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Ji X, Harrison T, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Zhang C, Hu J, Wu D, Hou Y, Li S, Wang G, Wang Z. The earliest hylobatid from the Late Miocene of China. J Hum Evol 2022; 171:103251. [PMID: 36113226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Yuanmoupithecus xiaoyuan, a small catarrhine from the Late Miocene of Yunnan in southern China, was initially suggested to be related to Miocene proconsuloids or dendropithecoids from East Africa, but subsequent reports indicated that it might be more closely related to hylobatids. Here, detailed comparisons of the material, including seven newly discovered teeth and a partial lower face of a juvenile individual, provide crucial evidence to help establish its phylogenetic relationships. Yuanmoupithecus exhibits a suite of synapomorphies that support a close phylogenetic relationship with extant hylobatids. Furthermore, based on the retention of several primitive features of the dentition, Yuanmoupithecus can be shown to be the sister taxon of crown hylobatids. The contention that Kapi ramnagarensis from the Middle Miocene of India might represent an earlier species of hylobatid is not supported here. Instead, Kapi is inferred to be a specialized pliopithecoid more closely related to Krishnapithecus krishnaii from the Late Miocene of India. Currently then, Yuanmoupithecus represents the earliest known definitively identified hylobatid and the only member of the clade predating the Pleistocene. It extends the fossil record of hylobatids back to 7-8 Ma and fills a critical gap in the evolutionary history of hominoids that has up until now remained elusive. Even so, molecular estimates of a divergence date of hylobatids from other hominoids at about 17-22 Ma signifies that there is still a substantial gap in the fossil record of more than 10 million years that needs to be filled in order to document the biogeographic origins and early evolution of hylobatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Ji
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Department of Paleoanthropology, Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Terry Harrison
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Paleoanthropology, Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Kunming, 650118, China; School of History, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yemao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Song Li
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guofu Wang
- Chuxiong Prefectural Museum, Chuxiong, 657000, China
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Gellis JJ, Foley RA. Patterns of variation in canal and root number in human post-canine teeth. J Anat 2022; 241:896-918. [PMID: 36082500 PMCID: PMC9482695 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Descriptive morphology of tooth roots traditionally focuses on number of canals and roots. However, how or if canal and root number are related is poorly understood. While it is often assumed that canal number is concomitant with root number and morphology, in practice canal number and morphology do not always covary with external root features. To investigate the relationship between canal and root number, fully developed, adult post‐canine teeth were examined and quantified from computerized tomography scans from a global sample of 945 modern humans. We tested the hypotheses that root and canal number do not follow a 1:1 ratio, that canal to root ratios differ between teeth, and that canal to root ratios differ across major human geographical groups. Results indicate that not only is root number dependent on canal number, but that this relationship becomes more variable as canal number increases, varies between individual teeth and by major geographical group, and changes as these groups increase in geographical distance from Sub‐Saharan Africa. These results show that the ratio of canal number to root number is an important indicator of variation in dental phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Gellis
- University of Cambridge Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert A Foley
- University of Cambridge Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Pugh KD. Phylogenetic analysis of Middle-Late Miocene apes. J Hum Evol 2022; 165:103140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Zanolli C, Kaifu Y, Pan L, Xing S, Mijares AS, Kullmer O, Schrenk F, Corny J, Dizon E, Robles E, Détroit F. Further analyses of the structural organization of Homo luzonensis teeth: Evolutionary implications. J Hum Evol 2022; 163:103124. [PMID: 34998272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The species Homo luzonensis has recently been described based on a set of dental and postcranial elements found at Callao Cave (Northern Luzon, Philippines) and dated to at least 50-67 ka. Seven postcanine maxillary teeth are attributed to this taxon, five of them belonging to the same individual (CCH6) and representing the holotype of H. luzonensis, whereas the isolated upper premolar CCH8 and the upper third molar CCH9 are paratypes of the species. The teeth are characterized by their small dimensions associated with primitive features, as also found in Homo floresiensis, another hominin having evolved in an insular environment of Southeast Asia. Postcranial bones of the hands and feet of H. luzonensis and H. floresiensis show Homo habilis-like or australopith-like features, whereas cranial