1
|
Borges A, Nguyen C, Letendre M, Onasenko I, Kandler R, Nguyen NK, Chen J, Allakhverdova T, Atkinson E, DiChiara B, Wang C, Petler N, Patel H, Nanavati D, Das S, Nag A. Facile de Novo Sequencing of Tetrazine-Cyclized Peptides through UV-Induced Ring-Opening and Cleavage from the Solid Phase. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200590. [PMID: 36471561 PMCID: PMC10099459 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While most FDA-approved peptide drugs are cyclic, the robust cyclization chemistry of peptides and the deconvolution of cyclic peptide sequences by using tandem mass spectrometry render cyclic peptide drug discovery difficult. Here we present the successful design of cyclic peptides on solid phase that addresses both of these problems. We demonstrate that this peptide cyclization method using dichloro-s-tetrazine on solid phase allows successful cyclization of a panel of random peptide sequences with various charges and hydrophobicities. The cyclic peptides can be linearized and cleaved from the solid phase by simple UV light irradiation, and we demonstrate that accurate sequence information can be obtained for the UV-cleaved linearized peptides by using tandem mass spectrometry. The tetrazine linker used in the cyclic peptides can further be explored for inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reactions for screening or bioconjugation applications in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Borges
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Chi Nguyen
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Madison Letendre
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Iryna Onasenko
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rene Kandler
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ngoc K Nguyen
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jue Chen
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Tamara Allakhverdova
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Emily Atkinson
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bella DiChiara
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Wang
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Noa Petler
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Henna Patel
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dhaval Nanavati
- Global Protein Sciences, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Dr, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Samir Das
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Arundhati Nag
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 01610, Worcester, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Van Lysebetten D, Felissati S, Antonatou E, Carrette LLG, Espeel P, Focquet E, Du Prez FE, Madder A. A Thiolactone Strategy for Straightforward Synthesis of Disulfide-Linked Side-Chain-to-Tail Cyclic Peptides Featuring an N-Terminal Modification Handle. Chembiochem 2018; 19:641-646. [PMID: 29314620 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of straightforward and versatile peptide cyclisation methods is highly desired to meet the demand for more stable peptide-based drugs. Herein, a new method for the synthesis of side-chain-to-tail cyclic peptides with the simultaneous introduction of an N-terminal handle, based on the introduction of an N-terminal thiolactone building block, is described. A primary amine liberates a homocysteine analogue from the thiolactone building block, which further enables cyclisation of the peptide through disulfide-bond formation with a C-terminal cysteamine. Postcyclisation modification can be achieved by using small bifunctional amines. Alternatively, the synthesis of lipopeptides is demonstrated through direct thiolactone opening with long-chain alkyl amines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Van Lysebetten
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefania Felissati
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eirini Antonatou
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieselot L G Carrette
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Current address: Dept. of Molecular Biology/, Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Medical Research Building, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Espeel
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Focquet
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Mulumba M, Ong H, Lubell WD. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Cyclic Azapeptides by A3-Macrocyclization Provides High-Affinity CD36-Modulating Peptidomimetics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Zhang
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
- Present address: School of Pharmaceutical Science; Chongqing University; Chongqing 401331 China
| | - Mukandila Mulumba
- Faculté de Pharmacie; Université de Montréal; C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Huy Ong
- Faculté de Pharmacie; Université de Montréal; C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Mulumba M, Ong H, Lubell WD. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Cyclic Azapeptides by A 3 -Macrocyclization Provides High-Affinity CD36-Modulating Peptidomimetics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6284-6288. [PMID: 28090719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclization has enabled the use of peptides in drug discovery creating a need for methods to synthesize diverse peptide macrocycles. Azapeptides have advanced to clinically used drugs, however, few cyclic azapeptides have been studied. A multiple component "A3 -macrocyclization" strategy is described for the preparation of diverse cyclic azapeptides and is demonstrated by the synthesis of 15 growth hormone releasing hormone-6 (GHRP-6) analogs. Certain cyclic aza-GHRP-6 analogs exhibited unprecedented affinity for the CD36 receptor, and capacity to modulate Toll-like receptor agonist-induced overproduction of nitric oxide, and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Zhang
