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Caduff M, Eckel R, Leuenberger C, Wegmann D. Accurate Bayesian inference of sex chromosome karyotypes and sex-linked scaffolds from low-depth sequencing data. Mol Ecol Resour 2024; 24:e13913. [PMID: 38173222 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The identification of sex-linked scaffolds and the genetic sex of individuals, i.e. their sex karyotype, is a fundamental step in population genomic studies. If sex-linked scaffolds are known, single individuals may be sexed based on read counts of next-generation sequencing data. If both sex-linked scaffolds as well as sex karyotypes are unknown, as is often the case for non-model organisms, they have to be jointly inferred. For both cases, current methods rely on arbitrary thresholds, which limits their power for low-depth data. In addition, most current methods are limited to euploid sex karyotypes (XX and XY). Here we develop BeXY, a fully Bayesian method to jointly infer the posterior probabilities for each scaffold to be autosomal, X- or Y-linked and for each individual to be any of the sex karyotypes XX, XY, X0, XXX, XXY, XYY and XXYY. If the sex-linked scaffolds are known, it also identifies autosomal trisomies and estimates the sex karyotype posterior probabilities for single individuals. As we show with downsampling experiments, BeXY has higher power than all existing methods. It accurately infers the sex karyotype of ancient human samples with as few as 20,000 reads and accurately infers sex-linked scaffolds from data sets of just a handful of samples or with highly imbalanced sex ratios, also in the case of low-quality reference assemblies. We illustrate the power of BeXY by applying it to both whole-genome shotgun and target enrichment sequencing data of ancient and modern humans, as well as several non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madleina Caduff
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Eckel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Leuenberger
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wegmann
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Vincenti G, Molinaro L, Sajjadi SMS, Moradi H, Pagani L, Fabbri PF. Female biased adult sex ratio in the Bronze Age cemetery of Shahr-i Sokhta (Iran) as an indicator of long distance trade and matrilocality. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24911. [PMID: 38348756 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper starts from the unusual observation of the overrepresentation of females among adults in the cemetery of Bronze Age Shahr-i Sokhta (Seistan, Iran) and explores the post marital residence pattern. By integrating taphonomical (skeletal preservation), anthropological (sex ratio [SR], sexual dimorphism, stress indicators, age at death), archeological (long distance trade indicators, habitation floor area, social role of women), and ancient DNA (heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes) data we test the hypothesis of post marital matrilocality in the site. METHODS We computed the SR (pelvis-based sex determination) in a random unpublished adult sample from the cemetery of Shahr-i Sokhta and in two samples previously published by other authors. We used comparative data on SR from: a large Supra Regional multi-chronological sample of sites, n = 47, with 8808 adult sexed individuals, from Southern Europe, Egypt, Middle East, Southern Russia; a Regional Bronze Age sample of sites (n = 10) from Bactria Margiana and Indus Valley with 1324 adult sexed individuals. We estimated the heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes compared with the rest of the autosomes on the assumption that in a matrilocal society females should show lower variability than men. RESULTS Adult SR in a sample (n = 549) from Shahr-i Sokhta is 70.5, the overrepresentation of females is shared with Regional Bronze Age sites from Bactria Margiana (SR = 72.09) and Indus Valley (SR = 67.54). On the contrary, in a larger Supra Regional multi-chronological sample of sites, mean SR ranges between 112.7 (Bronze Age) and 163.1 (Middle Ages). Taphonomical and anthropological indicators do not explain the overrepresentation of female skeletons. Archeological indicators suggest a high social status of women and that the society was devoted to long range trade activities. heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes are in agreement with a matrilocal society. CONCLUSIONS Indicators suggest that Bronze Age Shahr-ì Sokhta was a matrilocal society and that long distance trade was an important economic factor producing an overrepresentation of adult female skeletons in the cemetery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Vincenti
- MAIPS, Multidisciplinary Archaeological Italian Project at Shahr-i Sokhta - Dipartimento Beni Culturali, Laboratorio di Antropologia Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Ludovica Molinaro
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Luca Pagani
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Pier Francesco Fabbri
- MAIPS, Multidisciplinary Archaeological Italian Project at Shahr-i Sokhta, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Museo Fiorentino di Preistoria, Firenze, Italy
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Dodson D. Amazons among us: Reflections on creating the heroines we need now. JOURNAL OF LESBIAN STUDIES 2024; 28:343-361. [PMID: 38423126 DOI: 10.1080/10894160.2024.2303903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This article describes my recent carved wood sculptures of warrior women as a response to and reimagination of historical and mythological accounts of Amazons. I emphasize aspects of queerness and gender non-conformity in the figurative sculptures through iconographical details. This body of work is grounded in readings of classical mythology and popular culture, as well as reference to historical Amazons and women warriors in African and Indian cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Dodson
