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Hamaguchi K, Lu H, Okamura S, Kajiyama S, Uchida J, Sato S, Watanabe G, Ishii Y, Washizu H, Ungar G, Kato T. Reentrant 2D Nanostructured Liquid Crystals by Competition between Molecular Packing and Conformation: Potential Design for Multistep Switching of Ionic Conductivity. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200927. [PMID: 36594677 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reentrant phenomena in soft matter and biosystems have attracted considerable attention because their properties are closely related to high functionality. Here, we report a combined experimental and computational study on the self-assembly and reentrant behavior of a single-component thermotropic smectic liquid crystal toward the realization of dynamically functional materials. We have designed and synthesized a mesogenic molecule consisting of an alicyclic trans,trans-bicyclohexyl mesogen and a polar cyclic carbonate group connected by a flexible tetra(oxyethylene) spacer. The molecule exhibits an unprecedented sequence of layered smectic phases, in the order: smectic A-smectic B-reentrant smectic A. Electron density profiles and large-scale molecular dynamics simulations indicate that competition between the stacking of bicyclohexyl mesogens and the conformational flexibility of tetra(oxyethylene) chains induces this unusual reentrant behavior. Ion-conductive reentrant liquid-crystalline materials have been developed, which undergo the multistep conductivity changes in response to temperature. The reentrant liquid crystals have potential as new mesogenic materials exhibiting switching functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Hamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Huanjun Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Shota Okamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kajiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Junya Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sato
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Go Watanabe
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ishii
- Graduate School of Information Science, University of Hyogo Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Washizu
- Graduate School of Information Science, University of Hyogo Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Goran Ungar
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
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2
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Liu B, Yang T, Mu X, Mai Z, Li H, Wang Y, Zhou G. Smart Supramolecular Self-Assembled Nanosystem: Stimulus-Responsive Hydrogen-Bonded Liquid Crystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:448. [PMID: 33578814 PMCID: PMC7916626 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In a liquid crystal (LC) state, specific orientations and alignments of LC molecules produce outstanding anisotropy in structure and properties, followed by diverse optoelectronic functions. Besides organic LC molecules, other nonclassical components, including inorganic nanomaterials, are capable of self-assembling into oriented supramolecular LC mesophases by non-covalent interactions. Particularly, huge differences in size, shape, structure and properties within these components gives LC supramolecules higher anisotropy and feasibility. Therefore, hydrogen bonds have been viewed as the best and the most common option for supramolecular LCs, owing to their high selectivity and directionality. In this review, we summarize the newest advances in self-assembled structure, stimulus-responsive capability and application of supramolecular hydrogen-bonded LC nanosystems, to provide novel and immense potential for advancing LC technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Mu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhijian Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Giese M, Albrecht M. Alkyl-Alkyl Interactions in the Periphery of Supramolecular Entities: From the Evaluation of Weak Forces to Applications. Chempluschem 2020; 85:715-724. [PMID: 32286742 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry is based on weak intermolecular forces which nevertheless are of importance for chemical processes. In this report the relevance of alkyl-alkyl interactions in supramolecular assemblies is discussed. We show how hierarchically formed helicates can be used to evaluate weak interactions of alkyl groups based on solvent-supported London dispersion. In addition, the role of nano-segregation of alkyl groups in the periphery of supramolecular assemblies is described, as well as how this can be used to improve the properties of liquid-crystalline materials by controlling the alkyl-chain-mediated aggregation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giese
- Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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4
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Wang H, Feng Z, Qin Y, Wang J, Xu B. Nucleopeptide Assemblies Selectively Sequester ATP in Cancer Cells to Increase the Efficacy of Doxorubicin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4931-4935. [PMID: 29451962 PMCID: PMC6014697 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report that assemblies of nucleopeptides selectively sequester ATP in complex conditions (for example, serum and cytosol). We developed assemblies of nucleopeptides that selectively sequester ATP over ADP. Counteracting enzymes interconvert ATP and ADP to modulate the nanostructures formed by the nucleopeptides and the nucleotides. The nucleopeptides, sequestering ATP effectively in cells, slow down efflux pumps in multidrug-resistant cancer cells, thus boosting the efficacy of doxorubicin, an anticancer drug. Investigation of 11 nucleopeptides (including d- and l-enantiomers) yields five more nucleopeptides that differentiate ATP and ADP through either precipitation or gelation. As the first example of assemblies of nucleopeptides that interact with ATP and disrupt intracellular ATP dynamics, this work illustrates the use of supramolecular assemblies to interact with small and essential biological molecules for controlling cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaimin Wang