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.,Present address: School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Mukandila Mulumba
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Huy Ong
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McCarver SJ, Qiao JX, Carpenter J, Borzilleri RM, Poss MA, Eastgate MD, Miller MM, MacMillan DWC. Decarboxylative Peptide Macrocyclization through Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J. McCarver
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University Washington Road Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Jennifer X. Qiao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Route 206 & Province Line Road Princeton NJ 08543 USA
| | - Joseph Carpenter
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Route 206 & Province Line Road Princeton NJ 08543 USA
| | | | - Michael A. Poss
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Route 206 & Province Line Road Princeton NJ 08543 USA
| | - Martin D. Eastgate
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Route 206 & Province Line Road Princeton NJ 08543 USA
| | - Michael M. Miller
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Route 206 & Province Line Road Princeton NJ 08543 USA
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University Washington Road Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McCarver SJ, Qiao JX, Carpenter J, Borzilleri RM, Poss MA, Eastgate MD, Miller MM, MacMillan DWC. Decarboxylative Peptide Macrocyclization through Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:728-732. [PMID: 27860140 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A method for the decarboxylative macrocyclization of peptides bearing N-terminal Michael acceptors has been developed. This synthetic method enables the efficient synthesis of cyclic peptides containing γ-amino acids and is tolerant of functionalities present in both natural and non-proteinogenic amino acids. Linear precursors ranging from 3 to 15 amino acids cyclize effectively under this photoredox method. To demonstrate the preparative utility of this method in the context of bioactive molecules, we synthesized COR-005, a somatostatin analogue that is currently in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J McCarver
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Jennifer X Qiao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Joseph Carpenter
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Robert M Borzilleri
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Michael A Poss
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Martin D Eastgate
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Michael M Miller
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu J, Jiang M, Song Z, He T, Yang H, Fu H. Iron-Catalyzed Azidoalkylthiation of Alkenes with Trimethylsilyl Azide and 1-(Alkylthio)pyrrolidine-2,5-diones. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jipan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China,
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhixuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China,
| | - Tiancheng He
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China,
| | - Haijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China,
| | - Hua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Celentano V, Diana D, Di Salvo C, De Rosa L, Romanelli A, Fattorusso R, D'Andrea LD. 1,2,3-Triazole Bridge as Conformational Constrain in β-Hairpin Peptides: Analysis of Hydrogen-Bonded Positions. Chemistry 2016; 22:5534-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Celentano
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli (Italy)
| | - D. Diana
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli (Italy)
| | - C. Di Salvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli (Italy)
- National University of Ireland; Galway (Ireland)
| | - L. De Rosa
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli (Italy)
| | - A. Romanelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università di Napoli “Federico II”; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli (Italy)
| | - R. Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche; Seconda Università di Napoli; Via Vivaldi 46 81100 Caserta, Napoli (Italy)
| | - L. D. D'Andrea
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli (Italy)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Das S, Nag A, Liang J, Bunck DN, Umeda A, Farrow B, Coppock MB, Sarkes DA, Finch AS, Agnew HD, Pitram S, Lai B, Yu MB, Museth AK, Deyle KM, Lepe B, Rodriguez‐Rivera FP, McCarthy A, Alvarez‐Villalonga B, Chen A, Heath J, Stratis‐Cullum DN, Heath JR. A General Synthetic Approach for Designing Epitope Targeted Macrocyclic Peptide Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Das
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Arundhati Nag
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - JingXin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - David N. Bunck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Aiko Umeda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Blake Farrow
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Matthew B. Coppock
- Biotechnology Branch, Sensors & Electronic Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783 (USA)
| | - Deborah A. Sarkes
- Biotechnology Branch, Sensors & Electronic Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783 (USA)
| | - Amethist S. Finch
- Biotechnology Branch, Sensors & Electronic Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783 (USA)
| | - Heather D. Agnew
- Indi Molecular, 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, CA 90230 (USA)
| | - Suresh Pitram
- Indi Molecular, 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, CA 90230 (USA)
| | - Bert Lai
- Indi Molecular, 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, CA 90230 (USA)
| | - Mary Beth Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - A. Katrine Museth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Kaycie M. Deyle
