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Rama G, Ardá A, Maréchal JD, Gamba I, Ishida H, Jiménez-Barbero J, Vázquez ME, Vázquez López M. Stereoselective Formation of Chiral Metallopeptides. Chemistry 2012; 18:7030-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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2
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Machon U, Büchold C, Stempka M, Schirmeister T, Gelhaus C, Leippe M, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Kisker C, Leyh M, Schmuck C. On-bead screening of a combinatorial fumaric acid derived peptide library yields antiplasmodial cysteine protease inhibitors with unusual peptide sequences. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5662-72. [PMID: 19715342 DOI: 10.1021/jm900629w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new class of cysteine protease inhibitors based on fumaric acid derived oligopeptides was successfully identified from a high-throughput screening of a solid-phase bound combinatorial library. As target enzymes falcipain and rhodesain were used, which play important roles in the life cycles of the parasites which cause malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense). The best inhibitors with unusual amino acid sequences not reported before for this type of enzyme were also fully analyzed in detail in solution. K(i) values in the lower micromolar and even nanomolar region were found. Some inhibitors are even active against plasmodia and show good selectivity relative to other enzymes. Also the mechanism of action was studied and could be shown to be irreversible inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Machon
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Prasad PV, Rani A, Chaube SK, Shrivastav TG. Deciphering a Conformation-Specific Epitope of hCG-β Through Immunokinetics. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2008; 30:1-17. [DOI: 10.1080/15321810802570277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gomez L, Gellibert F, Wagner A, Mioskowski C. Solid-phase synthesis of tetrasubstituted 2-imino-1,3-thiazolines using a functionalizing cleavage strategy. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Prasad PV, Chaube SK, Panchal M, Chaudhary R, Muralidhar K, Rohil V, Kumari GL, Kumar A, Ashish B, Murthy GS, Shrivastav TG. Molecular dissection of an hCG-β epitope using single-step solid phase radioimmunoassay. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 376:52-9. [PMID: 16959230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptides and proteins have both sequence-specific (contiguous) and conformation-specific (discontiguous) epitopes. Sequence-specific epitopes are delineated by peptide approach and other robust methods like competition assays, gene expression assays, synthetic peptide library based assays etc. Available methods for delineation of conformation-specific epitopes are cumbersome (X-ray crystallography etc.), time-consuming and require costly sophisticated equipments. Hence, there is a need to develop a simple method for identification and mapping of conformation-specific epitopes. METHOD In the single-step solid phase radioimmunoassay (SS-SPRIA), an immunochemical bridge of 'mouse IgG-anti-mouse IgG' was prepared in the polypropylene wells followed by adsorption with hCG specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) G(1)G(10).1. The extent of competitive inhibition in binding ability of (125)IhCG-beta with chemically or enzymatically modified hCG-beta to immobilized MAb G(1)G(10).1 in comparison to hCG-beta standards was utilized to identify the epitopic amino acid involved in epitope-paratope interaction. RESULTS Data clearly suggest that the epitope under investigation consisted of Arg (94, 95) and Asp (99) at the core region with a Lys (104) and a His (106) in the proximity and absence of chymotrypsin susceptible Phe or Tyr in this region. CONCLUSION The data of SS-SPRIA revealed the 93-100 loop of amino acid sequence, as the core region of conformation-specific epitope of hCG-beta at or near the receptor-binding region. Hence, SS-SPRIA seems to be a simple method for identification and mapping of conformation-specific epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod V Prasad
- Department of Reproductive Biomedicine, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Munirka, New Delhi-110067, India
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Fischer R, Fotin-Mleczek M, Hufnagel H, Brock R. Break on through to the Other Side-Biophysics and Cell Biology Shed Light on Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Chembiochem 2005; 6:2126-42. [PMID: 16254940 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have become widely used vectors for the cellular import of molecules in basic and applied biomedical research. Despite the broad acceptance of these molecules as molecular carriers, the details of the mode of cellular internalization and membrane permeation remain elusive. Within the last two years endocytosis has been demonstrated to be a route of uptake shared by several CPPs. These findings had a significant impact on CPP research. State-of-the-art cell biology is now required to advance the understanding of the intracellular fate of the CPP and cargo molecules. Owing to their presumed ability to cross lipid bilayers, CPPs also represent highly interesting objects of biophysical research. Numerous studies have investigated structure-activity relationships of CPPs with respect to their ability to bind to a lipid bilayer or to cross this barrier. Endocytosis route only relocates the membrane permeation from the cell surface to endocytic compartments. Therefore, biophysical experiments are key to a mechanistic molecular understanding of the cellular uptake of CPPs. However, biophysical investigations have to consider the molecular environment encountered by a peptide inside and outside a cell. In this contribution we will review biophysical and cell-biology data obtained for several prominent CPPs. Furthermore, we will summarize recent findings on the cell-penetrating characteristics of antimicrobial peptides and the antimicrobial properties of CPPs. Peptides of both groups have overlapping characteristics. Therefore, both fields may greatly benefit from each other. The review will conclude with a perspective of how biophysics and cell biology may synergize even more efficiently in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen,, Germany
