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Druelle F, Ghislieri M, Molina-Vila P, Rimbaud B, Agostini V, Berillon G. A comparative study of muscle activity and synergies during walking in baboons and humans. J Hum Evol 2024; 189:103513. [PMID: 38401300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Bipedal locomotion was a major functional change during hominin evolution, yet, our understanding of this gradual and complex process remains strongly debated. Based on fossil discoveries, it is possible to address functional hypotheses related to bipedal anatomy, however, motor control remains intangible with this approach. Using comparative models which occasionally walk bipedally has proved to be relevant to shed light on the evolutionary transition toward habitual bipedalism. Here, we explored the organization of the neuromuscular control using surface electromyography (sEMG) for six extrinsic muscles in two baboon individuals when they walk quadrupedally and bipedally on the ground. We compared their muscular coordination to five human subjects walking bipedally. We extracted muscle synergies from the sEMG envelopes using the non-negative matrix factorization algorithm which allows decomposing the sEMG data in the linear combination of two non-negative matrixes (muscle weight vectors and activation coefficients). We calculated different parameters to estimate the complexity of the sEMG signals, the duration of the activation of the synergies, and the generalizability of the muscle synergy model across species and walking conditions. We found that the motor control strategy is less complex in baboons when they walk bipedally, with an increased muscular activity and muscle coactivation. When comparing the baboon bipedal and quadrupedal pattern of walking to human bipedalism, we observed that the baboon bipedal pattern of walking is closer to human bipedalism for both baboons, although substantial differences remain. Overall, our findings show that the muscle activity of a non-adapted biped effectively fulfills the basic mechanical requirements (propulsion and balance) for walking bipedally, but substantial refinements are possible to optimize the efficiency of bipedal locomotion. In the evolutionary context of an expanding reliance on bipedal behaviors, even minor morphological alterations, reducing muscle coactivation, could have faced strong selection pressure, ultimately driving bipedal evolution in hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, UMR 7194, CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, Musée de l'Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris, France; Primatology Station of the CNRS, UAR 846, 2230 route des quatre tours, 13790 Rousset, France; Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken (Building D), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marco Ghislieri
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; PoliTo(BIO)Med Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Pablo Molina-Vila
- Primatology Station of the CNRS, UAR 846, 2230 route des quatre tours, 13790 Rousset, France
| | - Brigitte Rimbaud
- Primatology Station of the CNRS, UAR 846, 2230 route des quatre tours, 13790 Rousset, France
| | - Valentina Agostini
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; PoliTo(BIO)Med Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Gilles Berillon
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, UMR 7194, CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, Musée de l'Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris, France; Primatology Station of the CNRS, UAR 846, 2230 route des quatre tours, 13790 Rousset, France
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Kim CJ, Singh C, Kaczmarek M, O'Donnell M, Lee C, DiMagno K, Young MW, Letsou W, Ramos RL, Granatosky MC, Hadjiargyrou M. Mustn1 ablation in skeletal muscle results in functional alterations. FASEB Bioadv 2023; 5:541-557. [PMID: 38094159 PMCID: PMC10714068 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2023-00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mustn1, a gene expressed exclusively in the musculoskeletal system, was shown in previous in vitro studies to be a key regulator of myogenic differentiation and myofusion. Other studies also showed Mustn1 expression associated with skeletal muscle development and hypertrophy. However, its specific role in skeletal muscle function remains unclear. This study sought to investigate the effects of Mustn1 in a conditional knockout (KO) mouse model in Pax7 positive skeletal muscle satellite cells. Specifically, we investigated the potential effects of Mustn1 on myogenic gene expression, grip strength, alterations in gait, ex vivo investigations of isolated skeletal muscle isometric contractions, and potential changes in the composition of muscle fiber types. Results indicate that Mustn1 KO mice did not present any substantial phenotypic changes or significant variations in genes related to myogenic differentiation and fusion. However, an approximately 10% decrease in overall grip strength was observed in the 2-month-old KO mice in comparison to the control wild type (WT), but this decrease was not significant when normalized by weight. KO mice also generated approximately 8% higher vertical force than WT at 4 months in the hindlimb. Ex vivo experiments revealed decreases in about 20 to 50% in skeletal muscle contractions and about 10%-20% fatigue in soleus of both 2- and 4-month-old KO mice, respectively. Lastly, immunofluorescent analyses showed a persistent increase of Type IIb fibers up to 15-fold in the KO mice while Type I fibers decreased about 20% and 30% at both 2 and 4 months, respectively. These findings suggest a potential adaptive or compensatory mechanism following Mustn1 loss, as well as hinting at an association between Mustn1 and muscle fiber typing. Collectively, Mustn1's complex roles in skeletal muscle physiology requires further research, particularly in terms of understanding the potential role of Mustn1 in muscle repair and regeneration, as well as with influence of exercise. Collectively, these will offer valuable insights into Mustn1's key biological functions and regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Kim
