1
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Roura-Torres B, Amblard-Rambert P, Lepou P, Kappeler PM, Charpentier MJE. Stillbirth of a mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) in the wild: perinatal behaviors and delivery sequences. Primates 2024; 65:75-80. [PMID: 38133716 PMCID: PMC10884356 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Birth is a fundamental event in the life of animals, including our own species. More reports of wild non-human primate births and stillbirths are thus needed to better understand the evolutionary pressures shaping parturition behaviors in our lineage. In diurnal non-human primates, births generally occur at night, when individuals are resting. Consequently, they are difficult to observe in the wild and most of the current knowledge regarding perinatal behaviors comes from rare daytime births. Information about stillbirths is even rarer and their proximate causes are generally unknown. Here, we present detailed observations of a daytime birth of a stillborn wild mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx). During this event, which lasted an entire day, we recorded the behaviors of the parturient female ad libitum, using video recordings and photos. The 5-year-old female was primiparous and of low dominance rank. The length of her pregnancy was shorter than usual and the partum phase was extremely long compared to other birth reports in non-human primates. The female disappeared shortly after this event and was assumed to have died. We discuss the possible causes of this stillbirth including the infant's presentation at birth and maternal inexperience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Roura-Torres
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37007, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach, Georg-August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- ISEM, UMR5554-University of Montpellier/CNRS/IRD/EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon (cc065), 34905, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Pascal Lepou
- Projet Mandrillus, Parc de la Lékédi, BP 52, Bakoumba, Gabon
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37007, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach, Georg-August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie J E Charpentier
- ISEM, UMR5554-University of Montpellier/CNRS/IRD/EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon (cc065), 34905, Montpellier, France
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Bücklestraβe 5, 78467, Constance, Germany
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2
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Li Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Mao M, Wang H, Ma Y, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Liao C, Chang X, Gao Q, Guo J, Ye Y, Ai F, Liu X, Zhao X, Tian W, Yang H, Ji W, Tan T, Zhu L. A comprehensive evaluation of spontaneous pelvic organ prolapse in rhesus macaques as an ideal model for the study of human pelvic organ prolapse. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2434-2447. [PMID: 37714805 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) seriously affects a woman's quality of life, and the treatment complications are severe. Although new surgical treatments are being developed, the host tissue responses and safety need to be evaluated in preclinical trials. However, there is a lack of suitable animal models, as most quadrupeds exhibit different structural and pathological changes. In this study, 72 elderly rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were physically examined, and the incidence of spontaneous POP was similar to that in humans. The vaginal wall from five control monkeys and four monkeys with POP were selected for further analysis. Verhoeff-van Gieson staining showed that elastin content decreased significantly in monkeys with POP compared with control samples. Immunohistological staining revealed that the smooth muscle bundles in monkey POP appeared disorganized, and the number of large muscle bundles decreased significantly. The collagen I/III ratio in monkey POP also significantly decreased, as revealed by Sirius Red staining. These histological and biochemical changes in monkeys with POP were similar to those in humans with POP. Moreover, we generated a single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the prolapsed monkey vagina. Cross-species analysis between humans and monkeys revealed a comparable cellular composition. Notably, a differential gene expression analysis determined that dysregulation of the extracellular matrix and an immune disorder were the conserved molecular mechanisms. The interplay between fibroblasts and macrophages contributed to human and monkey POP. Overall, this study represents a comprehensive evaluation of spontaneous POP in rhesus macaques and demonstrates that monkeys are a suitable animal model for POP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Li
- Medical Science Research Center, the State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, the State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, the State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Meng Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, the State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, the State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yidi Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, the State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, the State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Youyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chengmin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, the State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, the State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jianbin Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, the State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, the State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, the State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, the State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fangfang Ai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Medical Science Research Center, the State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, the State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, the State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Weijie Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, the State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, the State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Department of Gynecology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Medical College of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, the State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, the State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Tao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Lan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, the State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, the State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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3