- Department of chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Zhaoqianqi Feng
- Department of chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Yanan Qin
- Department of chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Jiaqing Wang
- Department of chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
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5
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Nucleopeptide Assemblies Selectively Sequester ATP in Cancer Cells to Increase the Efficacy of Doxorubicin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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Patera LL, Liu X, Mosso N, Decurtins S, Liu SX, Repp J. Crystallization of a Two-Dimensional Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Assembly: Evolution of the Local Structure Resolved by Atomic Force Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10786-10790. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laerte L. Patera
- Department of Physics; University of Regensburg; Universitatsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Xunshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Nico Mosso
- IBM Research-Zurich; Säumerstrasse 4 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Jascha Repp
- Department of Physics; University of Regensburg; Universitatsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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7
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Patera LL, Liu X, Mosso N, Decurtins S, Liu SX, Repp J. Crystallization of a Two-Dimensional Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Assembly: Evolution of the Local Structure Resolved by Atomic Force Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laerte L. Patera
- Department of Physics; University of Regensburg; Universitatsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Xunshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Nico Mosso
- IBM Research-Zurich; Säumerstrasse 4 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Jascha Repp
- Department of Physics; University of Regensburg; Universitatsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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Tsunoda Y, Takatsuka M, Sekiya R, Haino T. Supramolecular Graft Copolymerization of a Polyester by Guest-Selective Encapsulation of a Self-Assembled Capsule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsunoda
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Mei Takatsuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Ryo Sekiya
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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9
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Tsunoda Y, Takatsuka M, Sekiya R, Haino T. Supramolecular Graft Copolymerization of a Polyester by Guest-Selective Encapsulation of a Self-Assembled Capsule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2613-2618. [PMID: 28120481 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Repeating guest units of polyesters poly-(R)-2 were selectively encapsulated by capsule 1(BF4 )4 to produce supramolecular graft polymers. The encapsulation of the guest units was confirmed by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The graft polymer structures were confirmed by the increase in the hydrodynamic radii and the solution viscosities of the polyesters upon complexation of the capsule. After the capsule was formed, atomic force microscopy showed extension of the polyester chains. The introduction of the graft chains onto poly-(R)-2 resulted in the main chain of the polymer having an M-helical morphology. The complexation of copolymers poly-[(R)-2-co-(S)-2] by the capsule gave rise to the unique chiral amplification known as the majority-rules effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsunoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Mei Takatsuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ryo Sekiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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10
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Yuan D, Du X, Shi J, Zhou N, Zhou J, Xu B. Mixing biomimetic heterodimers of nucleopeptides to generate biocompatible and biostable supramolecular hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5705-8. [PMID: 25783774 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As a new class of biomaterials, most supramolecular hydrogels formed by small peptides require the attachment of long alkyl chains, multiple aromatic groups, or strong electrostatic interactions. Based on the fact that the most abundant protein assemblies in nature are dimeric, we select short peptide sequences from the interface of a heterodimer of proteins with known crystal structure to conjugate with nucleobases to form nucleopeptides. Being driven mainly by hydrogen bonds, the nucleopeptides self-assemble to form nanofibers, which results in supramolecular hydrogels upon simple mixing of two distinct nucleopeptides in water. Moreover, besides being biocompatible to mammalian cells, the heterodimer of the nucleopeptides exhibit excellent proteolytic resistance against proteinase K. This work illustrates a new and rational approach to create soft biomaterials by a supramolecular hydrogelation triggered by mixing heterodimeric nucleopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA 02454 (USA)
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11