- Scholar at the Women's Studies Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham MA
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Muñoz-Reyes JA, Torrico-Bazoberry D, Polo P, Figueroa O, Guzmán-Lavín E, Fajardo G, Valenzuela N, Belinchón M, Rodríguez-Sickert C, Pita M. Evidence of the active participation of women in the intergroup conflict based on the use of aggression and cooperation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17742. [PMID: 37853104 PMCID: PMC10584941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intergroup conflict has been a persistent aspect of human societies since the emergence of our species. Various researchers have proposed that competition between groups has acted as a key selective force throughout human evolutionary history. Such intergroup competition for limited resources exacerbated the expression of intergroup aggression and intragroup cooperation. Furthermore, it would have a sexual dimorphism, with men demonstrating increased sensitivity to conflict threats-in order to maximize reproductive opportunities-, while women generally reject from active engagement in intergroup conflict. In the present study, we conducted behavioral experiments under controlled laboratory conditions to measure cooperation and aggression from using virtual games, specifically the Public Good Games and the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm, in a sample of 541 participants. We created control and experimental intergroup competition scenarios, where aggression and cooperation were necessary to increase monetary rewards. Our results shows that men modulate aggression and cooperation in the presence of intergroup conflict. In addition, our data also reveals that women cooperate more than men and display heightened levels of cooperation and aggression when confronted with intergroup conflict. These findings prompt a reevaluation of current functional theoretical models concerning the role of women in intergroup conflict and suggest that the dynamics of human aggression and cooperation may be more nuanced than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Muñoz-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Daniel Torrico-Bazoberry
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Polo
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oriana Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenio Guzmán-Lavín
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Fajardo
- Facultad de Administración y Economía, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nohelia Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Montserrat Belinchón
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Sickert
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Pita
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Anderson A, Chilczuk S, Nelson K, Ruther R, Wall-Scheffler C. The Myth of Man the Hunter: Women's contribution to the hunt across ethnographic contexts. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287101. [PMID: 37379261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The sexual division of labor among human foraging populations has typically been recognized as involving males as hunters and females as gatherers. Recent archeological research has questioned this paradigm with evidence that females hunted (and went to war) throughout the Homo sapiens lineage, though many of these authors assert the pattern of women hunting may only have occurred in the past. The current project gleans data from across the ethnographic literature to investigate the prevalence of women hunting in foraging societies in more recent times. Evidence from the past one hundred years supports archaeological finds from the Holocene that women from a broad range of cultures intentionally hunt for subsistence. These results aim to shift the male-hunter female-gatherer paradigm to account for the significant role females have in hunting, thus dramatically shifting stereotypes of labor, as well as mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Anderson
- Department of Biology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sophia Chilczuk
- Department of Biology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kaylie Nelson
- Department of Biology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Roxanne Ruther
- Department of Biology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cara Wall-Scheffler
- Department of Biology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Evolutionary Origin of Germline Pathogenic MUTYH Variations in Modern Humans. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030429. [PMID: 36979362 PMCID: PMC10046817 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
MUTYH plays an essential role in preventing oxidation-caused DNA damage. Pathogenic germline variations in MUTYH damage its function, causing intestinal polyposis and colorectal cancer. Determination of the evolutionary origin of the variation is essential to understanding the etiological relationship between MUTYH variation and cancer development. In this study, we analyzed the origins of pathogenic germline variants in human MUTYH. Using a phylogenic approach, we searched pathogenic MUTYH variants in modern humans in the MUTYH of 99 vertebrates across eight clades. We did not find pathogenic variants shared between modern humans and the non-human vertebrates following the evolutionary tree, ruling out the possibility of cross-species conservation as the origin of human pathogenic variants in MUTYH. We then searched the variants in the MUTYH of 5031 ancient humans and extinct Neanderthals and Denisovans. We identified 24 pathogenic variants in 42 ancient humans dated between 30,570 and 480 years before present (BP), and three pathogenic variants in Neanderthals dated between 65,000 and 38,310 years BP. Data from our study revealed that human pathogenic MUTYH variants mostly arose in recent human history and were partially inherited from Neanderthals.