and dental morphology are more consistent with the Asian Homo erectus morphology. Due to this mosaic morphology, the origin and phylogenetic relationships of both H. luzonensis and H. floresiensis are still debated. To test the hypotheses that H. luzonensis derives from H. erectus or from an earlier small-brained hominin, we analyzed the µCT scans of the teeth. We investigated both external and internal tooth structure using morphometric methods including: crown outline shape, tooth crown tissue proportions, enamel-dentine junction shape, and pulp morphology. Homo luzonensis external crown morphology aligns more with H. erectus than with H. habilis/H. rudolfensis. The internal structural organization of H. luzonensis teeth exhibits more affinities with that of H. erectus and H. floresiensis than with Neanderthals and modern humans. Our results suggest that both H. floresiensis and H. luzonensis likely evolved from some H. erectus groups that dispersed in the various islands of this region and became isolated until endemic speciation events occurred at least twice during the Pleistocene in insular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Zanolli
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Yousuke Kaifu
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Lei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Song Xing
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Armand S Mijares
- Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; National Museum of the Philippines, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Ottmar Kullmer
- Division of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Palaeobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Friedemann Schrenk
- Division of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Palaeobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julien Corny
- UMR 7194, CNRS, Département Homme & Environnement, Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de L'Homme, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Eusebio Dizon
- National Museum of the Philippines, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Emil Robles
- Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Florent Détroit
- UMR 7194, CNRS, Département Homme & Environnement, Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de L'Homme, 75016 Paris, France.
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Gellis J, Foley R. A novel system for classifying tooth root phenotypes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251953. [PMID: 34739489 PMCID: PMC8570528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human root and canal number and morphology are highly variable, and internal root canal form and count does not necessarily co-vary directly with external morphology. While several typologies and classifications have been developed to address individual components of teeth, there is a need for a comprehensive system, that captures internal and external root features across all teeth. Using CT scans, the external and internal root morphologies of a global sample of humans are analysed (n = 945). From this analysis a method of classification that captures external and internal root morphology in a way that is intuitive, reproducible, and defines the human phenotypic set is developed. Results provide a robust definition of modern human tooth root phenotypic diversity. The method is modular in nature, allowing for incorporation of past and future classification systems. Additionally, it provides a basis for analysing hominin root morphology in evolutionary, ecological, genetic, and developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gellis
- Department of Archaeology, The Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Robert Foley
- Department of Archaeology, The Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
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Pan L, Dumoncel J, Mazurier A, Zanolli C. Structural analysis of premolar roots in Middle Pleistocene hominins from China. J Hum Evol 2019; 136:102669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Pan L, Zanolli C. Comparative observations on the premolar root and pulp canal configurations of Middle Pleistocene Homo
in China. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 168:637-646. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, CAS; Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy; Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS; Nanjing China
| | - Clément Zanolli
- Laboratory AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; France
- Laboratory PACEA; UMR 5199 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux France
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Fuss J, Spassov N, Begun DR, Böhme M. Potential hominin affinities of Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177127. [PMID: 28531170 PMCID: PMC5439669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The split of our own clade from the Panini is undocumented in the fossil record. To fill this gap we investigated the dentognathic morphology of Graecopithecus freybergi from Pyrgos Vassilissis (Greece) and cf. Graecopithecus sp. from Azmaka (Bulgaria), using new μCT and 3D reconstructions of the two known specimens. Pyrgos Vassilissis and Azmaka are currently dated to the early Messinian at 7.175 Ma and 7.24 Ma. Mainly based on its external preservation and the previously vague dating, Graecopithecus is often referred to as nomen dubium. The examination of its previously unknown dental root and pulp canal morphology confirms the taxonomic distinction from the significantly older northern Greek hominine Ouranopithecus. Furthermore, it shows features that point to a possible phylogenetic affinity with hominins. G. freybergi uniquely shares p4 partial root fusion and a possible canine root reduction with this tribe and therefore, provides intriguing evidence of what could be the oldest known hominin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Fuss