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7
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Wu X, Schmidt RR. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Complex Oligosaccharides Using a Novel Capping Reagent. J Org Chem 2004; 69:1853-7. [PMID: 15058929 DOI: 10.1021/jo0354239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase-supported oligosaccharide synthesis of a core N-glycan tetrasaccharide and of a trisaccharide containing the Galili antigen is reported. The synthesis is based on a hydroxymethylbenzyl benzoate spacer-linker system attached to the Merrifield resin, O-Fmoc-protected O-glycosyl trichloroacetimidates as glycosyl donors, and benzoyl isocyanate as a capping reagent for low-reactivity hydroxy groups. In this way, the target molecules could be efficiently obtained with little byproduct formation, and hence final purification was convenient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Wu
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach M 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Wu X, Grathwohl M, Schmidt RR. Effiziente Festphasensynthese eines komplexen, verzweigten N‐Glycanhexasaccharids: Verwendung eines neuartigen Linkers und temporären Schutzgruppenmusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20021202)114:23<4664::aid-ange4664>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Wu
- Fachbereich Chemie Universität Konstanz 78457 Konstanz, Deutschland, Fax: (+49) 7531‐88‐3135
| | - Matthias Grathwohl
- Fachbereich Chemie Universität Konstanz 78457 Konstanz, Deutschland, Fax: (+49) 7531‐88‐3135
| | - Richard R. Schmidt
- Fachbereich Chemie Universität Konstanz 78457 Konstanz, Deutschland, Fax: (+49) 7531‐88‐3135
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Pipkorn R, Boenke C, Gehrke M, Hoffmann R. High-throughput peptide synthesis and peptide purification strategy at the low micromol-scale using the 96-well format. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2002; 59:105-14. [PMID: 11985704 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2002.01958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing demand for short- and medium-sized peptides in many fields of biological, medical and pharmaceutical research requires optimized and universally applicable high-throughput synthesis and purification techniques at the low-micromol scale. Here, we describe a continuous peptide synthesis/purification approach using the 96-well format. First, a micromol scale peptide synthesis on resin beads was optimized on a novel miniaturized 96-reaction vessel block employing standard Fmoc/tBu-chemistry. Almost 90% of the synthesized peptides contained the target sequence as the main component, as judged from matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectra. Impurities were mostly related to partially protected peptides. Second, we tested the applicability of ion pair reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (IP-RP-SPE) to purify individual peptides. Depending on the length and predicted hydrophobicity of the peptides, elution was performed with 25 or 35% aqueous acetonitrile in the presence of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Thus, scavengers used during TFA cleavage and partially protected peptides carrying very hydrophobic protecting groups were effectively removed. Using a narrow step gradient, the target peptides were even separated from deleted sequences and protected peptides with similar hydrophobicities. Third, we combined the micromol-scale synthesis in the 96-well format with purification by IP-RP-SPE on a 96-well micro-extraction plate format. This simple, fast and parallel approach was tested on 12-mer and 15-mer peptides to map epitopes of T- and B-cell clones, respectively. Approximately 80% of all peptides were obtained at purities > 90% without purification by RP-HPLC. In summary, this novel approach has several advantages: (i) the micromol-scale reduced the cost of peptide synthesis, (ii) large numbers of peptides were purified faster, (iii) the volumes of eluents and waste were significantly reduced, and (iv) the RP-HPLC column was not contaminated with hydrophobic impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pipkorn
- German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg
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Lavigne JJ, Anslyn EV. Sensing A Paradigm Shift in the Field of Molecular Recognition: From Selective to Differential Receptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:3118-3130. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010903)40:17<3118::aid-anie3118>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lavigne JJ, Anslyn EV. Aufspüren eines Paradigmenwechsels auf dem Gebiet der molekularen Erkennung: von den selektiven Rezeptoren zu den differenziellen Rezeptoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010903)113:17<3212::aid-ange3212>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Walk TB, Süssmuth R, Kempter C, Gnau V, Jack RW, Jung G. Identification of unusual amino acids in peptides using automated sequential Edman degradation coupled to direct detection by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. Biopolymers 1999; 49:329-40. [PMID: 10079771 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(19990405)49:4<329::aid-bip7>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the primary structure of peptides and proteins is routine in many laboratories; however, many of the obtained sequences are incomplete or can be misinterpreted when the samples contain unusual amino acids. Here we report the development of an automated peptide sequenator coupled to an electrospray-ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer (MS) that, in conjunction with minor modifications to the sequencing conditions and, in some cases, prior derivatization of amino acids, allows the detection of the phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) derivatives of a number of unusual amino acids. Using the coupled sequenator-ESI-MS system we were able to determine the complete sequence of the lantibiotic gallidermin, a partial sequence of the calcium-dependent peptide antibiotic CDA2 as well as the pool sequence of a mixture of synthetic peptides containing nonproteinogenic amino acids. In addition to the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, the procedure was able to detect PTH derivatives of hydroxyphenylglycine, 2,3-didehydroasparagine, 3-methylglutamic acid, oxytryptophan, ornithine, N-methylglycine, dihydroxyphenylalanine, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Similarly, after a simple derivatization procedure, we were also able to correctly identify educts of 2,3-didehydroalanine, 2,3-didehydrobutyrine, lanthionine, and 3-methyllanthionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Walk
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Trost BM, Ariza X. Katalytische asymmetrische Alkylierung von Nucleophilen - asymmetrische Synthese α-alkylierter Aminosäuren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971092323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Neumann L, Kraas W, Uebel S, Jung G, Tampé R. The active domain of the herpes simplex virus protein ICP47: a potent inhibitor of the transporter associated with antigen processing. J Mol Biol 1997; 272:484-92. [PMID: 9325106 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) protein ICP47 binds specifically to the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), thereby blocking peptide-binding and translocation by TAP and subsequent loading of peptides onto MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. In consequence, HSV-infected cells are masked for immune recognition by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. To investigate the molecular details of this, so far, unique transporter-inhibitor interaction, the active domain and critical amino acid residues were identified by using short overlapping fragments and systematic deletions of the viral inhibitor. A fragment of 32 amino acid residues, ICP47(3-34), was found to be the minimal region harboring an activity to inhibit peptide-binding to TAP comparable to the action of the full-length protein and therefore representing the active domain. Further N or C-terminal truncations cause an abrupt loss in activity. Within the identified active domain, various mutants and chimeras of ICP47 derived from HSV-1 and HSV-2 helped to identify amino acid residues critical for TAP inhibition. On the basis of these results, therapeutic drugs could be designed that are applicable in treatment of allograft rejection or in novel vaccination strategies against HSV, restoring the ability of the immune system to recognize HSV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Neumann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, Martinsried, D-82152, Germany
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16
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Seitz O, Wong CH. Chemoenzymatic Solution- and Solid-Phase Synthesis ofO-Glycopeptides of the Mucin Domain of MAdCAM-1. A General Route toO-LacNAc,O-Sialyl-LacNAc, andO-Sialyl-Lewis-X Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja971383c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Seitz O, Kunz H. HYCRON, an Allylic Anchor for High-Efficiency Solid Phase Synthesis of Protected Peptides and Glycopeptides. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo960743w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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19
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Beck-Sickinger AG. Structural characterization and binding sites of G-protein-coupled receptors. Drug Discov Today 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(96)10042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Böhm HJ, Klebe G. Was läßt sich aus der molekularen Erkennung in Protein-Ligand-Komplexen für das Design neuer Wirkstoffe lernen? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961082205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Polymer-gest�tzte Synthese von Biopolymeren ?Grundlagen und Anwendungen. Naturwissenschaften 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01141952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Balkenhohl F, von dem Bussche-Hünnefeld C, Lansky A, Zechel C. Kombinatorische Synthese niedermolekularer organischer Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961082004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Cyclopeptidbibliotheken als neue chirale Selektoren für die Kapillarelektrophorese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961081821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Ruhland T, Künzer H. Structurally diverse 2,6-disubstituted quinoline derivatives by solid-phase synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)00443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nicolaou KC, Xiao XY, Parandoosh Z, Senyei A, Nova MP. Radiofrequenz-verschlüsselte kombinatorische Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951072036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Frank R. Simultaneous and combinatorial chemical synthesis techniques for the generation and screening of molecular diversity. J Biotechnol 1995; 41:259-72. [PMID: 7654352 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(95)00062-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