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Bianca Lepe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Frances P. Rodriguez‐Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Amy McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Belen Alvarez‐Villalonga
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Ann Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - John Heath
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Dimitra N. Stratis‐Cullum
- Biotechnology Branch, Sensors & Electronic Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783 (USA)
| | - James R. Heath
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Das S, Nag A, Liang J, Bunck DN, Umeda A, Farrow B, Coppock MB, Sarkes DA, Finch AS, Agnew HD, Pitram S, Lai B, Yu MB, Museth AK, Deyle KM, Lepe B, Rodriguez-Rivera FP, McCarthy A, Alvarez-Villalonga B, Chen A, Heath J, Stratis-Cullum DN, Heath JR. A General Synthetic Approach for Designing Epitope Targeted Macrocyclic Peptide Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13219-24. [PMID: 26377818 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a general synthetic strategy for developing high-affinity peptide binders against specific epitopes of challenging protein biomarkers. The epitope of interest is synthesized as a polypeptide, with a detection biotin tag and a strategically placed azide (or alkyne) presenting amino acid. This synthetic epitope (SynEp) is incubated with a library of complementary alkyne or azide presenting peptides. Library elements that bind the SynEp in the correct orientation undergo the Huisgen cycloaddition, and are covalently linked to the SynEp. Hit peptides are tested against the full-length protein to identify the best binder. We describe development of epitope-targeted linear or macrocycle peptide ligands against 12 different diagnostic or therapeutic analytes. The general epitope targeting capability for these low molecular weight synthetic ligands enables a range of therapeutic and diagnostic applications, similar to those of monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Das
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Arundhati Nag
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - JingXin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - David N Bunck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Aiko Umeda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Blake Farrow
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Matthew B Coppock
- Biotechnology Branch, Sensors & Electronic Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783 (USA)
| | - Deborah A Sarkes
- Biotechnology Branch, Sensors & Electronic Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783 (USA)
| | - Amethist S Finch
- Biotechnology Branch, Sensors & Electronic Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783 (USA)
| | - Heather D Agnew
- Indi Molecular, 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, CA 90230 (USA)
| | - Suresh Pitram
- Indi Molecular, 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, CA 90230 (USA)
| | - Bert Lai
- Indi Molecular, 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, CA 90230 (USA)
| | - Mary Beth Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - A Katrine Museth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Kaycie M Deyle
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Bianca Lepe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Frances P Rodriguez-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Amy McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Belen Alvarez-Villalonga
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Ann Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - John Heath
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Dimitra N Stratis-Cullum
- Biotechnology Branch, Sensors & Electronic Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20783 (USA)
| | - James R Heath
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA).
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chandra K, Roy TK, Shalev DE, Loyter A, Gilon C, Gerber RB, Friedler A. A tandem in situ peptide cyclization through trifluoroacetic acid cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9450-5. [PMID: 24827640 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present a new approach for peptide cyclization during solid phase synthesis under highly acidic conditions. Our approach involves simultaneous in situ deprotection, cyclization and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) cleavage of the peptide, which is achieved by forming an amide bond between a lysine side chain and a succinic acid linker at the peptide N-terminus. The reaction proceeds via a highly active succinimide intermediate, which was isolated and characterized. The structure of a model cyclic peptide was solved by NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations support the proposed mechanism of cyclization. Our new methodology is applicable for the formation of macrocycles in solid-phase synthesis of peptides and organic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Chandra
- Institute of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra campus The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904 (Israel) http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/∼assaf
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chandra K, Roy TK, Shalev DE, Loyter A, Gilon C, Gerber RB, Friedler A. A Tandem In Situ Peptide Cyclization through Trifluoroacetic Acid Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
13
|
Ha K, Lebedyeva I, Hamedzadeh S, Li Z, Quiñones R, Pillai GG, Williams B, Nasajpour A, Martin K, Asiri AM, Katritzky AR. Tandem Deprotection-Dimerization-Macrocyclization Route toC2Symmetriccyclo-Tetrapeptides. Chemistry 2014; 20:4874-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
14
|
