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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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Solvent- and Light-Controlled Unidirectional Transit of a Nonsymmetric Molecular Axle Through a Nonsymmetric Molecular Wheel. Chemistry 2012; 18:16203-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Boyle MM, Gassensmith JJ, Whalley AC, Forgan RS, Smaldone RA, Hartlieb KJ, Blackburn AK, Sauvage JP, Stoddart JF. Stereochemistry of molecular figures-of-eight. Chemistry 2012; 18:10312-23. [PMID: 22836716 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A trans isomer of a figure-of-eight (Fo8) compound was prepared from an electron-withdrawing cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) derivative carrying trans-disposed azide functions between its two phenylene rings. Copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions with a bispropargyl derivative of a polyether chain, interrupted in its midriff by an electron-donating 1,5-dioxynaphthalene unit acting as the template to organize the reactants prior to the onset of two click reactions, afforded the Fo8 compound with C(i) symmetry. Exactly the same chemistry is performed on the cis-bisazide of the tetracationic cyclophane to give a Fo8 compound with C(2) symmetry. Both of these Fo8 compounds exist as major and very minor conformational isomers in solution. The major conformation in the trans series, which has been characterized by X-ray crystallography, adopts a geometry which maximizes its C-H···O interactions, while maintaining its π···π stacking and C-H···π interactions. Ab initio calculations at the M06L level support the conformational assignments to the major and minor isomers in the trans series. Dynamic (1)H NMR spectroscopy, supported by 2D (1)H NMR experiments, indicates that the major and minor isomers in both the cis and trans series equilibrate in solution on the (1)H NMR timescale rapidly above and slowly below room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Boyle
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3133, USA
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Slater BJ, Davies ES, Argent SP, Nowell H, Lewis W, Blake AJ, Champness NR. A Perylene Diimide Rotaxane: Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemically Driven De-Threading. Chemistry 2011; 17:14746-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Frontera A, Gamez P, Mascal M, Mooibroek TJ, Reedijk J. Anion-π-Wechselwirkungen ins rechte Licht gerückt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Frontera A, Gamez P, Mascal M, Mooibroek TJ, Reedijk J. Putting anion-π interactions into perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9564-83. [PMID: 21928463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry is a field of scientific exploration that probes the relationship between molecular structure and function. It is the chemistry of the noncovalent bond, which forms the basis of highly specific recognition, transport, and regulation events that actuate biological processes. The classic design principles of supramolecular chemistry include strong, directional interactions like hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, and cation-π complexation, as well as less directional forces like ion pairing, π-π, solvophobic, and van der Waals potentials. In recent years, the anion-π interaction (an attractive force between an electron-deficient aromatic π system and an anion) has been recognized as a hitherto unexplored noncovalent bond, the nature of which has been interpreted through both experimental and theoretical investigations. The design of selective anion receptors and channels based on this interaction represent important advances in the field of supramolecular chemistry. The objectives of this Review are 1) to discuss current thinking on the nature of this interaction, 2) to survey key experimental work in which anion-π bonding is demonstrated, and 3) to provide insights into the directional nature of anion-π contact in X-ray crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Hmadeh M, Fahrenbach AC, Basu S, Trabolsi A, Benítez D, Li H, Albrecht‐Gary A, Elhabiri M, Stoddart JF. Electrostatic Barriers in Rotaxanes and Pseudorotaxanes. Chemistry 2011; 17:6076-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hmadeh
- Laboratoire de Physico‐Chimie Bioinorganique, UdS‐CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67200, Strasbourg (France)
- Equal Contributions
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
- Equal Contributions
| | - Subhadeep Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
| | - Diego Benítez
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 (USA)
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
| | - Anne‐Marie Albrecht‐Gary
- Laboratoire de Physico‐Chimie Bioinorganique, UdS‐CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67200, Strasbourg (France)
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Laboratoire de Physico‐Chimie Bioinorganique, UdS‐CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67200, Strasbourg (France)
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