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Cárdenas-Navarrete A, Van Belle S. Birth of a wild black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) at an anthropogenic site. Primates 2023; 64:17-23. [PMID: 36334222 PMCID: PMC9842550 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present the first description of a diurnal live birth of a wild black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra). The mother formed part of a group of five individuals inhabiting an anthropogenic setting in the tropical lowlands of southeast Mexico. A total of 7 h and 50 min passed from the rupture of the amniotic sac early in the day to the crowning of the infant from the birth canal. The delivery of the infant lasted ~ 3 min. We describe the event while referencing images and time points in a supplementary video recording. We place our findings in the context of the available reports of live births in the Alouatta genus, time of day, birth duration, and group activity budget on the day of the birth. While primates tend to give birth at night to reduce complications from group interactions, the observed birth took place during the day, which may have been possible due to an alteration in group time allocation. Our report provides in-depth details of the events of a birth and important information regarding the natural history of the black howler monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaid Cárdenas-Navarrete
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-153, 04510 8, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Sarie Van Belle
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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4
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Cords M, Gometz E. The birth hour of mammals: insights from intra-specific variation in wild blue monkeys. Curr Zool 2022; 68:499-506. [PMID: 36324538 PMCID: PMC9616064 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
While most mammals show birth hour peaks at times of the 24-h cycle when they are less active, there are exceptions to this general pattern. Such exceptions have been little explored, but may clarify evolutionary reasons for the diel timing of births. We investigated intraspecific variation in birth hour in wild blue monkeys Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni, a diurnal primate, to identify factors that differentiated daytime versus nighttime births. Behavioral and life history data from 14 groups over 14 years revealed that 4% of 484 births occurred during the day. Probability of daytime birth varied with mother's age, peaking at 15.7 years. Births whose annual timing deviated most from the population's peak birth months were 5 times more likely to occur during daytime than those that deviated less. There was no evidence that mother's rank or infant sex influenced birth hour, and mixed evidence that daytime births were more probable in larger groups. Survivorship did not differ significantly for infants born during the day versus night. Prime-aged mothers may be able to handle the consequences of an unusual birth hour more successfully than mothers with less experience or those weakened by age. Daytime birth may be more advantageous in the off-season because nights are colder at that time of year. These findings are consistent with hypotheses relating birth hour to the risk of losing social protection in group-living animals, but are not consistent with those emphasizing risk of conspecific harassment. Patterns of within-species variation can help in evaluating evolutionary hypotheses for non-random birth hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cords
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emma Gometz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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5
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McFarland R, Henzi SP, Fuller A, Hetem RS, Young C, Barrett L. The thermal consequences of primate birth hour and its evolutionary implications. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210574. [PMID: 35078330 PMCID: PMC8790368 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Most primates, including humans, give birth during the inactive phase of the daily cycle. Practical constraints therefore limit our knowledge of the precise timing of nocturnal birth in wild diurnal primates and so limit our understanding of selective pressures and consequences. We measured maternal core body temperature (Tb) across 24 births in a population of wild vervet monkeys using biologgers. We identified distinct perturbations in Tb during the birth period, including declining Tb during labour and the rapid recovery of Tb post-parturition. Vervet monkeys typically gave birth during their inactive phase in synchrony with the nadir of the maternal nychthemeral Tb rhythm but also showed remarkable inter-individual variability in their absolute Tb during birth. Our findings support the view that selection may have favoured a nocturnal timing of primate birth to coincide with lower night-time Tb and environmental temperatures, which improve thermal efficiency during birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard McFarland
- NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - S. Peter Henzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada T1 K 3M4,Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, FL 1710, South Africa
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Robyn S. Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa,School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Christopher Young
- NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK,Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, FL 1710, South Africa
| | - Louise Barrett
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa,Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada T1 K 3M4
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6
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Haeusler M, Grunstra ND, Martin RD, Krenn VA, Fornai C, Webb NM. The obstetrical dilemma hypothesis: there's life in the old dog yet. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2031-2057. [PMID: 34013651 PMCID: PMC8518115 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The term 'obstetrical dilemma' was coined by Washburn in 1960 to describe the trade-off between selection for a larger birth canal, permitting successful passage of a big-brained human neonate, and the smaller pelvic dimensions required for bipedal locomotion. His suggested solution to these antagonistic pressures was to give birth prematurely, explaining the unusual degree of neurological and physical immaturity, or secondary altriciality, observed in human infants. This proposed trade-off has traditionally been offered as the predominant evolutionary explanation for why human childbirth is so challenging, and inherently risky, compared to that of other primates. This perceived difficulty is likely due to the tight fit of fetal to maternal pelvic dimensions along with the convoluted shape of the birth canal and a comparatively low degree of ligamentous flexibility. Although the ideas combined under the obstetrical dilemma hypothesis originated almost a century ago, they have received renewed attention and empirical scrutiny in the last decade, with some researchers advocating complete rejection of the hypothesis and its assumptions. However, the hypothesis is complex because it presently captures several, mutually non-exclusive ideas: (i) there is an evolutionary trade-off resulting from opposing selection pressures on the pelvis; (ii) selection favouring a narrow pelvis specifically derives from bipedalism; (iii) human neonates are secondarily altricial because they are born relatively immature to ensure that they fit through the maternal bony pelvis; (iv) as a corollary to the asymmetric selection pressure for a spacious birth canal in females, humans evolved pronounced sexual dimorphism of pelvic shape. Recently, the hypothesis has been challenged on both empirical and theoretical grounds. Here, we appraise the original ideas captured under the 'obstetrical dilemma' and their subsequent evolution. We also evaluate complementary and alternative explanations for a tight fetopelvic fit and obstructed labour, including ecological factors related to nutrition and thermoregulation, constraints imposed by the stability of the pelvic floor or by maternal and fetal metabolism, the energetics of bipedalism, and variability in pelvic shape. This reveals that human childbirth is affected by a complex combination of evolutionary, ecological, and biocultural factors, which variably constrain maternal pelvic form and fetal growth. Our review demonstrates that it is unwarranted to reject the obstetrical dilemma hypothesis entirely because several of its fundamental assumptions have not been successfully discounted despite claims to the contrary. As such, the obstetrical dilemma remains a tenable hypothesis that can be used productively to guide evolutionary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Haeusler
- Institute of Evolutionary MedicineUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190Zürich8057Switzerland
| | - Nicole D.S. Grunstra
- Konrad Lorenz Institute (KLI) for Evolution and Cognition ResearchMartinstrasse 12Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaUniversity Biology Building (UBB), Carl Djerassi Platz 1Vienna1030Austria
- Mammal CollectionNatural History Museum ViennaBurgring 7Vienna1010Austria
| | - Robert D. Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary MedicineUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190Zürich8057Switzerland
- The Field Museum1400 S Lake Shore DrChicagoIL60605U.S.A.
| | - Viktoria A. Krenn
- Institute of Evolutionary MedicineUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190Zürich8057Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of ViennaUniversity Biology Building (UBB), Carl Djerassi Platz 1Vienna1030Austria
| | - Cinzia Fornai
- Institute of Evolutionary MedicineUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190Zürich8057Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of ViennaUniversity Biology Building (UBB), Carl Djerassi Platz 1Vienna1030Austria
| | - Nicole M. Webb
- Institute of Evolutionary MedicineUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190Zürich8057Switzerland
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum FrankfurtSenckenberganlage 25Frankfurt am Main60325Germany
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7
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Miller CM, Snyder-Mackler N, Nguyen N, Fashing PJ, Tung J, Wroblewski EE, Gustison ML, Wilson ML. Extragroup paternity in gelada monkeys, Theropithecus gelada, at Guassa, Ethiopia and a comparison with other primates. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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8