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7
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Rodríguez-Varela R, Moore KHS, Ebenesersdóttir SS, Kilinc GM, Kjellström A, Papmehl-Dufay L, Alfsdotter C, Berglund B, Alrawi L, Kashuba N, Sobrado V, Lagerholm VK, Gilbert E, Cavalleri GL, Hovig E, Kockum I, Olsson T, Alfredsson L, Hansen TF, Werge T, Munters AR, Bernhardsson C, Skar B, Christophersen A, Turner-Walker G, Gopalakrishnan S, Daskalaki E, Omrak A, Pérez-Ramallo P, Skoglund P, Girdland-Flink L, Gunnarsson F, Hedenstierna-Jonson C, Gilbert MTP, Lidén K, Jakobsson M, Einarsson L, Victor H, Krzewińska M, Zachrisson T, Storå J, Stefánsson K, Helgason A, Götherström A. The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present. Cell 2023; 186:32-46.e19. [PMID: 36608656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rodríguez-Varela
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - S Sunna Ebenesersdóttir
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Inc., 102 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gulsah Merve Kilinc
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anna Kjellström
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Clara Alfsdotter
- Department of Archaeology, Bohusläns Museum, Museigatan 1, 451 19 Udevalla, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Berglund
- Department of Archaeology and Cultural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Loey Alrawi
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalija Kashuba
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Archaeology, Uppsala University, 752 38 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Organismal Biology, Human Evolution, and SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Verónica Sobrado
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vendela Kempe Lagerholm
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edmund Gilbert
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gianpiero L Cavalleri
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, 166 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Arielle R Munters
- Department of Organismal Biology, Human Evolution, and SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carolina Bernhardsson
- Department of Organismal Biology, Human Evolution, and SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birgitte Skar
- Department of Archaeology and Cultural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Axel Christophersen
- Department of Archaeology and Cultural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gordon Turner-Walker
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology National Museum of Natural Science, 404023 Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Shyam Gopalakrishnan
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, the GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Daskalaki
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ayça Omrak
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patxi Pérez-Ramallo
- isoTROPIC Research Group, Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, 07745 Jena, Germany; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | | | - Linus Girdland-Flink
- Department of Archaeology, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3FX Aberdeen, UK; School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, L3 3AF Liverpool, UK
| | - Fredrik Gunnarsson
- Department of Museum Archaeology, Kalmar County Museum, Box 104, Kalmar 39121, Sweden
| | | | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, the GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kerstin Lidén
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Jakobsson
- Department of Organismal Biology, Human Evolution, and SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Einarsson
- Kronan, Marine Archaeological Department, Kalmar County Museum, Box 104, Kalmar S-39121, Sweden
| | - Helena Victor
- Department of Museum Archaeology, Kalmar County Museum, Box 104, Kalmar 39121, Sweden
| | - Maja Krzewińska
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Storå
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kári Stefánsson
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Inc., 102 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Agnar Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Inc., 102 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Anders Götherström