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Li Q, Sue CH, Basu S, Shveyd AK, Zhang W, Barin G, Fang L, Sarjeant AA, Stoddart JF, Yaghi OM. A catenated strut in a catenated metal-organic framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:6751-5. [PMID: 20715253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaowei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Li Q, Sue CH, Basu S, Shveyd A, Zhang W, Barin G, Fang L, Sarjeant A, Stoddart J, Yaghi O. A Catenated Strut in a Catenated Metal-Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Heilmayer W, Wallfisch B, Oliver kappe C, Wentrup C, Gloe K, Kollenz G. Synthesis and Host-abilities of some New Corands Bearing Uncommon Chiral Spacer Units. Supramol Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/1061027031000108848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Heilmayer
- a Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bianca Wallfisch
- a Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver kappe
- a Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Curt Wentrup
- b Department of Chemistry , The University of Queensland , 4072, Qld, Australia
| | - Karsten Gloe
- c Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University Dresden , D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gert Kollenz
- a Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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Kay ER, Leigh DA, Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:72-191. [PMID: 17133632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2050] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of controlled molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular systems, which by and large rely upon electronic and chemical effects to carry out their functions, and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilize the synchronized movements of smaller parts to perform specific tasks. This is a scientific area of great contemporary interest and extraordinary recent growth, yet the notion of molecular-level machines dates back to a time when the ideas surrounding the statistical nature of matter and the laws of thermodynamics were first being formulated. Here we outline the exciting successes in taming molecular-level movement thus far, the underlying principles that all experimental designs must follow, and the early progress made towards utilizing synthetic molecular structures to perform tasks using mechanical motion. We also highlight some of the issues and challenges that still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan R Kay
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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Ikeda T, Saha S, Aprahamian I, Leung KCF, Williams A, Deng WQ, Flood AH, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. Toward Electrochemically Controllable Tristable Three-Station [2]Catenanes. Chem Asian J 2007; 2:76-93. [PMID: 17441141 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Encouraged by the prospect of producing an electrochemical, color-switchable red-green-blue (RGB) dye compound, we have designed, synthesized, and characterized two three-station [2]catenanes. Both are composed of macrocyclic polyethers containing three pi-electron-rich stations, which act as recognition sites for a pi-electron-deficient tetracationic cyclophane. The molecular structures of the two three-station [2]catenanes were characterized fully by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. To anticipate the relative occupancies of the three stations in each [2]catenane by the cyclophane, model compounds with the same constitutions in the vicinity of the stations were synthesized. The relative ground-state populations of the three stations occupied in both [2]catenanes were estimated from the thermodynamic parameters for 1:1 complexes between all these model compounds and the cyclophane, obtained from isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The electrochemical and electromechanical properties of the three-station [2]catenanes were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and spectroelectrochemistry (SEC). The first three-station [2]catenane was found to behave like a bistable system, whereas the second can be described as a quasi-tristable system.
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Kay E, Leigh D, Zerbetto F. Synthetische molekulare Motoren und mechanische Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kalsani V, Ammon H, Jäckel F, Rabe JP, Schmittel M. Synthesis and Self-Assembly of a Rigid Exotopic Bisphenanthroline Macrocycle: Surface Patterning and a Supramolecular Nanobasket. Chemistry 2004; 10:5481-92. [PMID: 15378685 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200305770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterisation of a rigid nanoscale macrocycle with two exotopic phenanthroline binding sites is reported. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) at the solid-liquid interface reveals the formation of highly ordered monolayers of macrocycles with dimensions that are in good agreement with the calculated structure. Using the HETPHEN concept several bisheteroleptic coordination complexes with other phenanthrolines and a nanoscale basket assembly were prepared in presence of copper(I) ions. NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometric data and elemental analysis point to three distinct isomers of the basket assembly in solution. A silver basket was prepared and readily converted to its copper analogue. Electrospray ionisation (ESI)-MS and spectrophotometric investigations provided additional mechanistic insight into the assembly process. Hence, the exotopic bisphenanthroline macrocycle in combination with HETPHEN concept proves to be very effective in controlling the compositional aspects of multicomponent self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshwarlu Kalsani