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Yuan D, Du X, Shi J, Zhou N, Zhou J, Xu B. Mixing Biomimetic Heterodimers of Nucleopeptides to Generate Biocompatible and Biostable Supramolecular Hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Wong JPW, Whitwood AC, Bruce DW. Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes between 4-Alkoxystilbazoles and Fluorophenols: Solid-State Structures and Liquid Crystallinity. Chemistry 2012; 18:16073-89. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Broer DJ, Bastiaansen CMW, Debije MG, Schenning APHJ. Functional organic materials based on polymerized liquid-crystal monomers: supramolecular hydrogen-bonded systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7102-9. [PMID: 22588947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Functional organic materials are of great interest for a variety of applications. To obtain precise functional properties, well-defined hierarchically ordered supramolecular materials are crucial. The self-assembly of liquid crystals has proven to be an extremely useful tool in the development of well-defined nanostructured materials. We have chosen the illustrative example of photopolymerizable hydrogen-bonding mesogens to show that a wide variety of functional materials can be made from a relatively simple set of building blocks. Upon mixing these compounds with other reactive mesogens, nematic, chiral nematic, and smectic or columnar liquid-crystalline phases can be formed that can be applied as actuators, sensors and responsive reflectors, and nanoporous membranes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J Broer
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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Broer DJ, Bastiaansen CMW, Debije MG, Schenning APHJ. Funktionelle organische Materialien auf der Basis polymerisierter flüssigkristalliner Monomere: supramolekulare wasserstoffverbrückte Systeme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Nair KP, Breedveld V, Weck M. Multiresponsive Reversible Polymer Networks Based on Hydrogen Bonding and Metal Coordination. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102462y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcus Weck
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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16
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Huang TM, McCreary K, Garg S, Kyu T. Induced smectic phases in phase diagrams of binary nematic liquid crystal mixtures. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:124508. [PMID: 21456677 DOI: 10.1063/1.3567100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate induced smectic A and smectic B phases in binary nematic liquid crystal mixtures, a generalized thermodynamic model has been developed in the framework of a combined Flory-Huggins free energy for isotropic mixing, Maier-Saupe free energy for orientational ordering, McMillan free energy for smectic ordering, Chandrasekhar-Clark free energy for hexagonal ordering, and phase field free energy for crystal solidification. Although nematic constituents have no smectic phase, the complexation between these constituent liquid crystal molecules in their mixture resulted in a more stable ordered phase such as smectic A or B phases. Various phase transitions of crystal-smectic, smectic-nematic, and nematic-isotropic phases have been determined by minimizing the above combined free energies with respect to each order parameter of these mesophases. By changing the strengths of anisotropic interaction and hexagonal interaction parameters, the present model captures the induced smectic A or smectic B phases of the binary nematic mixtures. Of particular importance is the fact that the calculated phase diagrams show remarkable agreement with the experimental phase diagrams of binary nematic liquid crystal mixtures involving induced smectic A or induced smectic B phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsang-Min Huang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
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17
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Lai LL, Yang CM, Liu CC, Cheng KL, Wen YS, Hung CH, Luo TT, Kuo MY. Direct Evidence of a Liquid-Crystalline Phase Induced by Intermolecular CH⋅⋅⋅Cl Interactions on the Basis of IR Spectroscopy and Theoretical Simulations. Chemistry 2010; 17:111-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Ohkawa H, Ligthart GBWL, Sijbesma RP, Meijer EW. Supramolecular Graft Copolymers Based on 2,7-Diamido-1,8-naphthyridines. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Ohkawa
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - G. B. W. L. Ligthart
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Han J, Chui SSY, Che CM. Thermotropic Liquid Crystals Based on Extended 2,5-Disubstituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazoles: Structure–Property Relationships, Variable-Temperature Powder X-ray Diffraction, and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Studies. Chem Asian J 2006; 1:814-25. [PMID: 17441124 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A class of extended 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles R1-C6H4-{OC2N2}-C6H4-R2 (R1 = R2 = C10H21O 1 a, p-C10H21O-C6H4-C[triple bond]C 3 a, p-CH3O-C6H4-C[triple bond]C 3 b; R1 = C10H21O, R2 = CH3O 1 b, (CH3)2N 1 c; F 1 d; R1 = C10H21O-C6H4-C[triple bond]C, R2 = C10H21O 2 a, CH3O 2 b, (CH3)2N 2 c, F 2 d) were prepared, and their liquid-crystalline properties were examined. In CH2Cl2 solution, these compounds displayed a room-temperature emission with lambda(max) at 340-471 nm and quantum yields of 0.73-0.97. Compounds 1 d, 2 a-2 d, and 3 a exhibited various thermotropic mesophases (monotropic, enantiotropic nematic/smectic), which were examined by polarized-light optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Structure determination by a direct-space approach using simulated annealing or parallel tempering of the powder X-ray diffraction data revealed distinctive crystal-packing arrangements for mesogenic molecules 2 b and 3 a, leading to different nematic mesophase behavior, with 2 b being monotropic and 3 a enantiotropic in the narrow temperature range of 200-210 degrees C. The structural transitions associated with these crystalline solids and their mesophases were studied by variable-temperature X-ray diffractometry. Nondestructive phase transitions (crystal-to-crystal, crystal-to-mesophase, mesophase-to-liquid) were observed in the diffractograms of 1 b, 1 d, 2 b, 2 d, and 3 a measured at 25-200 degrees C. Powder X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering data revealed that the structure of the annealed solid residue 2 b reverted to its original crystal/molecular packing when the isotropic liquid was cooled to room temperature. Structure-property relationships within these