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Chanpreet Singh
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Marina Kaczmarek
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Madison O'Donnell
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Christine Lee
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Kevin DiMagno
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Melody W. Young
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - William Letsou
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Raddy L. Ramos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Michael C. Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
- Center for Biomedical InnovationNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
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Goto R, Kinoshita Y, Shitara T, Hirasaki E. Diagonal-couplet gaits on discontinuous supports in Japanese macaques and implications for the adaptive significance of the diagonal-sequence, diagonal-couplet gait of primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37209057 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diagonal-sequence, diagonal-couplet (DSDC) gaits have been proposed as an adaptation to travel on discontinuously arranged arboreal branches. Only a few studies have examined primate gait adjustment to support discontinuity. We analyzed the gaits of Japanese macaques walking on the "ground" and two discontinuous conditions, "circle" and "point," to better understand the advantages of DSDC gaits on discontinuous supports. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-eight vertical posts, each with a circular upper surface, were arranged in four rows at a spacing of 200 mm. The diameter of the circular upper surface was 150 mm ("circle condition") or 50 mm ("point condition"). We calculated the limb phase, duty factor, and time interval from hindlimb touchdown to ipsilateral forelimb liftoff. The supports the fore- and hindlimbs landed on during walking were identified in the circle and point condition. RESULTS The macaques predominantly used DSDC gaits in the ground and circle conditions and lateral-sequence, diagonal-couplet (LSDC) gaits in the point condition. The macaques usually placed their hindlimbs on the same supports as their ipsilateral forelimbs during the gait cycle. DISCUSSION Japanese macaques overlapped the ipsilateral fore- and hindlimb stance phase in all DSDC and some LSDC gaits to proximate the ipsilateral limbs on the discontinuous support, allowing the forelimb to guide the hindlimb placement to the support. The overlap duration of the ipsilateral limb stance phases may be extended by DSDC gaits longer than by LSDC gaits, allowing for a direct pass of the support being held by the prehensile hand to the prehensile foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Goto
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinoshita
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shitara
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eishi Hirasaki
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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Positional Behavior of Introduced Monk Parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in an Urban Landscape. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182372. [PMID: 36139232 PMCID: PMC9494974 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Positional behaviors comprise the entirety of animals’ locomotion and posture. Often, these positional behaviors are paired with information about sußbstrate characteristics (e.g., orientation, diameter, texture, height) and frequency to gain an ecological perspective of when and why an animal utilizes a particular behavior. Thus far, quantitative studies of positional behavior have been limited to mammals, leaving a major gap in our understanding of how animals utilize their environment. In this study, we present the first quantitative report of positional behavior within Aves, presenting scan sampling data from an established colony of Monk Parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) from Brooklyn, New York City. Parrots exhibited a strong preference for small and terminal branches when perching arboreally. Such a pattern is consistent with arboreal primates. We also observed an increase in locomotor diversity on artificial versus naturally occurring substrates. This demonstrates the potential importance of a flexible behavioral repertoire in facilitating a successful transition towards an urban landscape in introduced species and underscores the need for further studies exploring positional behaviors among urban wildlife. Abstract Positional behaviors have been broadly quantified across the Order Primates, and in several other mammalian lineages, to contextualize adaptations to, and evolution within, an arboreal environment. Outside of Mammalia, however, such data are yet to be reported. In this study, we present the first quantitative report of positional behavior within Aves, presenting 11,246 observations of scan sampling data from a colony of Monk Parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) from Brooklyn, New York City. Each scan recorded locomotor and postural behavior and information about weather condition, temperature, and substrate properties (e.g., type, size, orientation). A distinction was also recorded between natural and artificial substrates. Parrots exhibited a strong preference for small and terminal branches, a selection which may reflect targeted foraging of new fruit growth and leaf-buds. We further observed that the gait transition from walking to sidling appears primarily driven by substrate size, with the former preferred on the ground and on large, broad substrates and the latter used to navigate smaller branches. Finally, we observed an increase in locomotor diversity on artificial versus naturally occurring substrates. This demonstrates the importance of a flexible behavioral repertoire in facilitating a successful transition towards an urban landscape in introduced species.