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str., 57068 Siegen, Germany
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Gokel GW, Leevy WM, Weber ME. Crown ethers: sensors for ions and molecular scaffolds for materials and biological models. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2723-50. [PMID: 15137805 DOI: 10.1021/cr020080k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1075] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George W Gokel
- Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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García-Zarracino R, Ramos-Quiñones J, Höpfl H. Self-assembly of dialkyltin(IV) moieties and aromatic dicarboxylates to complexes with a polymeric or a discrete trinuclear macrocyclic structure in the solid state and a mixture of fast interchanging cyclooligomeric structures in solution. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:3835-45. [PMID: 12793820 DOI: 10.1021/ic026270v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that the structures of trialkyltin(IV) carboxylates can be either monomeric, polymeric, or cyclooligomeric in the solid state. In contrast, all dialkyltin(IV) dicarboxylates characterized so far in the solid state have monomeric or polymeric structures, however, for some cases it has been proposed that their solution-state structure is cyclooligomeric. In order to generate more information on this subject, dimethyl- and di-n-butyltin(IV) complexes with phthalic and isophthalic acid have been prepared and analyzed both in solution and in the solid state. The solid-state structures of the two dialkyltin(IV) phthalates examined herein contain polymeric molecular chains, however, with supramolecular Sn.O' interactions, which result in the generation of cyclooligomeric units. This provides evidence for the presence of discrete cyclooligomeric structures in solution, which are involved in fast dynamic exchange equilibria as evidenced by (1)H, (13)C, and (119)Sn NMR spectroscopy. In the case of the two dialkyltin(IV) isophthalate complexes studied herein (R = Me, n-Bu), only the di-n-butyltin derivative is soluble and NMR spectroscopy as well as FAB(+) spectrometry indicates the formation of cyclic dinuclear, trinuclear, and/or tetranuclear species in solution, which may be involved also in fast dynamic exchange equilibria. In the solid state, however, discrete cyclotrinuclear units can be identified, in which the 24-membered macrocyclic cavity is almost completely planar, having six oxygen atoms directed into its interior and six Sn-n-butyl groups approximately perpendicular to the molecular plane. The diameter of the cyclic cavity can be described by the transannular O.O distances that vary from 7.68 to 7.84 A, being large enough for the introduction of linear alkyl groups. This can be demonstrated by the supramolecular structure of this compound, which contains a new type of bis[2]pseudorotaxane formed between two molecules through mutual threading via two of the Sn-butyl groups. Such a supramolecular entity has been unknown so far, since the usual composition of bis[2]pseudorotaxanes is the trimolecular combination of a macrocyclic ring system with two threads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes García-Zarracino
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, C.P. 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Amabilino DB, Ashton PR, Stoddart JF, White AJP, Williams DJ. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Effects in the Self‐Assembly of [3]Catenanes in the Solution and Solid States. Chemistry 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3765(19980310)4:3<460::aid-chem460>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David B. Amabilino
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Peter R. Ashton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - A. J. P. White
- Chemical Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 171‐594‐5804
| | - David J. Williams
- Chemical Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 171‐594‐5804
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Philp D, Stoddart JF. Selbstorganisation in natürlichen und in nichtnatürlichen Systemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961081105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zahavy E, Seiler M, Marx-Tibbon S, Joselevich E, Willner I, Dürr H, O'Connor D, Harriman A. Effektive Ladungstrennung in einem intermolekularen Komplex aus Elektronendonor und doppelarmiger Triade: ein Modellsystem für die Kontrolle des Elektronentransfers durch Umgebungseffekte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ballardini R, Balzani V, Gandolfi MT, Prodi L, Venturi M, Philp D, Ricketts HG, Stoddart JF. A Photochemically Driven Molecular Machine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.199313011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ballardini R, Balzani V, Gandolfi MT, Prodi L, Venturi M, Philp D, Ricketts HG, Stoddart JF. Eine photochemisch betriebene molekulare Maschine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19931050913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ashton PR, Brown CL, Chrystal EJT, Goodnow TT, Kaifer AE, Parry KP, Slawin AMZ, Spencer N, Stoddart JF, Williams DJ. Selbstassoziierende [3]-Catenane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19911030850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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