of Probiotic Yogurt on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes or Obesity: A Meta-Analysis of Nine Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030671. [PMID: 30897796 PMCID: PMC6471569 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic yogurt is suggested as a nutritional approach in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of probiotic yogurt on glycemic outcomes in T2D or obesity. The databases used to search for RCTs included Medline and Scopus. The RCTs were eligible if outcomes included selected glycemic markers. In nine eligible trials, 237 and 235 subjects were in treatment (probiotic yogurt) and control (mostly conventional yogurt) groups, respectively. There was no significant difference for pooled unstandardized mean difference (USMD) hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) by probiotic yogurt compared with the control in T2D (USMD: -0.366; 95% CI: -0.755, 0.024, p = 0.066) and obesity (USMD: 0.116, 95% CI: -0.007, 0.238, p = 0.065). Similarly, there were no effects of probiotic yogurt on fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, or insulin resistance (estimated by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)) in either T2D or obesity. In conclusion, the present meta-analysis has not demonstrated the benefits of consuming probiotic compared with conventional yogurt for improving glucose control in patients with diabetes or obesity. Larger trials are needed to verify the benefits of probiotic and/or conventional yogurt or other probiotic fermented milk (e.g., kefir) on glycemic markers in patients with diabetes and obesity.
Collapse
|
7
|
A global evolutionary and metabolic analysis of human obesity gene risk variants. Gene 2017; 627:412-419. [PMID: 28687331 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the selection of gene variants during human evolution optimized energy metabolism that now interacts with our obesogenic environment to increase the prevalence of obesity. The purpose of this study was to perform a global evolutionary and metabolic analysis of human obesity gene risk variants (110 human obesity genes with 127 nearest gene risk variants) identified using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to enhance our knowledge of early and late genotypes. As a result of determining the mean frequency of these obesity gene risk variants in 13 available populations from around the world our results provide evidence for the early selection of ancestral risk variants (defined as selection before migration from Africa) and late selection of derived risk variants (defined as selection after migration from Africa). Our results also provide novel information for association of these obesity genes or encoded proteins with diverse metabolic pathways and other human diseases. The overall results indicate a significant differential evolutionary pattern for the selection of obesity gene ancestral and derived risk variants proposed to optimize energy metabolism in varying global environments and complex association with metabolic pathways and other human diseases. These results are consistent with obesity genes that encode proteins possessing a fundamental role in maintaining energy metabolism and survival during the course of human evolution.
Collapse
|
8
|
Genetic ancestry in relation to the metabolic response to a US versus traditional Mexican diet: a randomized crossover feeding trial among women of Mexican descent. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:395-401. [PMID: 27966572 PMCID: PMC5332296 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Certain populations with a large proportion of indigenous American (IA) genetic ancestry may be evolutionarily adapted to traditional diets high in legumes and complex carbohydrates, and may have a detrimental metabolic response to US diets high in refined carbohydrates and added sugars. We tested whether IA ancestry modified the metabolic response to a US versus traditional Mexican diet in a controlled dietary intervention. SUBJECTS/METHODS First and second generation Mexican immigrant women (n=53) completed a randomized crossover feeding trial testing the effects of a US versus traditional Mexican diet. The metabolic response to the diets was measured by fasting serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), adiponectin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and computed homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMAIR). Blood collected at baseline was used for genotyping, and estimation of African, European and IA ancestries with the use of 214 ancestry informative markers. RESULTS The genetic ancestral background was 56% IA, 38% European and 6% African. Women in the highest IA ancestry tertile (>62%) were shorter in height, less educated and less acculturated to the US lifestyle, and tended to have higher waist-to-hip ratio compared with women in the middle and lowest IA ancestry tertiles, respectively. Compared with the US diet, the traditional Mexican diet tended to reduce glucose, insulin, IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and HOMAIR among women in the middle IA ancestry group (IA ancestry ⩽45-62%), whereas having no effect on biomarkers related to inflammation. CONCLUSIONS We observed modest interactions between IA ancestry and the metabolic response to a US versus traditional Mexican diet among Mexican immigrant women.