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Dunbar DC, Vilensky JA, Suárez-Quian CA, Shen PY, Metaizeau JP, Supakul N. Risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus palsy attributed to anatomy, physiology, and evolution. Clin Anat 2021; 34:884-898. [PMID: 33904192 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The inherent variable anatomy of the neonate and the uniquely-shaped maternal birth canal that is associated with the evolution of human bipedalism constitute risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP). For example, those neonates with a prefixed brachial plexus (BP) are at greater risk of trauma due to lateral neck traction during delivery than those with a normal or postfixed BP. Compared to adults, neonates also have extremely large and heavy heads (high head: body ratio) set upon necks with muscles and ligaments that are weak and poorly developed. Accordingly, insufficient cranial stability can place large torques on the cervical spinal nerves. In addition, the pelvic changes necessary for habitual bipedal posture resulted in a uniquely-shaped, obstruction-filled, sinusoidal birth canal, requiring the human fetus to complete a complicated series of rotations to successfully traverse it. Furthermore, although there are many risk factors that are known to contribute to NBPP, the specific anatomy and physiology of the neonate, except for macrosomia, is not considered to be one of them. In fact, currently, the amount of lateral traction applied to the neck during delivery is the overwhelming legal factor that is used to evaluate whether a birth attendant is liable in cases of permanent NBPP. Here, we suggest that the specific anatomy and physiology of the neonate and mother, which are clearly not within the control of the birth attendant, should also be considered when assessing liability in cases of NBPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Dunbar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joel A Vilensky
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Huntington University, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
| | - Carlos A Suárez-Quian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Peter Yi Shen
- Neuroradiology/Diagnostic Radiology, Kaiser Permanente, Santa Clara, California, USA.,Radiology, Neuroradiology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Nucharin Supakul
- Clinical Radiology & Imaging Science, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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9
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Frémondière P, Lacoste R, Rachid L. Un cas d’accouchement en occipito-pubien chez Pan troglodytes. REVUE DE PRIMATOLOGIE 2020. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.7036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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10
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Zinner D, Atickem A, Beehner JC, Bekele A, Bergman TJ, Burke R, Dolotovskaya S, Fashing PJ, Gippoliti S, Knauf S, Knauf Y, Mekonnen A, Moges A, Nguyen N, Stenseth NC, Roos C. Phylogeography, mitochondrial DNA diversity, and demographic history of geladas (Theropithecus gelada). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202303. [PMID: 30138418 PMCID: PMC6107150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The large-bodied, terrestrial primates in the tribe Papionini are among the most intensely studied animals in the world, yet for some members of this tribe we know comparatively little about their evolutionary history and phylogeography. Geladas (Theropithecus gelada Rüppell, 1835), endemic primates of the Ethiopian highlands, are largely unstudied both in genetic diversity and intrageneric phylogeny. Currently, a northern and central subspecies and one isolated southern population are recognized, of which the central is classified as Least Concern, the northern as Vulnerable, and the southern is not yet assessed. The distribution and taxonomy of the subspecies remain poorly defined. Here, we estimate the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity and phylogenetic relationships among gelada mtDNA lineages based on samples across the entire species range. We analysed 1.7 kb-long sequences of the mtDNA genome, spanning the cytochrome b gene and the hypervariable region I of the D-loop, derived from 162 faecal samples. We detected five major haplogroups or clades (south, central-1, central-2, north-1, north-2) which diverged between 0.67 and 0.43 million years ago, thus suggesting a rapid radiation, resulting in largely unresolved intrageneric phylogenetic relationships. Both, the northern and central demes contain two similarly valid haplogroups, each with little or no geographic segregation among respective haplogroups. Effective population sizes of the northern and central demes decreased during and after the last glacial maximum but remained stable for the southern deme, although on a very low level. The distribution of haplogroups within the geographic ranges of the putative gelada subspecies indicates that mtDNA sequence information does not allow reliable taxonomic inferences and thus is not sufficient for solving the taxonomic rank of the three demic populations, with the possible exception of the southern population. Nevertheless, due to the genetic differences all three populations deserve conservation efforts, in particular the smallest southern population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (DZ); (CR)
| | - Anagaw Atickem
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jacinta C. Beehner
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Afework Bekele
- Department of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Thore J. Bergman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Ryan Burke
- Long-Term Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sofya Dolotovskaya
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter J. Fashing
- Department of Anthropology & Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, United States of America
| | - Spartaco Gippoliti
- Società Italiana per la Storia della Fauna “G. Altobello”, Viale Liegi 48A, Roma, Italy
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Knauf
- Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Addisu Mekonnen
- Department of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amera Moges
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Department of Anthropology & Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, United States of America
| | - Nils Chr. Stenseth
- Department of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Roos
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany
- Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (DZ); (CR)
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