By skillful 'mixing and sorting', thousand millions of different compounds, so-called molecular repertoires or molecular libraries, can be produced and screened for biological activity in a very short time. Today, both sophisticated as well as surprisingly simple procedures for simultaneous and combinatorial chemical synthesis open fascinating new perspectives for basic research, biotechnology and drug development. This contribution will give a brief survey of current strategies in the chemical synthesis of oligonucleotide and peptide repertoires with special emphasis on techniques employing membrane-type solid supports developed in this laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frank
- GBF (Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH), AG Molekulare Erkennung, Braunschweig, Germany
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28
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Kleymann G, Iwata S, Wiesmüller KH, Ludwig B, Haase W, Michel H. Immunoelectron microscopy and epitope mapping with monoclonal antibodies suggest the existence of an additional N-terminal transmembrane helix in the cytochrome b subunit of bacterial ubiquinol:cytochrome-c oxidoreductases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 230:359-63. [PMID: 7601123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The topology of the ubiquinol:cytochrome-c oxidoreductase (cytochrome bc1 complex) from Paracoccus denitrificans was investigated by immunoelectron microscopy with sequence-specific murine monoclonal antibodies. Epitope mapping with synthetic peptides and enzymic proteolytic cleavage of the cytochrome bc1 complex were employed to localize precisely the respective antibody epitopes on the subunits of this membrane protein complex. Localization of defined epitopes on the cytochrome bc1 complex by immunoelectron microscopy clearly demonstrates that the N-terminus of the cytochrome b subunit is exposed to the periplasmic space. This finding is in agreement with a nine-transmembrane-helices topology model (I-IX) as predicted before for cytochrome b. However, due to other published evidence we favour the existence of an additional transmembrane helix (helix 0) complementing a more recently published eight-helices model (A-C,cd, D-H), at least for prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kleymann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Abteilung Molekulare Membranbiologie, Frankfurt, Germany
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29
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Chen JK, Schreiber SL. Kombinatorische Synthese und mehrdimensionale NMR-Spektroskopie: ein Beitrag zum Verständnis von Protein-Ligand-Wechselwirkungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Podlech J, Seebach D. Die Arndt-Eistert-Reaktion in der Peptidchemie: ein einfacher Zugang zu Homopeptiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Vetter D, Tumelty D, Singh SK, Gallop MA. Eine vielseitige Festphasensynthese von N-verknüpften Glycopeptiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Fleckenstein B, Wiesm�ller KH, Brich M, Jung G. Novel heterobifunctionalized polystyrene-polyethylene glycol resin for simultaneous preparation of free and immobilized peptides and biological activity detected by confocal microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00128529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Beck-Sickinger AG, Wieland HA, Wittneben H, Willim KD, Rudolf K, Jung G. Complete L-alanine scan of neuropeptide Y reveals ligands binding to Y1 and Y2 receptors with distinguished conformations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 225:947-58. [PMID: 7957231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.0947b.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of more than fifty 36-residue oligopeptide analogs of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and their affinity to human Y1 and Y2 receptors is described. Each amino acid of the natural sequence was replaced by L-alanine, the four alanine residues at position 12, 14, 18 and 23 were replaced by glycine. Additional residues were exchanged to closely related ones in order to characterize the prerequisites for binding. A combination of automated single and multiple peptide synthesis using fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl/tert-butoxy strategy was applied. The purified peptides were characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry, analytical HPLC and amino acid analysis. Binding was investigated by displacement of 125I-labelled neuropeptide Y from human neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-MC and SMS-KAN. Whereas Pro2 and the integrity of the neuropeptide Y loop is important for the binding to the Y1 receptor, exchanges within the C-terminal helix affect the affinity to the Y2 receptor. The C-terminal pentapeptide amide is important for both receptors and probably represents the binding site. However, Arg33 and Arg35 may not be exchanged by L-alanine in the Y1 system, whereas Arg35 and Tyr36 are the most susceptible residues in the Y2 system. In order to distinguish between conformational effects and direct hormone/receptor interaction via the side chains of neuropeptide Y, circular dichroic studies of the alanine-containing peptides were performed and structure affinity relationships are discussed. Comparing the affinities of the neuropeptide Y analogs to Y1 and Y2 receptors significant differences were found for the two binding sites, which suggests a different active conformation of neuropeptide Y at the two subtypes of receptors. Using molecular dynamics calculations, two distinct conformations were identified which are in good agreement with the data obtained by structure/affinity investigations.
