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Kroeger AA, Karton A. π-π Catalysis in Carbon Flatland-Flipping [8]Annulene on Graphene. Chemistry 2021; 27:3420-3426. [PMID: 33295080 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions are an integral part of the modern catalysis toolbox. Although stronger noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding are commonly the main driving force of catalysis, π-π interactions typically provide smaller additional stabilizations, for example, to afford selectivity enhancements. Here, it is shown computationally that pristine graphene flakes may efficiently catalyze the skeletal inversions of various benzannulated cyclooctatetraene derivatives, providing an example of a catalytic process driven solely by π-π stacking interactions. Hereby, the catalytic effect results from disproportionate shape complementarity between catalyst and transition structure compared with catalyst and reactant. An energy decomposition analysis reveals electrostatic and, especially with increasing system size, to a larger extent, dispersion interactions as the origin of stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asja A Kroeger
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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López‐Andarias J, Bauzá A, Sakai N, Frontera A, Matile S. Remote Control of Anion-π Catalysis on Fullerene-Centered Catalytic Triads. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10883-10887. [PMID: 29806724 PMCID: PMC6120490 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and evaluation of catalytic triads composed of a central C60 fullerene with an amine base on one side and polarizability enhancers on the other side are reported. According to an enolate addition benchmark reaction, fullerene-fullerene-amine triads display the highest selectivity in anion-π catalysis observed so far, whereas NDI-fullerene-amine triads are not much better than fullerene-amine controls (NDI=naphthalenediimide). These large differences in activity are in conflict with the small differences in intrinsic π acidity, that is, LUMO energy levels and π holes on the central fullerene. However, they are in agreement with the high polarizability of fullerene-fullerene-amine triads. Activation and deactivation of the fullerene-centered triads by intercalators and computational data on anion binding further indicate that for functional relevance, intrinsic π acidity is less important than induced π acidity, that is, the size of the oriented macrodipole of polarizable π systems that emerges only in response to the interaction with anions and anionic transition states. The resulting transformation is thus self-induced, the anionic intermediates and transition states create their own anion-π catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department de QuímicaUniversitat de les Illes BalearsPalma de MallorcaBalearesSpain
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department de QuímicaUniversitat de les Illes BalearsPalma de MallorcaBalearesSpain
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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3
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López-Andarias J, Bauzá A, Sakai N, Frontera A, Matile S. Remote Control of Anion-π Catalysis on Fullerene-Centered Catalytic Triads. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department de Química; Universitat de les Illes Balears; Palma de Mallorca Baleares Spain
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department de Química; Universitat de les Illes Balears; Palma de Mallorca Baleares Spain
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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Kennedy CR, Lin S, Jacobsen EN. The Cation-π Interaction in Small-Molecule Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12596-624. [PMID: 27329991 PMCID: PMC5096794 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Catalysis by small molecules (≤1000 Da, 10(-9) m) that are capable of binding and activating substrates through attractive, noncovalent interactions has emerged as an important approach in organic and organometallic chemistry. While the canonical noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, ion pairing, and π stacking, have become mainstays of catalyst design, the cation-π interaction has been comparatively underutilized in this context since its discovery in the 1980s. However, like a hydrogen bond, the cation-π interaction exhibits a typical binding affinity of several kcal mol(-1) with substantial directionality. These properties render it attractive as a design element for the development of small-molecule catalysts, and in recent years, the catalysis community has begun to take advantage of these features, drawing inspiration from pioneering research in molecular recognition and structural biology. This Review surveys the burgeoning application of the cation-π interaction in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rose Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 535 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eric N Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Kennedy CR, Lin S, Jacobsen EN. Die Kation-π-Wechselwirkung in der Katalyse mit niedermolekularen Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Rose Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; 12 Oxford St Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Berkeley; 535 Latimer Hall Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Eric N. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; 12 Oxford St Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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Cotelle Y, Benz S, Avestro AJ, Ward TR, Sakai N, Matile S. Anion-π Catalysis of Enolate Chemistry: Rigidified Leonard Turns as a General Motif to Run Reactions on Aromatic Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4275-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Cotelle
- Department of Organic Chemistry; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Benz
- Department of Organic Chemistry; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Alyssa-Jennifer Avestro
- Department of Organic Chemistry; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; Evanston IL USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Durham; Durham UK
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department of Chemistry; NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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Cotelle Y, Benz S, Avestro AJ, Ward TR, Sakai N, Matile S. Anion-π Catalysis of Enolate Chemistry: Rigidified Leonard Turns as a General Motif to Run Reactions on Aromatic Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Cotelle