Verzele D, Madder A. Patchwork protein chemistry: a practitioner's treatise on the advances in synthetic peptide stitchery. Chembiochem 2014; 14:1032-48. [PMID: 23775826 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the study of peptides and proteins at the heart of many scientific endeavors, the omics era heralded a multitude of opportunities for chemists and biologists alike. Across the interface with life sciences, peptide chemistry plays an indispensable role, and progress made over the past decades now allows proteins to be treated as molecular patchworks stitched together through synthetic tailoring. The continuous elaboration of sophisticated strategies notwithstanding, Merrifield's solid-phase methodology remains a cornerstone of chemical protein design. Although the non-practitioner might misjudge peptide synthesis as trivial, routine, or dull given its long history, we comment here on its many advances, obstacles, and prospects from a practitioner's point of view. While sharing our perspectives through thematic highlights across the literature, this treatise provides an interpretive overview as a guide to novices, and a recap for specialists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Verzele
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Berg R, Straub BF. Advancements in the mechanistic understanding of the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2715-50. [PMID: 24367437 PMCID: PMC3869285 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is one of the most broadly applicable and easy-to-handle reactions in the arsenal of organic chemistry. However, the mechanistic understanding of this reaction has lagged behind the plethora of its applications for a long time. As reagent mixtures of copper salts and additives are commonly used in CuAAC reactions, the structure of the catalytically active species itself has remained subject to speculation, which can be attributed to the multifaceted aggregation chemistry of copper(I) alkyne and acetylide complexes. Following an introductory section on common catalyst systems in CuAAC reactions, this review will highlight experimental and computational studies from early proposals to very recent and more sophisticated investigations, which deliver more detailed insights into the CuAAC's catalytic cycle and the species involved. As diverging mechanistic views are presented in articles, books and online resources, we intend to present the research efforts in this field during the past decade and finally give an up-to-date picture of the currently accepted dinuclear mechanism of CuAAC. Additionally, we hope to inspire research efforts on the development of molecularly defined copper(I) catalysts with defined structural characteristics, whose main advantage in contrast to the regularly used precatalyst reagent mixtures is twofold: on the one hand, the characteristics of molecularly defined, well soluble catalysts can be tuned according to the particular requirements of the experiment; on the other hand, the understanding of the CuAAC reaction mechanism can be further advanced by kinetic studies and the isolation and characterization of key intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Berg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd F Straub
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martí I, Rubio J, Bolte M, Burguete MI, Vicent C, Quesada R, Alfonso I, Luis SV. Tuning Chloride Binding, Encapsulation, and Transport by Peripheral Substitution of Pseudopeptidic Tripodal Small Cages. Chemistry 2012; 18:16728-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
Copper(I) is able to catalyze Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in a "click" fashion. This copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction presents excellent chemoselectivity and occurs over a wide-range of reaction conditions. It shows tolerance to variation in both pH and solvent polarity, thereby facilitating the ligation of peptides and proteins to produce peptidomimetics and synthetic proteins. In addition, the only product formed is a 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole moiety, in many aspects resembling the natural peptide bond, including hydrogen-bonding capability, planarity, distance between the 1 and 4 substituents, and conformational restriction of the peptide backbone; thus the triazole-backbone-modified peptide, in which a triazole replaces the amide bond, may be anticipated to present a secondary structure similar to that of its natural counterpart. This Focus Review describes the scope and applications of copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition in synthetic peptide/protein chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Martí-Centelles V, Burguete MI, Luis SV. Template Effects in SN2 Displacements for the Preparation of Pseudopeptidic Macrocycles. Chemistry 2012; 18:2409-22. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
19
|
Ahsanullah, Rademann J. Cyclative cleavage through dipolar cycloaddition: polymer-bound azidopeptidylphosphoranes deliver locked cis-triazolylcyclopeptides as privileged protein binders. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:5378-82. [PMID: 20583012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahsanullah
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yoo B, Shin SBY, Huang ML, Kirshenbaum K. Peptoid macrocycles: making the rounds with peptidomimetic oligomers. Chemistry 2010; 16:5528-37. [PMID: 20414912 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic constraints are often employed to rigidify the conformation of flexible oligomeric systems. This approach has recently been used to organize the structure of peptoid oligomers, which are peptidomimetics composed of chemically diverse N-substituted glycine monomer units. In this review, we describe advances in the synthesis and characterization of cyclic peptoids. We evaluate how the installation of covalent constraints between the oligomer termini or side chains has been effective in defining peptoid conformations. We also discuss the potential applications for this promising family of macrocyclic peptidomimetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barney Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003-6688, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ahsanullah, Rademann J. Cyclisierende Abspaltungen über dipolare Cycloadditionen: Polymergebundene Azidopeptidylphosphorane liefern konformativ fixierte cis-Triazolylcyclopeptide als privilegierte Proteinbinder. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