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Not all fine-branch locomotion is equal: Grasping morphology determines locomotor performance on narrow supports. J Hum Evol 2020; 142:102767. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Gaschk JL, Frère CH, Clemente CJ. Quantifying koala locomotion strategies: implications for the evolution of arborealism in marsupials. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:222/24/jeb207506. [PMID: 31848216 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.207506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and locomotor performance of a species can determine their inherent fitness within a habitat type. Koalas have an unusual morphology for marsupials, with several key adaptations suggested to increase stability in arboreal environments. We quantified the kinematics of their movement over ground and along narrow arboreal trackways to determine the extent to which their locomotion resembled that of primates, occupying similar niches, or basal marsupials from which they evolved. On the ground, the locomotion of koalas resembled a combination of marsupial behaviours and primate-like mechanics. For example, their fastest strides were bounding type gaits with a top speed of 2.78 m s-1 (mean 1.20 m s-1), resembling marsupials, while the relatively longer stride length was reflective of primate locomotion. Speed was increased using equal modification of stride length and frequency. On narrow substrates, koalas took longer but slower strides (mean 0.42 m s-1), adopting diagonally coupled gaits including both lateral and diagonal sequence gaits, the latter being a strategy distinctive among arboreal primates. The use of diagonally coupled gaits in the arboreal environment is likely only possible because of the unique gripping hand morphology of both the fore and hind feet of koalas. These results suggest that during ground locomotion, they use marsupial-like strategies but alternate to primate-like strategies when moving amongst branches, maximising stability in these environments. The locomotion strategies of koalas provide key insights into an independent evolutionary branch for an arboreal specialist, highlighting how locomotor strategies can convergently evolve between distant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Gaschk
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Celine H Frère
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Christofer J Clemente
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
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Cartmill M, Brown K, Atkinson C, Cartmill EA, Findley E, Gonzalez‐Socoloske D, Hartstone‐Rose A, Mueller J. The gaits of marsupials and the evolution of diagonal‐sequence walking in primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:182-197. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matt Cartmill
- Department of Anthropology Boston University Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University Durham North Carolina
| | - Kaye Brown
- Department of Anthropology Boston University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Christopher Atkinson
- Department of Gastroenterology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Erica A. Cartmill
- Departments of Anthropology and Psychology University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Erica Findley
- Southwest Boulevard Family Health Care Kansas City Kansas
| | | | - Adam Hartstone‐Rose
- Department of Biology North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Joanne Mueller
- Department of Anthropology Boston University Boston Massachusetts
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Dunham NT, McNamara A, Shapiro LJ, Hieronymus TL, Phelps T, Young JW. Effects of substrate and phylogeny on quadrupedal gait in free‐ranging platyrrhines. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 170:565-578. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah T. Dunham
- Division of Conservation and Science Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Cleveland Ohio
| | - Allison McNamara
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
| | - Liza J. Shapiro
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
| | - Tobin L. Hieronymus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown Ohio
| | - Taylor Phelps
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown Ohio
| | - Jesse W. Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown Ohio
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McNamara A, Dunham NT, Shapiro LJ, Young JW. The effects of natural substrate discontinuities on the quadrupedal gait kinematics of free‐ranging
Saimiri sciureus. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23055. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison McNamara
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
| | - Noah T. Dunham
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown Ohio
| | - Liza J. Shapiro
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
| | - Jesse W. Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown Ohio
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Druelle F, Berthet M, Quintard B. The body center of mass in primates: Is it more caudal than in other quadrupedal mammals? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:170-178. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Laboratory for Functional Morphology, Biology DepartmentUniversity of Antwerp Campus Drie Eiken (Building D) Antwerp Belgium
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11
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Miller CE, Johnson LE, Pinkard H, Lemelin P, Schmitt D. Limb phase flexibility in walking: a test case in the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus). Front Zool 2019; 16:5. [PMID: 30820237 PMCID: PMC6380004 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous analyses of factors influencing footfall timings and gait selection in quadrupeds have focused on the implications for energetic cost or gait mechanics separately. Here we present a model for symmetrical walking gaits in quadrupedal mammals that combines both factors, and aims to predict the substrate contexts in which animals will select certain ranges of footfall timings that (1) minimize energetic cost, (2) minimize rolling and pitching moments, or (3) balance the two. We hypothesize that energy recovery will be a priority on all surfaces, and will be the dominant factor determining footfall timings on flat, ground-like surfaces. The ability to resist pitch and roll, however, will play a larger role in determining footfall choice on narrower and more complex branch-like substrates. As a preliminary test of the expectations of the model, we collected sample data on footfall timings in a primate with relatively high flexibility in footfall timings - the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) - walking on a flat surface, straight pole, and a pole with laterally-projecting branches to simulate simplified ground and branch substrates. We compare limb phase values on these supports to the expectations of the model. RESULTS As predicted, walking steps on the flat surface tended towards limb phase values that promote energy exchange. Both pole substrates induced limb phase values predicted to favor reduced pitching and rolling moments. CONCLUSIONS These data provide novel insight into the ways in which animals may choose to adjust their behavior in response to movement on flat versus complex substrates and the competing selective factors that influence footfall timing in mammals. These data further suggest a pathway for future investigations using this perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henry Pinkard
