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Lopes da Cunha P, Ruiz F, Ferrante F, Sterpin LF, Ibáñez A, Slachevsky A, Matallana D, Martínez Á, Hesse E, García AM. Automated free speech analysis reveals distinct markers of Alzheimer's and frontotemporal dementia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304272. [PMID: 38843210 PMCID: PMC11156374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Dementia can disrupt how people experience and describe events as well as their own role in them. Alzheimer's disease (AD) compromises the processing of entities expressed by nouns, while behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) entails a depersonalized perspective with increased third-person references. Yet, no study has examined whether these patterns can be captured in connected speech via natural language processing tools. To tackle such gaps, we asked 96 participants (32 AD patients, 32 bvFTD patients, 32 healthy controls) to narrate a typical day of their lives and calculated the proportion of nouns, verbs, and first- or third-person markers (via part-of-speech and morphological tagging). We also extracted objective properties (frequency, phonological neighborhood, length, semantic variability) from each content word. In our main study (with 21 AD patients, 21 bvFTD patients, and 21 healthy controls), we used inferential statistics and machine learning for group-level and subject-level discrimination. The above linguistic features were correlated with patients' scores in tests of general cognitive status and executive functions. We found that, compared with HCs, (i) AD (but not bvFTD) patients produced significantly fewer nouns, (ii) bvFTD (but not AD) patients used significantly more third-person markers, and (iii) both patient groups produced more frequent words. Machine learning analyses showed that these features identified individuals with AD and bvFTD (AUC = 0.71). A generalizability test, with a model trained on the entire main study sample and tested on hold-out samples (11 AD patients, 11 bvFTD patients, 11 healthy controls), showed even better performance, with AUCs of 0.76 and 0.83 for AD and bvFTD, respectively. No linguistic feature was significantly correlated with cognitive test scores in either patient group. These results suggest that specific cognitive traits of each disorder can be captured automatically in connected speech, favoring interpretability for enhanced syndrome characterization, diagnosis, and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Lopes da Cunha
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián Ruiz
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Franco Ferrante
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FIUBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Federico Sterpin
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Peñalolén, Región Metropolitana, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Program – Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Hospital del Salvador and Faculty of Medicine, Memory and Neuropsychiatric Center (CMYN), Neurology Department, University of Chile, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Medicina, Servicio de Neurología, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Las Condes, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Diana Matallana
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Psiquiatría (Programa PhD Neurociencias), Instituto de Envejecimiento, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Centro de Memoria y Cognición, Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio Bogotá, San Ignacio, Colombia
- Departamento de Salud Mental, Hospital Universitario Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ángela Martínez
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eugenia Hesse
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Matemática, Universidad de San Andres, Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adolfo M. García
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat) Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Peñalolén, Región Metropolitana, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Facultad de Humanidades, Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
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Sosa AL, Brucki SM, Crivelli L, Lopera FJ, Acosta DM, Acosta-Uribe J, Aguilar D, Aguilar-Navarro SG, Allegri RF, Bertolucci PH, Calandri IL, Carrillo MC, Mendez PAC, Cornejo-Olivas M, Custodio N, Damian A, de Souza LC, Duran-Aniotz C, García AM, García-Peña C, Gonzales MM, Grinberg LT, Ibanez AM, Illanes-Manrique MZ, Jack CR, Leon-Salas JM, Llibre-Guerra JJ, Luna-Muñoz J, Matallana D, Miller BL, Naci L, Parra MA, Pericak-Vance M, Piña-Escudero SD, França Resende EDP, Ringman JM, Sevlever G, Slachevsky A, Suemoto CK, Valcour V, Villegas-Lanau A, Yassuda MS, Mahinrad S, Sexton C. Advancements in dementia research, diagnostics, and care in Latin America: Highlights from the 2023 Alzheimer's Association International conference satellite symposium in Mexico City. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 38801124 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While Latin America (LatAm) is facing an increasing burden of dementia due to the rapid aging of the population, it remains underrepresented in dementia research, diagnostics, and care. METHODS In 2023, the Alzheimer's Association hosted its eighth satellite symposium in Mexico, highlighting emerging dementia research, priorities, and challenges within LatAm. RESULTS Significant initiatives in the region, including intracountry support, showcased their efforts in fostering national and international collaborations; genetic studies unveiled the unique genetic admixture in LatAm; researchers conducting emerging clinical trials discussed ongoing culturally specific interventions; and the urgent need to harmonize practices and studies, improve diagnosis and care, and use affordable biomarkers in the region was highlighted. DISCUSSION The myriad of topics discussed at the 2023 AAIC satellite symposium highlighted the growing research efforts in LatAm, providing valuable insights into dementia biology, genetics, epidemiology, treatment, and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Sosa
- Laboratorio de Demencias del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, CDMX, México
| | - Sonia Md Brucki
- Department of Neurology, Cognitive and Behavioral Group, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia Crivelli
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Javier Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias (GNA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daisy M Acosta
- Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Urena (UNPHU), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Juliana Acosta-Uribe
- Grupo de Neurociencias (GNA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | | | - Sara G Aguilar-Navarro
- Department of Geriatrics, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Ricardo F Allegri
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Neurosciences, Universidad de la Costa CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Paulo Hf Bertolucci
- Neurology & Neurosurgery Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mario Cornejo-Olivas
- Neurogenetics Working Group, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Nilton Custodio
- Unidad de Diagnóstico de Deterioro Cognitivo y Prevención de Demencia, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias, Lima, Peru
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru
| | - Andrés Damian
- Departamento de Montevideo, Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular (CUDIM) and Unidad Académica de Medicina Nuclear e Imagenología Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Claudia Duran-Aniotz
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adolfo M García
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Victoria, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Mitzi M Gonzales
- Department of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agustin M Ibanez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of Trinity Dublin, Lloyd Building Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, and CONICET, Victoria, Argentina