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Haas R, Watson J, Buonasera T, Southon J, Chen JC, Noe S, Smith K, Llave CV, Eerkens J, Parker G. Female hunters of the early Americas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/45/eabd0310. [PMID: 33148651 PMCID: PMC7673694 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sexual division of labor with females as gatherers and males as hunters is a major empirical regularity of hunter-gatherer ethnography, suggesting an ancestral behavioral pattern. We present an archeological discovery and meta-analysis that challenge the man-the-hunter hypothesis. Excavations at the Andean highland site of Wilamaya Patjxa reveal a 9000-year-old human burial (WMP6) associated with a hunting toolkit of stone projectile points and animal processing tools. Osteological, proteomic, and isotopic analyses indicate that this early hunter was a young adult female who subsisted on terrestrial plants and animals. Analysis of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene burial practices throughout the Americas situate WMP6 as the earliest and most secure hunter burial in a sample that includes 10 other females in statistical parity with early male hunter burials. The findings are consistent with nongendered labor practices in which early hunter-gatherer females were big-game hunters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Haas
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Collasuyo Archaeological Research Institute, Jiron Nicaragua 199, Puno, Puno, Peru
| | - James Watson
- Arizona State Museum, The University of Arizona, 1013 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- School of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, 1009 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Tammy Buonasera
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John Southon
- W.M. Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometer Facility, University of California Irvine, B321 Croul Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jennifer C Chen
- Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, 410 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sarah Noe
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Kevin Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carlos Viviano Llave
- Collasuyo Archaeological Research Institute, Jiron Nicaragua 199, Puno, Puno, Peru
| | - Jelmer Eerkens
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Glendon Parker
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
The study of ancient genomes has burgeoned at an incredible rate in the last decade. The result is a shift in archaeological narratives, bringing with it a fierce debate on the place of genetics in anthropological research. Archaeogenomics has challenged and scrutinized fundamental themes of anthropological research, including human origins, movement of ancient and modern populations, the role of social organization in shaping material culture, and the relationship between culture, language, and ancestry. Moreover, the discussion has inevitably invoked new debates on indigenous rights, ownership of ancient materials, inclusion in the scientific process, and even the meaning of what it is to be a human. We argue that the broad and seemingly daunting ethical, methodological, and theoretical challenges posed by archaeogenomics, in fact, represent the very cutting edge of social science research. Here, we provide a general review of the field by introducing the contemporary discussion points and summarizing methodological and ethical concerns, while highlighting the exciting possibilities of ancient genome studies in archaeology from an anthropological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14221, USA
| | - Michael Frachetti
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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11
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Del Bove A, Profico A, Riga A, Bucchi A, Lorenzo C. A geometric morphometric approach to the study of sexual dimorphism in the modern human frontal bone. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:643-654. [PMID: 33025582 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We analyzed the main anatomical traits found in the human frontal bone by using a geometric morphometric approach. The objectives of this study are to explore how the frontal bone morphology varies between the sexes and to detect which part of the frontal bone are sexually dimorphic. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample is composed of 161 skulls of European and North American individuals of known sex. For each cranium, we collected 3D landmarks and semilandmarks on the frontal bone, to examine the entire morphology and separate modules (frontal squama, supraorbital ridges, glabellar region, temporal lines, and mid-sagittal profile). We used Procrustes ANOVAs and LDAs (linear discriminant analyses) to evaluate the relation between frontal bone morphology and sexual dimorphism and to calculate precision and accuracy in the classification of sex. RESULTS All the frontal bone traits are influenced by sexual dimorphism, though each in a different manner. Variation in shape and size differs between the sexes, and this study confirmed that the supraorbital ridges and glabella are the most important regions for sex determination, although there is no covariation between them. The variable size does not contribute significantly to the discrimination between sexes. Thanks to a geometric morphometric analysis, it was found that the size variable is not an important element for the determination of sex in the frontal bone. CONCLUSION The usage of geometric morphometrics in analyzing the frontal bone has led to new knowledge on the morphological variations due to sexual dimorphism. The proposed protocol permits to quantify morphological covariation between modules, to calculate the shape variations related to sexual dimorphism including or omitting the variable size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Del Bove
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Profico
- PalaeoHub-Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alessandro Riga
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Laboratory of Archaeoanthropology, SABAP-FI, Scandicci, Italy
| | - Ana Bucchi
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
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12
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Gil-Bona A, Bidlack FB. Tooth Enamel and its Dynamic Protein Matrix. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124458. [PMID: 32585904 PMCID: PMC7352428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth enamel is the outer covering of tooth crowns, the hardest material in the mammalian body, yet fracture resistant. The extremely high content of 95 wt% calcium phosphate in healthy adult teeth is achieved through mineralization of a proteinaceous matrix that changes in abundance and composition. Enamel-specific proteins and proteases are known to be critical for proper enamel formation. Recent proteomics analyses revealed many other proteins with their roles in enamel formation yet to be unraveled. Although the exact protein composition of healthy tooth enamel is still unknown, it is apparent that compromised enamel deviates in amount and composition of its organic material. Why these differences affect both the mineralization process before tooth eruption and the properties of erupted teeth will become apparent as proteomics protocols are adjusted to the variability between species, tooth size, sample size and ephemeral organic content of forming teeth. This review summarizes the current knowledge and published proteomics data of healthy and diseased tooth enamel, including advancements in forensic applications and disease models in animals. A summary and discussion of the status quo highlights how recent proteomics findings advance our understating of the complexity and temporal changes of extracellular matrix composition during tooth enamel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gil-Bona
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (A.G.-B.); (F.B.B.)
| | - Felicitas B. Bidlack
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (A.G.-B.); (F.B.B.)
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14
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Abstract
Osteobiography provides a rich basis for understanding the past, but its conceptual framework has not been outlined systematically. It stands in conceptual opposition to a traditional statistical approach to bioarchaeology modeled upon clinical studies in biomedicine, but is interdependent with it. As such, its position mirrors those of clinical case histories as opposed to statistical studies, participant-observation ethnography as opposed to quantitative sociology, and microhistory and biography as opposed to quantitative history. Such disciplinary comparisons provide a framework for exploring the strengths and weaknesses of osteobiography. It is not merely a tool for engagingly illustrating the "typical" life history as established statistically. Rather, it allows us to understand issues that population studies cannot explore. These include both analytical directions (exploring the complexity of deeply layered data, understanding the role of contingency in human lives, integrating osteological and cultural evidence) and philosophical directions (the interaction of material and conceptual factors in the creation of human bodies, embodiment, the experience of time).