- Department of Geoscience, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Sigwartstr. 10, Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP). Sigwartstr. 10, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Spassov
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Blvd Tzar Osvoboditel, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - David R. Begun
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madelaine Böhme
- Department of Geoscience, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Sigwartstr. 10, Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP). Sigwartstr. 10, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Premolar root and canal variation in South African Plio-Pleistocene specimens attributed to Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus. J Hum Evol 2016; 93:46-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Moore NC, Hublin JJ, Skinner MM. Premolar root and canal variation in extant non-human hominoidea. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:209-226. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Collin Moore
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Germany
| | - Matthew M. Skinner
- School of Anthropology and Conservation; University of Kent; UK
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Germany
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Emonet EG, Kullmer O. Variability in premolar and molar root number in a modern population of Pan troglodytes verus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1927-34. [PMID: 24948571 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While teeth are the most common fossil remains for hominoids, little is known of the tooth root morphology in Primates. With the exception of modern humans, the variability of the number of roots within a species is scarcely documented and not conclusively quantified. This lack of knowledge hinders the interpretation of observed evolutionary trends, such as the reduction of the number of roots of premolars within the hominins. Here, we present the first quantification of the variability of the number of roots in a nonhuman ape population including 405 specimens. Our sample is made of a single biological population of Pan troglodytes verus from Liberia, which is compared to other extant hominoids. Both permanent and deciduous teeth were analyzed and comprise premolars and molars from maxillaries and mandibles. The estimated variability is very low for each tooth position; more than 97% of the specimens displaying the same number of roots except for P4 (94%), M1 (89%), and P(4) (57%). No variability at all was observed for lacteal teeth. Males and females are statistically identical, and no difference linked to the tooth size (estimated by the occlusal surface) was observed. When compared to the observation in other hominoid species, these results emphasize that the difference of the number of roots observed between modern humans and apes is significant, and suggests that the evolution of premolar root number is mosaic, with the common ancestor of Pan and Homo probably displaying a reduced number of roots for P(4) and maybe P(3) , but a plesiomorphic morphology of the roots of lower premolars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard-Georges Emonet
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Palaeoanthropology and Messel Research, Senckenberg Center of Human Evolution and Paleoecology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Zollikofer CPE, Ponce de León MS, Margvelashvili A, Rightmire GP, Lordkipanidze D. Response to Comment on “A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early
Homo
”. Science 2014; 344:360. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1250081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ann Margvelashvili
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - G. Philip Rightmire
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Emonet EG, Andossa L, Taïsso Mackaye H, Brunet M. Subocclusal dental morphology of sahelanthropus tchadensis and the evolution of teeth in hominins. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:116-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard-Georges Emonet
- Collège de France, Chaire de Paléontologie Humaine; 3, rue d'Ulm 75005 Paris France
- Institut international de Paléoprimatologie, Paléontologie Humaine: Evolution et Paléoenvironnements; UMR-CNRS 6046, faculté des Sciences, Université de Poitiers; 40 avenue du recteur Pineau 86022 Poitiers France
| | - Likius Andossa
- Département de Paléontologie; Université de N'Djamena; BP 1117 N'Djamena Tchad
| | | | - Michel Brunet
- Collège de France, Chaire de Paléontologie Humaine; 3, rue d'Ulm 75005 Paris France
- Institut international de Paléoprimatologie, Paléontologie Humaine: Evolution et Paléoenvironnements; UMR-CNRS 6046, faculté des Sciences, Université de Poitiers; 40 avenue du recteur Pineau 86022 Poitiers France
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