22
|
Binauld S, Hawker C, Fleury E, Drockenmuller E. A Modular Approach to Functionalized and Expanded Crown Ether Based Macrocycles Using Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6654-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
23
|
Binauld S, Hawker C, Fleury E, Drockenmuller E. A Modular Approach to Functionalized and Expanded Crown Ether Based Macrocycles Using Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
24
|
Beierle J, Horne W, van Maarseveen J, Waser B, Reubi J, Ghadiri M. Conformationally Homogeneous Heterocyclic Pseudotetrapeptides as Three‐Dimensional Scaffolds for Rational Drug Design: Receptor‐Selective Somatostatin Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
25
|
Bogdan A, Sach N. The Use of Copper Flow Reactor Technology for the Continuous Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Beierle JM, Horne WS, van Maarseveen JH, Waser B, Reubi JC, Reza Ghadiri M. Conformationally homogeneous heterocyclic pseudotetrapeptides as three-dimensional scaffolds for rational drug design: receptor-selective somatostatin analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4725-9. [PMID: 19266506 PMCID: PMC3080139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A would-be amide: A 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole was used as a surrogate for a trans amide bond to create a library of 16 diastereomeric pseudotetrapeptides as beta-turn mimetics. High-resolution structural analysis indicated that these scaffolds adopt distinct, rigid, conformationally homogeneous beta-turn-like structures (see example), some of which bind somatostatin receptor subtypes selectively, and some of which show broad-spectrum activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Beierle
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - W. Seth Horne
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Jan H. van Maarseveen
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Beatrice Waser
- Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research University of Berne Berne, Switzerland 3010
| | - Jean Claude Reubi
- Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research University of Berne Berne, Switzerland 3010
| | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Torres O, Yüksel D, Bernardina M, Kumar K, Bong D. Peptide tertiary structure nucleation by side-chain crosslinking with metal complexation and double "click" cycloaddition. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1701-5. [PMID: 18600813 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Torres
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lipshutz BH, Taft BR. Heterogeneous Copper-in-Charcoal-Catalyzed Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
29
|
Lipshutz BH, Taft BR. Heterogeneous Copper-in-Charcoal-Catalyzed Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:8235-8. [PMID: 17111447 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bräse S, Gil C, Knepper K, Zimmermann V. Organic azides: an exploding diversity of a unique class of compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:5188-240. [PMID: 16100733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200400657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1636] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of organic azides by Peter Griess more than 140 years ago, numerous syntheses of these energy-rich molecules have been developed. In more recent times in particular, completely new perspectives have been developed for their use in peptide chemistry, combinatorial chemistry, and heterocyclic synthesis. Organic azides have assumed an important position at the interface between chemistry, biology, medicine, and materials science. In this Review, the fundamental characteristics of azide chemistry and current developments are presented. The focus will be placed on cycloadditions (Huisgen reaction), aza ylide chemistry, and the synthesis of heterocycles. Further reactions such as the aza-Wittig reaction, the Sundberg rearrangement, the Staudinger ligation, the Boyer and Boyer-Aubé rearrangements, the Curtius rearrangement, the Schmidt rearrangement, and the Hemetsberger rearrangement bear witness to the versatility of modern azide chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe TH, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rodionov VO, Fokin VV, Finn MG. Mechanism of the ligand-free CuI-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:2210-5. [PMID: 15693051 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin O Rodionov
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lin PC, Ueng SH, Tseng MC, Ko JL, Huang KT, Yu SC, Adak AK, Chen YJ, Lin CC. Site-Specific Protein Modification through CuI-Catalyzed 1,2,3-Triazole Formation and Its Implementation in Protein Microarray Fabrication. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:4286-90. [PMID: 16739151 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chiao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lin PC, Ueng SH, Tseng MC, Ko JL, Huang KT, Yu SC, Adak AK, Chen YJ, Lin CC. Site-Specific Protein Modification through CuI-Catalyzed 1,2,3-Triazole Formation and Its Implementation in Protein Microarray Fabrication. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
34
|
Bräse S, Gil C, Knepper K, Zimmermann V. Organische Azide - explodierende Vielfalt bei einer einzigartigen Substanzklasse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200400657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
35
|
Rodionov VO, Fokin VV, Finn MG. Mechanism of the Ligand-Free CuI-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|