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California USA
| | - Pierre Lemelin
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Daniel Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
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Druelle F, Schoonaert K, Aerts P, Nauwelaerts S, Stevens JMG, D'Août K. Segmental morphometrics of bonobos (Pan paniscus): are they really different from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)? J Anat 2018; 233:843-853. [PMID: 30294787 PMCID: PMC6231171 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The inertial properties of body segments reflect performance and locomotor habits in primates. While Pan paniscus is generally described as more gracile, lighter in body mass, and as having relatively longer and heavier hindlimbs than Pan troglodytes, both species exhibit very similar patterns of (quadrupedal and bipedal) kinematics, but show slightly different locomotor repertoires. We used a geometric model to estimate the inertial properties for all body segments (i.e. head, trunk, upper and lower arms, hand, thigh, shank and foot) using external length and diameter measurements of 12 anaesthetized bonobos (eight adults and four immatures). We also calculated whole limb inertial properties. When we compared absolute and relative segment morphometric and inertial variables between bonobos and chimpanzees, we found that adult bonobos are significantly lighter than adult chimpanzees. The bonobo is also shorter in head length, upper and lower arm lengths, and foot length, and is generally lighter in most absolute segment mass values (except head and hand). In contrast, the bonobo has a longer trunk. When scaled relative to body mass, most differences disappear between the two species. Only the longer trunk and the shorter head of the bonobo remain apparent, as well as the lighter thigh compared with the chimpanzee. We found similar values of natural pendular periods of the limbs in both species, despite differences in absolute limb lengths, masses, mass centres (for the hindlimb) and moments of inertia. While our data contradict the commonly accepted view that bonobos have relatively longer and heavier hindlimbs than chimpanzees, they are consistent with the observed similarities in the quadrupedal and bipedal kinematics between these species. The morphological differences between both species are more subtle than those previously described from postcranial osteological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Laboratory for Functional MorphologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Kirsten Schoonaert
- Laboratory for Functional MorphologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and ConservationAntwerpBelgium
| | - Peter Aerts
- Laboratory for Functional MorphologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
- Department of Movement and Sports SciencesUniversity of GhentGentBelgium
| | - Sandra Nauwelaerts
- Laboratory for Functional MorphologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and ConservationAntwerpBelgium
| | - Jeroen M. G. Stevens
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and ConservationAntwerpBelgium
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Kristiaan D'Août
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology GroupUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
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Cole WG, Vereijken B, Young JW, Robinson SR, Adolph KE. Use it or lose it? Effects of age, experience, and disuse on crawling. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 61:29-42. [PMID: 30447002 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
What happens to early acquired but later abandoned motor skills? To investigate effects of disuse on early-developing motor skills, we examined crawling in two groups of habitual crawlers (34 6-12-month-old infants and five adults with Uner Tan Syndrome) and two groups of rusty crawlers (27 11-12-year-old children and 13 college-aged adults). Habitual crawlers showed striking similarities in gait patterns, limbs supporting the body, and crawling speed, despite dramatic differences in crawling practice, posture, and body size. Habitual crawlers trotted predominantly, whereas rusty crawlers showed a variety of gait patterns. Within sequences, habitual crawlers and children showed more switches in gait patterns than young adults. Children crawled faster and kept fewer limbs on the grounds than the other groups. Old crawling patterns were retained despite disuse, but new ones were also added. Surprisingly, results indicate that nothing was lost with disuse, but some features of crawling were gained or altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney G Cole
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York City, New York
| | - Beatrix Vereijken
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jesse W Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | | | - Karen E Adolph
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York City, New York
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Herbin M, Hommet E, Hanotin-Dossot V, Perret M, Hackert R. Treadmill locomotion of the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus); kinematic parameters during symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2018; 204:537-547. [PMID: 29610933 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-018-1256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The gaits of the adult grey mouse lemur Microcebus murinus were studied during treadmill locomotion over a large range of velocities. The locomotion sequences were analysed to determine the gait and the various spatiotemporal gait parameters of the limbs. We found that velocity adjustments are accounted for differently by stride frequency and stride length depending on whether the animal showed a symmetrical or an asymmetrical gait. When using symmetrical gaits the increase in velocity is associated with a constant contribution of the stride length and stride frequency; the increase of the stride frequency being always lower. When using asymmetrical gaits, the increase in velocity is mainly assured by an increase in the stride length which tends to decrease with increasing velocity. A reduction in both stance time and swing time contributed to the increase in stride frequency for both gaits, though with a major contribution from the decrease in stance time. The pattern of locomotion obtained in a normal young adult mouse lemurs can be used as a template for studying locomotor control deficits during aging or in different environments such as arboreal ones which likely modify the kinematics of locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herbin
- Department Adaptations du Vivant, UMR MECADEV 7179 Sorbonne Universités-MNHN-UPMC-CNRS-IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP55 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris Cedex05, France.