- Trinity College Dublin (TCD), College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maryenela Zaida Illanes-Manrique
- Neurogenetics Working Group, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jorge Mario Leon-Salas
- Departamento de Investigación Clínica, Life Science Research Institute, Hospital Clinica Biblica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jorge J Llibre-Guerra
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St.Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- Banco Nacional de Cerebros-UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
- National Dementia BioBank, Dirección de Investigación, Innovación y Posgrado, Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Zempoala, México
- Federación Mexicana de Alzheimer (FEDMA), México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Diana Matallana
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Medical School, Aging Institute, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
- Memory and Cognition Center, Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
- Mental Health Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lorina Naci
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of Trinity Dublin, Lloyd Building Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mario A Parra
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret Pericak-Vance
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Stefanie D Piña-Escudero
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of Trinity Dublin, Lloyd Building Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elisa de Paula França Resende
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of Trinity Dublin, Lloyd Building Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Hospital das Clínicas - EBSERH-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - John M Ringman
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Center (CMYN), Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Program - Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Valcour
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andres Villegas-Lanau
- Grupo de Neurociencias (GNA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mônica S Yassuda
- Department of Neurology, Cognitive and Behavioral Group, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Gerontology, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gumus M, Koo M, Studzinski CM, Bhan A, Robin J, Black SE. Linguistic changes in neurodegenerative diseases relate to clinical symptoms. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1373341. [PMID: 38590720 PMCID: PMC10999640 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1373341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The detection and characterization of speech changes may help in the identification and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases. However, there is limited research validating the relationship between speech changes and clinical symptoms across a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. Method We analyzed speech recordings from 109 patients who were diagnosed with various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, and Vascular Cognitive Impairment, in a cognitive neurology memory clinic. Speech recordings of an open-ended picture description task were processed using the Winterlight speech analysis platform which generates >500 speech features, including the acoustics of speech and linguistic properties of spoken language. We investigated the relationship between the speech features and clinical assessments including the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), Western Aphasia Battery (WAB), and Boston Naming Task (BNT) in a heterogeneous patient population. Result Linguistic features including lexical and syntactic features were significantly correlated with clinical assessments in patients, across diagnoses. Lower MMSE and DRS scores were associated with the use of shorter words and fewer prepositional phrases. Increased impairment on WAB and BNT was correlated with the use of fewer nouns but more pronouns. Patients also differed from healthy adults as their speech duration was significantly shorter with more pauses. Conclusion Linguistic changes such as the use of simpler vocabularies and syntax were detectable in patients with different neurodegenerative diseases and correlated with cognitive decline. Speech has the potential to be a sensitive measure for detecting cognitive impairments across various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Gumus
- Winterlight Labs, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Morgan Koo
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Aparna Bhan
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sandra E. Black
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Toro-Hernández FD, Migeot J, Marchant N, Olivares D, Ferrante F, González-Gómez R, González Campo C, Fittipaldi S, Rojas-Costa GM, Moguilner S, Slachevsky A, Chaná Cuevas P, Ibáñez A, Chaigneau S, García AM. Neurocognitive correlates of semantic memory navigation in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:15. [PMID: 38195756 PMCID: PMC10776628 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive studies on Parkinson's disease (PD) reveal abnormal semantic processing. Most research, however, fails to indicate which conceptual properties are most affected and capture patients' neurocognitive profiles. Here, we asked persons with PD, healthy controls, and individuals with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD, as a disease control group) to read concepts (e.g., 'sun') and list their features (e.g., hot). Responses were analyzed in terms of ten word properties (including concreteness, imageability, and semantic variability), used for group-level comparisons, subject-level classification, and brain-behavior correlations. PD (but not bvFTD) patients produced more concrete and imageable words than controls, both patterns being associated with overall cognitive status. PD and bvFTD patients showed reduced semantic variability, an anomaly which predicted semantic inhibition outcomes. Word-property patterns robustly classified PD (but not bvFTD) patients and correlated with disease-specific hypoconnectivity along the sensorimotor and salience networks. Fine-grained semantic assessments, then, can reveal distinct neurocognitive signatures of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Diego Toro-Hernández
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquín Migeot
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Marchant
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Olivares
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Clínicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Franco Ferrante
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raúl González-Gómez
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia González Campo
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sol Fittipaldi
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; & Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gonzalo M Rojas-Costa
- Department of Radiology, Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Epilepsy Center, Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile
- Join Unit FISABIO-CIPF, Valencia, Spain
- School of Medicine, Finis Terrae University, Santiago, Chile
- Health Innovation Center, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Moguilner
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; & Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Center (CMYN), Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopatology Program - Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Neurology and Psychiatry Department, Clínica Alemana-Universidad Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Chaná Cuevas
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; & Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sergio Chaigneau
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Cognition Research, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adolfo M García
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; & Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
- Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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