- Department of Organic Chemistry; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Benz
- Department of Organic Chemistry; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Alyssa-Jennifer Avestro
- Department of Organic Chemistry; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; Evanston IL USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Durham; Durham UK
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department of Chemistry; NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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8
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Miros FN, Zhao Y, Sargsyan G, Pupier M, Besnard C, Beuchat C, Mareda J, Sakai N, Matile S. Enolate Stabilization by Anion-π Interactions: Deuterium Exchange in Malonate Dilactones on π-Acidic Surfaces. Chemistry 2015; 22:2648-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François N. Miros
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
- Institute of Polymers; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology; P. R. China
| | - Gevorg Sargsyan
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
- South Texas College; McAllen Texas USA
| | - Marion Pupier
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
| | - Céline Besnard
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
| | - César Beuchat
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
- AKYADO; Remaufens Switzerland
| | - Jiri Mareda
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
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Salonen LM, Ellermann M, Diederich F. Aromatische Ringe in chemischer und biologischer Erkennung: Energien und Strukturen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Salonen LM, Ellermann M, Diederich F. Aromatic rings in chemical and biological recognition: energetics and structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4808-42. [PMID: 21538733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1172] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review describes a multidimensional treatment of molecular recognition phenomena involving aromatic rings in chemical and biological systems. It summarizes new results reported since the appearance of an earlier review in 2003 in host-guest chemistry, biological affinity assays and biostructural analysis, data base mining in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and the Protein Data Bank (PDB), and advanced computational studies. Topics addressed are arene-arene, perfluoroarene-arene, S⋅⋅⋅aromatic, cation-π, and anion-π interactions, as well as hydrogen bonding to π systems. The generated knowledge benefits, in particular, structure-based hit-to-lead development and lead optimization both in the pharmaceutical and in the crop protection industry. It equally facilitates the development of new advanced materials and supramolecular systems, and should inspire further utilization of interactions with aromatic rings to control the stereochemical outcome of synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Salonen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Hönggerberg, HCI, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Purse BW, Butterfield SM, Ballester P, Shivanyuk A, Rebek J. Interaction energies and dynamics of acid-base pairs isolated in cavitands. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6480-8. [PMID: 18672933 DOI: 10.1021/jo8008534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of capsules and cavitands in physical organic chemistry is briefly reviewed, and their application to the study of salt bridges is introduced. Carboxylate/ammonium ion pairs are generated within an environment that more or less surrounds the functional groups within a synthetic fixed introverted solvent sphere. This is provided by cavitands that fold around amines and present them with a carboxylic acid function. Both organic and water-soluble versions were prepared, and their equilibrium affinities with quinuclidine bases were determined by NMR methods. The association constants range from approximately 10(3) M(-1) in water to more than 10(5) M(-1) in organic solvents. Studies of nitrogen inversion and tumbling of [2.2.2]-diazabicyclooctane within the introverted acids also illustrate the strength of the acid-base interactions. The barriers to in-out exchange of several amine guests were determined to be in the range from 15 to 24 kcal mol(-1). Some parallels with enzymes are drawn: the receptor folds around the guest species; presents them with inwardly directed functionality; and provides a generally hydrophobic environment and a periphery of secondary amide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron W Purse
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Corbett P, Sanders J, Otto S. Exploring the Relation between Amplification and Binding in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries of Macrocyclic Synthetic Receptors in Water. Chemistry 2008; 14:2153-66. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Sánchez Carrera S, Kerdelhué JL, Langenwalter KJ, Brown N, Warmuth R. Inner-Phase Reaction Dynamics: The Influence of Hemicarcerand Polarizability and Shape on the Potential Energy Surface of an Inner-Phase Reaction. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kamieth M, Klärner FG, Diederich F. Modellierung der supramolekularen Eigenschaften von aliphatisch-aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen mit konvex-konkaver Topologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19981204)110:23<3497::aid-ange3497>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Fujimoto T, Yanagihara R, Kobayashi K, Aoyama Y. C–H···πHydrogen Bonding between Electron-Rich Benzene Rings and Polarized C–H Bonds: Selectivity in the Complexation of Highly Hydrophilic Guest Molecules with Calix[4]resorcarene Hosts in Water. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1995. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.68.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Inokuchi F, Miyahara Y, Inazu T, Shinkai S. Selektive Erkennung von Alkalimetall-Kationen durch π-basische, molekulare Hohlräume und einfacher massenspektrometrischer Nachweis von Kation-Aren-Komplexen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951071217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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