| | - Eva Hommet
- Department Adaptations du Vivant, UMR MECADEV 7179 Sorbonne Universités-MNHN-UPMC-CNRS-IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP55 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris Cedex05, France
| | - Vicky Hanotin-Dossot
- Department Adaptations du Vivant, UMR MECADEV 7179 Sorbonne Universités-MNHN-UPMC-CNRS-IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP55 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris Cedex05, France
| | - Martine Perret
- Department Adaptations du Vivant, UMR MECADEV 7179 Sorbonne Universités-MNHN-UPMC-CNRS-IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP55 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris Cedex05, France
| | - Rémi Hackert
- Department Adaptations du Vivant, UMR MECADEV 7179 Sorbonne Universités-MNHN-UPMC-CNRS-IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP55 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris Cedex05, France
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15
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Young JW, Shapiro LJ. Developments in development: What have we learned from primate locomotor ontogeny? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165 Suppl 65:37-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W. Young
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyNortheast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED)Rootstown Ohio, 44272
| | - Liza J. Shapiro
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of TexasAustin Texas, 78712
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16
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Druelle F, Young J, Berillon G. Behavioral implications of ontogenetic changes in intrinsic hand and foot proportions in olive baboons (Papio Anubis). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:65-76. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Laboratory for Functional Morphology, Department of Biology; University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1; Antwerpen, B-2610 Belgium
- Primatology Station of the CNRS, UPS 846, RD 56; Rousset-sur-Arc, 13790 France
| | - Jesse Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Northeast Ohio Medical University, NEOMED 4209 State Route 44; Rootstown Ohio 44272
| | - Gilles Berillon
- Primatology Station of the CNRS, UPS 846, RD 56; Rousset-sur-Arc, 13790 France
- Département de Préhistoire; Musée de L'Homme, UMR 7194 CNRS-MNHN, Place du Trocadéro; Paris, 75116 France
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17
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Druelle F, Berthet M. Segmental morphometrics of the southern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae): the case study of f. REVUE DE PRIMATOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Byron CD, Granatosky MC, Covert HH. An anatomical and mechanical analysis of the douc monkey (genus Pygathrix), and its role in understanding the evolution of brachiation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:801-820. [PMID: 29023639 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pygathrix is an understudied Asian colobine unusual among the Old World monkeys for its use of arm-swinging. Little data exists on the anatomy and mechanics of brachiation in this genus. Here, we consider this colobine to gain insight into the parallel evolution of suspensory behavior in primates. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study compares axial and appendicular morphological variables of Pygathrix with other Asian colobines. Additionally, to assess the functional consequences of Pygathrix limb anatomy, kinematic and kinetic data during arm-swinging are included to compare the douc monkey to other suspensory primates (Ateles and Hylobates). RESULTS Compared to more pronograde species, Pygathrix and Nasalis share morphology consistent with suspensory locomotion such as its narrower scapulae and elongated clavicles. More distally, Pygathrix displays a gracile humerus, radius, and ulna, and shorter olecranon process. During suspensory locomotion, Pygathrix, Ateles, and Hylobates all display mechanical convergence in limb loading and movements of the shoulder and elbow, but Pygathrix uses pronated wrist postures that include substantial radial deviation during arm-swinging. DISCUSSION The adoption of arm-swinging represents a major shift within at least three anthropoid clades and little data exist about its transition. Across species, few mechanical differences are observed during arm-swinging. Apparently, there are limited functional solutions to the challenges associated with moving bimanually below branches, especially in more proximal forelimb regions. Morphological data support this idea that the Pygathrix distal forelimb differs from apes more than its proximal end. These results can inform other studies of ape evolution, the pronograde to orthograde transition, and the convergent ways in which suspensory locomotion evolved in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia
| | - M C Granatosky
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - H H Covert
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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19
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Karantanis N, Rychlik L, Herrel A, Youlatos D. Arboreality in acacia rats (
Thallomys paedulcus
; Rodentia, Muridae): gaits and gait metrics. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N.‐E. Karantanis
- Department of Zoology School of Biology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - L. Rychlik
- Department of Systematic Zoology Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - A. Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris France
| | - D. Youlatos
- Department of Zoology School of Biology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
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20
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Fabre AC, Marigó J, Granatosky MC, Schmitt D. Functional associations between support use and forelimb shape in strepsirrhines and their relevance to inferring locomotor behavior in early primates. J Hum Evol 2017. [PMID: 28622924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of primates is intimately linked to their initial invasion of an arboreal environment. However, moving and foraging in this milieu creates significant mechanical challenges related to the presence of substrates differing in their size and orientation. It is widely assumed that primates are behaviorally and anatomically adapted to movement on specific substrates, but few explicit tests of this relationship in an evolutionary context have been conducted. Without direct tests of form-function relationships in living primates it is impossible to reliably infer behavior in fossil taxa. In this study, we test a hypothesis of co-variation between forelimb morphology and the type of substrates used by strepsirrhines. If associations between anatomy and substrate use exist, these can then be applied to better understand limb anatomy of extinct primates. The co-variation between each forelimb long bone and the type of substrate used was studied in a phylogenetic context. Our results show that despite the presence of significant phylogenetic signal for each long bone of the forelimb, clear support use associations are present. A strong co-variation was found between the type of substrate used and the shape of the radius, with and without taking phylogeny into account, whereas co-variation was significant for the ulna only when taking phylogeny into account. Species that use a thin branch milieu show radii that are gracile and straight and have a distal articular shape that allows for a wide range of movements. In contrast, extant species that commonly use large supports show a relatively robust and curved radius with an increased surface area available for forearm and hand muscles in pronated posture. These results, especially for the radius, support the idea that strepsirrhine primates exhibit specific skeletal adaptations associated with the supports that they habitually move on. With these robust associations in hand it will be possible to explore the same variables in extinct early primates and primate relatives and thus improve the reliability of inferences concerning substrate use in early primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Fabre
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; UMR 7179, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Mécadev, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France.