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15
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Morgan RM, Nakhaeizadeh S, Rando C, Dror IE. Authors' Response on research into contextual influences and forensic decision making. J Forensic Sci 2018; 63:1598-1600. [PMID: 30176188 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Krzewińska M, Kjellström A, Günther T, Hedenstierna-Jonson C, Zachrisson T, Omrak A, Yaka R, Kılınç GM, Somel M, Sobrado V, Evans J, Knipper C, Jakobsson M, Storå J, Götherström A. Genomic and Strontium Isotope Variation Reveal Immigration Patterns in a Viking Age Town. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2730-2738.e10. [PMID: 30146150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of human mobility on the northern European urban populations during the Viking and Early Middle Ages and its repercussions in Scandinavia itself are still largely unexplored. Our study of the demographics in the final phase of the Viking era is the first comprehensive multidisciplinary investigation that includes genetics, isotopes, archaeology, and osteology on a larger scale. This early Christian dataset is particularly important as the earlier common pagan burial tradition during the Iron Age was cremation, hindering large-scale DNA analyses. We present genome-wide sequence data from 23 individuals from the 10th to 12th century Swedish town of Sigtuna. The data revealed high genetic diversity among the early urban residents. The observed variation exceeds the genetic diversity in distinct modern-day and Iron Age groups of central and northern Europe. Strontium isotope data suggest mixed local and non-local origin of the townspeople. Our results uncover the social system underlying the urbanization process of the Viking World of which mobility was an intricate part and was comparable between males and females. The inhabitants of Sigtuna were heterogeneous in their genetic affinities, probably reflecting both close and distant connections through an established network, confirming that early urbanization processes in northern Europe were driven by migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Krzewińska
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, University of Stockholm, Lilla Frescativägen 7, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna Kjellström
- Osteoarchaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, University of Stockholm, Lilla Frescativägen 7, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Torsten Günther
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18C, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, University of Stockholm, Lilla Frescativägen 7, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torun Zachrisson
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, University of Stockholm, Lilla Frescativägen 7, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ayça Omrak
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, University of Stockholm, Lilla Frescativägen 7, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reyhan Yaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Merve Kılınç
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, University of Stockholm, Lilla Frescativägen 7, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehmet Somel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Veronica Sobrado
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, University of Stockholm, Lilla Frescativägen 7, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jane Evans
- NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Corina Knipper
- Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum Archäometrie, D6, 3, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mattias Jakobsson
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18C, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jan Storå
- Osteoarchaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, University of Stockholm, Lilla Frescativägen 7, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Götherström
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, University of Stockholm, Lilla Frescativägen 7, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 17165 Solna, Sweden.
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17
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Micheletti AJC, Ruxton GD, Gardner A. Why war is a man's game. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.0975. [PMID: 30111597 PMCID: PMC6111185 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the evolutionary origins and drivers of warfare in ancient and contemporary small-scale human societies has greatly increased in the last decade, and has been particularly spurred by exciting archaeological discoveries that suggest our ancestors led more violent lives than previously documented. However, the striking observation that warfare is an almost-exclusively male activity remains unexplained. Three general hypotheses have been proposed, concerning greater male effectiveness in warfare, lower male costs, and patrilocality. But while each of these factors might explain why warfare is more common in men, they do not convincingly explain why women almost never participate. Here, we develop a mathematical model to formally assess these hypotheses. Surprisingly, we find that exclusively male warfare may evolve even in the absence of any such sex differences, though sex biases in these parameters can make this evolutionary outcome more likely. The qualitative observation that participation in warfare is almost exclusive to one sex is ultimately explained by the fundamentally sex-specific nature of Darwinian competition—in fitness terms, men compete with men and women with women. These results reveal a potentially key role for ancestral conditions in shaping our species' patterns of sexual division of labour and violence-related adaptations and behavioural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graeme D Ruxton
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyers Brae, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Andy Gardner
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyers Brae, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
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Loreille O, Ratnayake S, Bazinet AL, Stockwell TB, Sommer DD, Rohland N, Mallick S, Johnson PLF, Skoglund P, Onorato AJ, Bergman NH, Reich D, Irwin JA. Biological Sexing of a 4000-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy Head to Assess the Potential of Nuclear DNA Recovery from the Most Damaged and Limited Forensic Specimens. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030135. [PMID: 29494531 PMCID: PMC5867856 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High throughput sequencing (HTS) has been used for a number of years in the field of paleogenomics to facilitate the recovery of small DNA fragments from ancient specimens. Recently, these techniques have also been applied in forensics, where they have been used for the recovery of mitochondrial DNA sequences from samples where traditional PCR-based assays fail because of the very short length of endogenous DNA molecules. Here, we describe the biological sexing of a ~4000-year-old Egyptian mummy using shotgun sequencing and two established methods of biological sex determination (RX and RY), by way of mitochondrial genome analysis as a means of sequence data authentication. This particular case of historical interest increases the potential utility of HTS techniques for forensic purposes by demonstrating that data from the more discriminatory nuclear genome can be recovered from the most damaged specimens, even in cases where mitochondrial DNA cannot be recovered with current PCR-based forensic technologies. Although additional work remains to be done before nuclear DNA recovered via these methods can be used routinely in operational casework for individual identification purposes, these results indicate substantial promise for the retrieval of probative individually identifying DNA data from the most limited and degraded forensic specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Loreille
- DNA Support Unit, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA.