mesomorphic solids are discussed in the context of their molecular structures and intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- Department of Chemistry and the HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Yagai S, Iwashima T, Kishikawa K, Nakahara S, Karatsu T, Kitamura A. Photoresponsive Self-Assembly and Self-Organization of Hydrogen-Bonded Supramolecular Tapes. Chemistry 2006; 12:3984-94. [PMID: 16550621 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling building blocks that are readily functionalizable and capable of achieving programmed hierarchical organization have enabled us to create various functional nanomaterials. We have previously demonstrated that N,N'-disubstituted 4,6-diaminopyrimidin-2(1 H)-one (DAP), a guanine-cytosine hybridized molecule, is a versatile building block for the creation of tapelike supramolecular polymer species in solution. In the current study, DAP was functionalized with azobenzene side chains. 1H NMR, UV/Vis, and dynamic light scattering studies confirmed the presence of nanometer-scale tapelike supramolecular polymers in alkane solvents at micromolar regimes. At higher concentrations (millimolar regimes), the supramolecular polymers hierarchically organized into lamellar superstructures to form organogels, as shown by X-ray diffraction and polarized optical microscopy. Remarkably, the azobenzene side chains are photoisomerizable even in the supramolecular polymers, owing to their loosely packed state supported by the rigid hydrogen-bonded scaffold, enabling us to establish photocontrollable supramolecular polymerization and higher order organization of the tapelike supramolecular polymers into lamellar superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Yagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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Kato T, Mizoshita N, Kishimoto K. Funktionelle flüssigkristalline Aggregate: selbstorganisierte weiche Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kato T, Mizoshita N, Kishimoto K. Functional Liquid-Crystalline Assemblies: Self-Organized Soft Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:38-68. [PMID: 16353263 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the 21st century, soft materials will become more important as functional materials because of their dynamic nature. Although soft materials are not as highly durable as hard materials, such as metals, ceramics, and engineering plastics, they can respond well to stimuli and the environment. The introduction of order into soft materials induces new dynamic functions. Liquid crystals are ordered soft materials consisting of self-organized molecules and can potentially be used as new functional materials for electron, ion, or molecular transporting, sensory, catalytic, optical, and bio-active materials. For this functionalization, unconventional materials design is required. Herein, we describe new approaches to the functionalization of liquid crystals and show how the design of liquid crystals formed by supramolecular assembly and nano-segregation leads to the formation of a variety of new self-organized functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Xie P, Zhang R. Liquid crystal elastomers, networks and gels: advanced smart materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b413835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kamikawa Y, Nishii M, Kato T. Self-Assembly of Folic Acid Derivatives: Induction of Supramolecular Chirality by Hierarchical Chiral Structures. Chemistry 2004; 10:5942-51. [PMID: 15532055 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical chiral structures made up of dendritic oligo(L- or D-glutamic acid) moieties of folic acid derivatives induce supramolecular chirality in the self-assembled columnar structures of the folic acids. These folic acids self-assemble through the intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the pterin rings to form disklike tetramers. In the neat states, the stacked tetramers form thermotropic hexagonal columnar phases over wide temperature ranges, including room temperature. Addition of alkali metal salts induces chirality in the columnar phases. In dilute solution states in a relatively polar solvent (chloroform), the folic acid derivatives form non-chiral, self-assembled structures. In the presence of sodium triflate, the folic acid forms chiral columnar assemblies through the oligo(L-glutamic acid) moiety, similar to those formed in the liquid-crystalline (LC) states. The enantiomer of the folic acid induces columnar assemblies with reversed helicity. In the case of the diastereomer, no induced helicity is observed. Application of an apolar solvent (dodecane) drives the folic acid derivatives to form chiral assemblies in the absence of ions. In this case, lipophilic interactions promote nanophase segregation, which enhances the formation of chiral columns. Interestingly, the chiral supramolecular structure of the diastereomer induces the most intense circular dichroism. In both cases, the molecular chirality in the oligo(glutamate) moieties yields supramolecular chirality of the folic acids that self-assemble through cooperative molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kamikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Kato T, Kubota Y, Uryu T, Ujiie S. Induzierung und signifikante Stabilisierung einer flüssigkristallinen Phase durch Komplexierung eines Polymer-Rückgrats, das sich von 2,6-Bis(amino)pyridin ableitet, mit einer Phenylbenzoesäure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sartorius J, Schneider HJ. A General Scheme Based on Empirical Increments for the Prediction of Hydrogen-Bond Associations of Nucleobases and of Synthetic Host–Guest complexes. Chemistry 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19960021118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bernhardt H, Weissflog W, Kresse H. Der Einfluß von Substituenten auf die durch Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen induzierte Bildung von Flüssigkristallen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961080820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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