| | - Judit Marigó
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; UMR 7207 CR2P - C.N.R.S., M.N.H.N., U.P.M.C.-Paris 6, Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005, Paris, France; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Z (ICTA-ICP), Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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21
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Ma S, Chen X, Cao S, Yu Y, Zhang X. Investigation on Inter-Limb Coordination and Motion Stability, Intensity and Complexity of Trunk and Limbs during Hands-Knees Crawling in Human Adults. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17040692. [PMID: 28350324 PMCID: PMC5421652 DOI: 10.3390/s17040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the inter-limb coordination pattern and the stability, intensity, and complexity of the trunk and limbs motions in human crawling under different speeds. Thirty healthy human adults finished hands-knees crawling trials on a treadmill at six different speeds (from 1 km/h to 2.5 km/h). A home-made multi-channel acquisition system consisting of five 3-axis accelerometers (ACC) and four force sensors was used for the data collection. Ipsilateral phase lag was used to represent inter-limb coordination pattern during crawling and power, harmonic ratio, and sample entropy of acceleration signals were adopted to depict the motion intensity, stability, and complexity of trunk and limbs respectively. Our results revealed some relationships between inter-limb coordination patterns and the stability and complexity of trunk movement. Trot-like crawling pattern was found to be the most stable and regular one at low speed in the view of trunk movement, and no-limb-pairing pattern showed the lowest stability and the greatest complexity at high speed. These relationships could be used to explain why subjects tended to avoid no-limb-pairing pattern when speed was over 2 km/h no matter which coordination type they used at low speeds. This also provided the evidence that the central nervous system (CNS) chose a stable inter-limb coordination pattern to keep the body safe and avoid tumbling. Although considerable progress has been made in the study of four-limb locomotion, much less is known about the reasons for the variety of inter-limb coordination. The research results of the exploration on the inter-limb coordination pattern choice during crawling from the standpoint of the motion stability, intensity, and complexity of trunk and limbs sheds light on the underlying motor control strategy of the human CNS and has important significance in the fields of clinical diagnosis, rehabilitation engineering, and kinematics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Ma
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Shuai Cao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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22
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Druelle F, Berillon G, Aerts P. Intrinsic limb morpho-dynamics and the early development of interlimb coordination of walking in a quadrupedal primate. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Druelle
- Functional Morphology Laboratory; Biology Department; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Station de Primatologie; UPS 846 CNRS; Rousset-sur-Arc France
- Dynamique de l'Evolution Humaine; UPR 2147 CNRS; Paris France
- Département de Préhistoire; Musée de l'Homme; UMR 7194 CNRS-MNHN; Paris France
| | - G. Berillon
- Station de Primatologie; UPS 846 CNRS; Rousset-sur-Arc France
- Dynamique de l'Evolution Humaine; UPR 2147 CNRS; Paris France
- Département de Préhistoire; Musée de l'Homme; UMR 7194 CNRS-MNHN; Paris France
| | - P. Aerts
- Functional Morphology Laboratory; Biology Department; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences; Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement; University of Ghent; Gent Belgium
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23
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Young JW, Stricklen BM, Chadwell BA. Effects of support diameter and compliance on common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) gait kinematics. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2659-72. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.140939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Locomotion is precarious in an arboreal habitat, where supports can vary in both diameter and level of compliance. Several previous studies have evaluated the influence of substrate diameter on the locomotor performance of arboreal quadrupeds. The influence of substrate compliance, however, has been mostly unexamined. Here, we used a multifactorial experimental design to investigate how perturbations in both diameter and compliance affect the gait kinematics of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus; N=2) moving over simulated arboreal substrates. We used 3D-calibrated video to quantify marmoset locomotion over a horizontal trackway consisting of variably sized poles (5, 2.5 and 1.25 cm in diameter), analyzing a total of 120 strides. The central portion of the trackway was either immobile or mounted on compliant foam blocks, depending on condition. We found that narrowing diameter and increasing compliance were both associated with relatively longer substrate contact durations, though adjustments to diameter were often inconsistent relative to compliance-related adjustments. Marmosets also responded to narrowing diameter by reducing speed, flattening center of mass (CoM) movements and dampening support displacement on the compliant substrate. For the subset of strides on the compliant support, we found that speed, contact duration and CoM amplitude explained >60% of the variation in substrate displacement over a stride, suggesting a direct performance advantage to these kinematic adjustments. Overall, our results show that compliant substrates can exert a significant influence on gait kinematics. Substrate compliance, and not just support diameter, should be considered a critical environmental variable when evaluating locomotor performance in arboreal quadrupeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W. Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
- Musculoskeletal Biology Research Focus Area, NEOMED, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA
| | - Bethany M. Stricklen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Brad A. Chadwell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
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24
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Druelle F, Aerts P, Berillon G. Effect of body mass distribution on the ontogeny of positional behaviors in non-human primates: Longitudinal follow-up of infant captive olive baboons (Papio anubis). Am J Primatol 2016; 78:1201-1221. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Department of Biology, Functional Morphology Laboratory; University of Antwerp; Antwerpen Belgium
- Primatology Station CNRS; Rousset-sur-Arc France
- UPR 2147 CNRS; Dynamique de l'Evolution Humaine; Paris France
| | - Peter Aerts
- Department of Biology, Functional Morphology Laboratory; University of Antwerp; Antwerpen Belgium