| | - Shashikala Ratnayake
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, 8300 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Adam L Bazinet
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, 8300 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Timothy B Stockwell
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, 8300 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Daniel D Sommer
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, 8300 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Philip L F Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 1210 Biology-Psychology Building, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Pontus Skoglund
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Anthony J Onorato
- DNA Support Unit, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA.
| | - Nicholas H Bergman
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, 8300 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Jodi A Irwin
- DNA Support Unit, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA.
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Hedenstierna‐Jonson C, Kjellström A, Zachrisson T, Krzewińska M, Sobrado V, Price N, Günther T, Jakobsson M, Götherström A, Storå J. A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:853-860. [PMID: 28884802 PMCID: PMC5724682 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study has been to confirm the sex and the affinity of an individual buried in a well-furnished warrior grave (Bj 581) in the Viking Age town of Birka, Sweden. Previously, based on the material and historical records, the male sex has been associated with the gender of the warrior and such was the case with Bj 581. An earlier osteological classification of the individual as female was considered controversial in a historical and archaeological context. A genomic confirmation of the biological sex of the individual was considered necessary to solve the issue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genome-wide sequence data was generated in order to confirm the biological sex, to support skeletal integrity, and to investigate the genetic relationship of the individual to ancient individuals as well as modern-day groups. Additionally, a strontium isotope analysis was conducted to highlight the mobility of the individual. RESULTS The genomic results revealed the lack of a Y-chromosome and thus a female biological sex, and the mtDNA analyses support a single-individual origin of sampled elements. The genetic affinity is close to present-day North Europeans, and within Sweden to the southern and south-central region. Nevertheless, the Sr values are not conclusive as to whether she was of local or nonlocal origin. DISCUSSION The identification of a female Viking warrior provides a unique insight into the Viking society, social constructions, and exceptions to the norm in the Viking time-period. The results call for caution against generalizations regarding social orders in past societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hedenstierna‐Jonson
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical StudiesStockholm University, Lilla Frescativägen 7106 91 StockholmSweden
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient HistoryUppsala University, Engelska Parken, Thunbergsvägen 3H751 26 UppsalaSweden
| | - Anna Kjellström
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical StudiesStockholm University, Lilla Frescativägen 7106 91 StockholmSweden
- Osteoarchaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical StudiesStockholm University, Lilla Frescativägen 7106 91 StockholmSweden
| | - Torun Zachrisson
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical StudiesStockholm University, Lilla Frescativägen 7106 91 StockholmSweden
| | - Maja Krzewińska
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical StudiesStockholm University, Lilla Frescativägen 7106 91 StockholmSweden
| | - Veronica Sobrado
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical StudiesStockholm University, Lilla Frescativägen 7106 91 StockholmSweden
| | - Neil Price
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient HistoryUppsala University, Engelska Parken, Thunbergsvägen 3H751 26 UppsalaSweden
| | - Torsten Günther
- Department Organismal Biology and Sci Life LabEvolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18 A752 36 UppsalaSweden
| | - Mattias Jakobsson
- Department Organismal Biology and Sci Life LabEvolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18 A752 36 UppsalaSweden
| | - Anders Götherström
- Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical StudiesStockholm University, Lilla Frescativägen 7106 91 StockholmSweden
| | - Jan Storå
- Osteoarchaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical StudiesStockholm University, Lilla Frescativägen 7106 91 StockholmSweden
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