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Carell T, Wintner EA, Bashir-Hashemi A, Rebek J. Neuartiges Verfahren zur Herstellung von Bibliotheken kleiner organischer Moleküle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19941062013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Carell T, Wintner EA, Rebek J. Screeningverfahren in Lösung zur Isolierung biologisch aktiver Verbindungen aus einer Molekülbibliothek. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19941062014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bossler HG, Waldmeier P, Seebach D. Herstellung und C-Alkylierungen von Peptiden mit Aminomalonsäure-Bausteinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19941060414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Peptidomimetics for Receptor Ligands?Discovery, Development, and Medical Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.199312441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Giannis A, Kolter T. Peptidmimetica für Rezeptorliganden – Entdeckung, Entwicklung und medizinische Perspektiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19931050905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Metzger JW, Wiesmiiller KH, Gnau V, Brinjes J, Jung G. Ionenspray-Massenspektrometrie und Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie - Massenspektrometrie von synthetischen Peptidbibliotheken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19931050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zimmer S, Hoffmann E, Jung G, Kessler H. “Head-to-Tail” Cyclization of Hexapeptides Using Different Coupling Reagents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199319930182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kessler H. Peptoide – Schlüsselverbindungen für einen neuen Weg zur Entwicklung von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19931050408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schwab C, Twardek A, Lo TP, Brayer GD, Bosshard HR. Mapping antibody binding sites on cytochrome c with synthetic peptides: are results representative of the antigenic structure of proteins? Protein Sci 1993; 2:175-82. [PMID: 7680266 PMCID: PMC2142349 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Crystallographic work on antigen-antibody complexes has revealed that extensive surface areas of proteins may interact with antibodies. On the other hand, most experimental approaches to locate and define antigenic determinants of protein antigens rely on the linear sequence of the polypeptide chain. Hence the question arises whether mapping of antibody binding sites by analysis of the reactivity of anti-protein antibodies with synthetic peptides can provide a representative picture of the antigenic structure of a protein antigen. We have addressed this question using yeast iso-1 cytochrome c as a protein antigen against which antisera were raised in rabbits. The reaction of the antisera with 103 synthetic hexapeptides covering the entire sequence of cytochrome c was tested by the pepscan procedure in which peptides are coupled to polyethylene rods and tested by ELISA. For the assay, anti-cytochrome c antibodies were fractionated by affinity chromatography on native yeast iso-1 cytochrome c and on apo-cytochrome c; the latter is a random coil. It was found that only antibodies retained by the apo-cytochrome c affinity column react with synthetic peptides. These antibodies comprise a small fraction, probably less than 2%, of all cytochrome c-specific antibodies. The majority of antigenic determinants, which seem to consist of strongly conformation-dependent topographic epitopes, could not be uncovered by the peptide approach. Epitope mapping with short peptides seems of limited usefulness in the case of small, globular, and conformationally stable proteins like cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schwab
- Biochemisches Institut der Universität Zürich, Switzerland
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Wiesmüller KH, Bessler WG, Jung G. Solid phase peptide synthesis of lipopeptide vaccines eliciting epitope-specific B-, T-helper and T-killer cell response. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1992; 40:255-60. [PMID: 1282504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte subpopulations involved in the self and nonself recognition processes are antibody producing cells, T-helper cells and T-killer cells. By using lipopeptide adjuvants and lipopeptide-antigen conjugates each of the major pathways of immune response can be specifically addressed on the molecular level of minimized synthetic lipopeptide vaccines. The immunologically active principle of the lipopeptide constructs is the synthetic N-terminus of bacterial lipoprotein, tri-palmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteine, which can be covalently linked to B-, T-helper and CTL epitopes. Methods of multiple peptide synthesis based on Merrifield's solid-phase synthesis allow the economic production of the high numbers of overlapping lipopeptides required for the complete immunological screening of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Wiesmüller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
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