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement; University of Ghent; Gent Belgium
| | - Gilles Berillon
- Primatology Station CNRS; Rousset-sur-Arc France
- UPR 2147 CNRS; Dynamique de l'Evolution Humaine; Paris France
- UMR 7194 du CNRS, Département de Préhistoire; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Paris France
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25
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Shapiro LJ, Kemp AD, Young JW. Effects of Substrate Size and Orientation on Quadrupedal Gait Kinematics in Mouse Lemurs (
Microcebus murinus
). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 325:329-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liza J. Shapiro
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
| | - Addison D. Kemp
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
| | - Jesse W. Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown Ohio
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26
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Karantanis NE, Youlatos D, Rychlik L. Diagonal gaits in the feathertail glider Acrobates pygmaeus (Acrobatidae, Diprotodontia): Insights for the evolution of primate quadrupedalism. J Hum Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Druelle F, Aerts P, Berillon G. Bipedality from locomotor autonomy to adulthood in captive olive baboon (Papio anubis): Cross-sectional follow-up and first insight into the impact of body mass distribution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:73-84. [PMID: 26293421 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite that the biomechanics of standing and walking bipedally has been extensively studied in nonhuman primates, the morphological features that may constrain, or facilitate, the control of balance and thus of the spontaneous occurrence of bipedal behavior are poorly known. We aim to test the relationship between body mass distribution and bipedal behavior using a nonhuman primate species, the olive baboon, Papio anubis, raised in captivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected quantitative data on the frequency and duration of bipedalism together with morphometrics on a sample of 22 individuals. We used ontogenetic changes as a natural experiment that provides insights into the impact of morphology. Specifically we focus on 1) quantifying how body mass distribution changes from infancy to adulthood in baboons; and 2) whether the different patterns of mass distribution influence the behavioral variables, i.e., a) the frequency and b) the duration of bouts of bipedal behavior realized in different activity contexts. RESULTS With regard to assisted bipedal behaviors, the duration and frequency of bouts of standing, contrary to walking, are significantly related to age. With regard to unassisted bipedal behaviors, no correlation to age is observed; the bout duration of walking is strongly correlated to body mass and mass distribution, contrary to the frequency of walking as well as the bout duration and frequency of bipedal standing. DISCUSSION Our results suggest a close relationship between the pattern of mass distribution and the mechanism of balance control in the spontaneous bipedal walking of baboons. The mechanical effects of the pattern of mass distribution on the ability to perform bipedally in extant nonhuman primates are discussed in the context of the evolution toward habitual bipedalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, B-2610, Belgium.,UPR 2147 CNRS - Dynamique De L'évolution Humaine, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Peter Aerts
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Gilles Berillon
- UPR 2147 CNRS - Dynamique De L'évolution Humaine, Paris, 75014, France
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28
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Geldenhuys WJ, Guseman TL, Pienaar IS, Dluzen DE, Young JW. A novel biomechanical analysis of gait changes in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1175. [PMID: 26339553 PMCID: PMC4558067 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder hallmarked by a loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Accurate recapitulation of the PD movement phenotype in animal models of the disease is critical for understanding disease etiology and developing novel therapeutic treatments. However, most existing behavioral assays currently applied to such animal models fail to adequately detect and subsequently quantify the subtle changes associated with the progressive stages of PD. In this study, we used a video-based analysis system to develop and validate a novel protocol for tracking locomotor performance in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. We anticipated that (1) treated mice should use slower, shorter, and less frequent strides and (2) that gait deficits should monotonically increase following MPTP administration, as the effects of neurodegeneration become manifest. Video-based biomechanical analyses, utilizing behavioral measures motivated by the comparative biomechanics literature, were used to quantify gait dynamics over a seven-day period following MPTP treatment. Analyses revealed shuffling behaviors consistent with the gait symptoms of advanced PD in humans. Here we also document dramatic gender-based differences in locomotor performance during the progression of the MPTP-induced lesion, despite male and female mice showing similar losses of striatal dopaminergic cells following MPTP administration. Whereas female mice appeared to be protected against gait deficits, males showed multiple changes in gait kinematics, consistent with the loss of locomotor agility and stability. Overall, these data show that the novel video analysis protocol presented here is a robust method capable of detecting subtle changes in gait biomechanics in a mouse model of PD. Our findings indicate that this method is a useful means by which to easily and economically screen preclinical therapeutic compounds for protecting against or reversing neuropathology associated with PD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED) , Rootstown, OH , USA
| | - Tamara L Guseman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, (NEOMED) , Rootstown, OH , USA
| | - Ilse S Pienaar
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Dean E Dluzen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, (NEOMED) , Rootstown, OH , USA ; Current affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine , Carbondale, IL , USA
| | - Jesse W Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, (NEOMED) , Rootstown, OH , USA
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29