Collapse
|
9
|
Barengolts E. GUT MICROBIOTA, PREBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS, AND SYNBIOTICS IN MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND PREDIABETES: REVIEW OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS. Endocr Pract 2016; 22:1224-1234. [PMID: 27409822 DOI: 10.4158/ep151157.ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the roles of microbiota, pre-, pro- and synbiotics in metabolic conditions (obesity, prediabetes, and diabetes mellitus type 2 [DM2]). METHODS Primary literature was reviewed on the topics including RCTs of pre-, pro- and synbiotics use for metabolic disease. RESULTS Gut bacteria (microbiota) benefit digestion and have multiple other functions. Microbiota could increase harvesting of energy from the food and cause subclinical inflammation seen in metabolic disorders. Diet-related interventions including prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics (combining pre-and probiotics) may benefit metabolic conditions. Prebiotics are complex carbohydrates (i.e., dietary fiber). Results of RCTs of prebiotics suggested a neutral effect on body weight, decreased fasting and postprandial glucose, and improved insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. Some inflammation markers were reduced, sometimes substantially (20-30%). RCTs for probiotics demonstrated significant but small effects on body weight (<3%) and metabolic parameters. The effect was seen mostly with fermented milk or yogurt compared to capsule form, consumption for at least 8 weeks, and use of multiple rather than a single bacterial strain. Changes in microbiota were seen at times with both pre- and probiotics. Pickled and fermented foods, particularly vegetables and beans, could serve as a dietary source of pre-, pro-, and synbiotics. These foods showed possible benefits for morbidity and mortality in prospective cohort studies. CONCLUSION Pre-, pro-, and synbiotics could prove useful, but further research is needed to clarify their clinical relevance for the prevention and management of metabolic disease. ABBREVIATIONS A1c = glycohemoglobin A1c CI = confidence interval CVD = cardiovascular disease GMB = gut (large bowel) microbiota DM2 = diabetes mellitus type 2 HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance LDL = low-density lipoprotein LPS = lipopolysaccharide NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease RCT = randomized controlled trial SMD = standardized mean difference TG = triglycerides.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mupere E, Malone L, Zalwango S, Okwera A, Nsereko M, Tisch DJ, Parraga IM, Stein CM, Mugerwa R, Boom WH, Mayanja HK, Whalen CC. Wasting among Uganda men with pulmonary tuberculosis is associated with linear regain in lean tissue mass during and after treatment in contrast to women with wasting who regain fat tissue mass: prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:24. [PMID: 24410970 PMCID: PMC3922730 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nutritional changes during and after tuberculosis treatment have not been well described. We therefore determined the effect of wasting on rate of mean change in lean tissue and fat mass as measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and mean change in body mass index (BMI) during and after tuberculosis treatment. Methods In a prospective cohort study of 717 adult patients, BMI and height-normalized indices of lean tissue (LMI) and fat mass (FMI) as measured by BIA were assessed at baseline, 3, 12, and 24 months. Results Men with wasting at baseline regained LMI at a greater rate than FMI (4.55 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26, 7.83 versus 3.16 (95% CI: 0.80, 5.52)) per month, respectively during initial tuberculosis therapy. In contrast, women with wasting regained FMI at greater rate than LMI (3.55 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.40, 6.70) versus 2.07 (95% CI: -0.74, 4.88)), respectively. Men with wasting regained BMI at a rate of 6.45 kg/m2 (95% CI: 3.02, 9.87) in the first three months whereas women, had a rate of 3.30 kg/m2 (95% CI: -0.11, 6.72). There were minimal changes in body composition after month 3 and during months 12 to 24. Conclusion Wasted tuberculosis patients regain weight with treatment but the type of gain differs by gender and patients may remain underweight after the initial phase of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel Mupere
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health College of Health Sciences, Makerere University Kampala, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Garver WS, Newman SB, Gonzales-Pacheco DM, Castillo JJ, Jelinek D, Heidenreich RA, Orlando RA. The genetics of childhood obesity and interaction with dietary macronutrients. GENES AND NUTRITION 2013; 8:271-87. [PMID: 23471855 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-013-0339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The genes contributing to childhood obesity are categorized into three different types based on distinct genetic and phenotypic characteristics. These types of childhood obesity are represented by rare monogenic forms of syndromic or non-syndromic childhood obesity, and common polygenic childhood obesity. In some cases, genetic susceptibility to these forms of childhood obesity may result from different variations of the same gene. Although the prevalence for rare monogenic forms of childhood obesity has not increased in recent times, the prevalence of common childhood obesity has increased in the United States and developing countries throughout the world during the past few decades. A number of recent genome-wide association studies and mouse model studies have established the identification of susceptibility genes contributing to common childhood obesity. Accumulating evidence suggests that this type of childhood obesity represents a complex metabolic disease resulting from an interaction with environmental factors, including dietary macronutrients. The objective of this article is to provide a review on the origins, mechanisms, and health consequences of obesity susceptibility genes and interaction with dietary macronutrients that predispose to childhood obesity. It is proposed that increased knowledge of these obesity susceptibility genes and interaction with dietary macronutrients will provide valuable insight for individual, family, and community preventative lifestyle intervention, and eventually targeted nutritional and medicinal therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William S Garver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|