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Young JW, Russo GA, Fellmann CD, Thatikunta MA, Chadwell BA. Tail function during arboreal quadrupedalism in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) and tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 323:556-66. [PMID: 26173756 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The need to maintain stability on narrow branches is often presented as a major selective force shaping primate morphology, with adaptations to facilitate grasping receiving particular attention. The functional importance of a long and mobile tail for maintaining arboreal stability has been comparatively understudied. Tails can facilitate arboreal balance by acting as either static counterbalances or dynamic inertial appendages able to modulate whole-body angular momentum. We investigate associations between tail use and inferred grasping ability in two closely related cebid platyrrhines-cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and black-capped squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis). Using high-speed videography of captive monkeys moving on 3.2 cm diameter poles, we specifically test the hypothesis that squirrel monkeys (characterized by grasping extremities with long digits) will be less dependent on the tail for balance than tamarins (characterized by claw-like nails, short digits, and a reduced hallux). Tamarins have relatively longer tails than squirrel monkeys, move their tails through greater angular amplitudes, at higher angular velocities, and with greater angular accelerations, suggesting dynamic use of tail to regulate whole-body angular momentum. By contrast, squirrel monkeys generally hold their tails in a comparatively stationary posture and at more depressed angles, suggesting a static counterbalancing mechanism. This study, the first empirical test of functional tradeoffs between grasping ability and tail use in arboreal primates, suggests a critical role for the tail in maintaining stability during arboreal quadrupedalism. Our findings have the potential to inform our functional understanding of tail loss during primate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Gabrielle A Russo
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Connie D Fellmann
- Department of Anthropology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Meena A Thatikunta
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Brad A Chadwell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio
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30
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Dunham NT. Ontogeny of positional behavior and support use among Colobus angolensis palliatus of the Diani Forest, Kenya. Primates 2015; 56:183-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-015-0457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Shapiro LJ, Cole WG, Young JW, Raichlen DA, Robinson SR, Adolph KE. Human quadrupeds, primate quadrupedalism, and Uner Tan Syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101758. [PMID: 25029457 PMCID: PMC4100729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, an extensive literature documents individuals from several families afflicted with "Uner Tan Syndrome (UTS)," a condition that in its most extreme form is characterized by cerebellar hypoplasia, loss of balance and coordination, impaired cognitive abilities, and habitual quadrupedal gait on hands and feet. Some researchers have interpreted habitual use of quadrupedalism by these individuals from an evolutionary perspective, suggesting that it represents an atavistic expression of our quadrupedal primate ancestry or "devolution." In support of this idea, individuals with "UTS" are said to use diagonal sequence quadrupedalism, a type of quadrupedal gait that distinguishes primates from most other mammals. Although the use of primate-like quadrupedal gait in humans would not be sufficient to support the conclusion of evolutionary "reversal," no quantitative gait analyses were presented to support this claim. Using standard gait analysis of 518 quadrupedal strides from video sequences of individuals with "UTS", we found that these humans almost exclusively used lateral sequence-not diagonal sequence-quadrupedal gaits. The quadrupedal gait of these individuals has therefore been erroneously described as primate-like, further weakening the "devolution" hypothesis. In fact, the quadrupedalism exhibited by individuals with UTS resembles that of healthy adult humans asked to walk quadrupedally in an experimental setting. We conclude that quadrupedalism in healthy adults or those with a physical disability can be explained using biomechanical principles rather than evolutionary assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza J. Shapiro
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Whitney G. Cole
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesse W. Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David A. Raichlen
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Robinson
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Adolph
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Shapiro LJ, Young JW, VandeBerg JL. Body size and the small branch niche: Using marsupial ontogeny to model primate locomotor evolution. J Hum Evol 2014; 68:14-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Helmsmüller D, Anders A, Nolte I, Schilling N. Ontogenetic change of the weight support pattern in growing dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 321:254-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Helmsmüller
- Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - Alexandra Anders
- Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - Nadja Schilling
- Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology; Friedrich-Schiller-University; Jena Germany
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Schmidt A. Locomotion in degus on terrestrial substrates varying in orientation - implications for biomechanical constraints and gait selection. ZOOLOGY 2014; 117:146-59. [PMID: 24439459 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To gain new insights into running gaits on sloped terrestrial substrates, metric and selected kinematic parameters of the common degu (Octodon degus) were examined. Individuals were filmed at their maximum voluntary running speed using a high-speed camera placed laterally to the terrestrial substrate varying in orientations from -30° to +30°, at 10° increments. Degus used trotting, lateral-sequence (LS) and diagonal-sequence (DS) running gaits at all substrate orientations. Trotting was observed across the whole speed range whereas DS running gaits occurred at significantly higher speeds than LS running gaits. Metric and kinematic changes on sloped substrates in degus paralleled those noted for most other mammals. However, the timing of metric and kinematic locomotor adjustments differed significantly between individual degus. In addition, most of these adjustments took place at 10° rather than 30° inclines and declines, indicating significant biomechanical demands even on slightly sloped terrestrial substrates. The results of this study suggest that DS and LS running gaits may represent an advantage in small to medium-sized mammals for counteracting some level of locomotor instability. Finally, changes in locomotor parameters of the forelimbs rather than the hindlimbs seem to play an important role in gait selection in small to medium-sized mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 120 Life Science Building, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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