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Bai Z, He Q, Huang S, Hu X, Chen H. Preparation of hybrid soda-lime/quartz glass chips with wettability-patterned channels for manipulation of flow profiles in droplet-based analytical systems. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 767:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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The chemistrode: a droplet-based microfluidic device for stimulation and recording with high temporal, spatial, and chemical resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16843-8. [PMID: 18974218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807916105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microelectrodes enable localized electrical stimulation and recording, and they have revolutionized our understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of systems that generate or respond to electrical signals. However, such comprehensive understanding of systems that rely on molecular signals-e.g., chemical communication in multicellular neural, developmental, or immune systems-remains elusive because of the inability to deliver, capture, and interpret complex chemical information. To overcome this challenge, we developed the "chemistrode," a plug-based microfluidic device that enables stimulation, recording, and analysis of molecular signals with high spatial and temporal resolution. Stimulation with and recording of pulses as short as 50 ms was demonstrated. A pair of chemistrodes fabricated by multilayer soft lithography recorded independent signals from 2 locations separated by 15 mum. Like an electrode, the chemistrode does not need to be built into an experimental system-it is simply brought into contact with a chemical or biological substrate, and, instead of electrical signals, molecular signals are exchanged. Recorded molecular signals can be injected with additional reagents and analyzed off-line by multiple, independent techniques in parallel (e.g., fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, MALDI-MS, and fluorescence microscopy). When recombined, these analyses provide a time-resolved chemical record of a system's response to stimulation. Insulin secretion from a single murine islet of Langerhans was measured at a frequency of 0.67 Hz by using the chemistrode. This article characterizes and tests the physical principles that govern the operation of the chemistrode to enable its application to probing local dynamics of chemically responsive matter in chemistry and biology.
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Courtois F, Olguin LF, Whyte G, Bratton D, Huck WTS, Abell C, Hollfelder F. An integrated device for monitoring time-dependent in vitro expression from single genes in picolitre droplets. Chembiochem 2008; 9:439-46. [PMID: 18232037 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microdroplets have great potential for high-throughput biochemical screening. We report the design of an integrated microfluidic device for droplet formation, incubation and screening. Picolitre water-in-oil droplets can be stored in a reservoir that contains approximately 10(6) droplets. In this reservoir droplets are stable for at least 6 h, which gives an extended timescale for biochemical experiments. We demonstrate the utility of the system by following the in vitro expression of green fluorescent protein. The high efficiency allows protein expression from a single molecule of DNA template, creating "monoclonal droplets" in which genotype and phenotype are combined in one emulsion compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Courtois
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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Malloggi F, Gu H, Banpurkar AG, Vanapalli SA, Mugele F. Electrowetting --a versatile tool for controlling microdrop generation. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2008; 26:91-6. [PMID: 18286229 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2007-10252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrating insulator-covered electrodes into a microfluidic flow focusing device (FFD) we demonstrate enhanced flexibility and control of the flow of two non-miscible liquids based on electrowetting (EW). In the parameters space, determined by liquid inlet pressures, we identify a specific region where drops can only be generated and addressed via EW. In this regime we show that the size distribution and the frequency of drop generation can be controlled by the applied voltage and the width of voltage pulses. Moreover it turns out that with EW the drop size and the frequency can be tuned independently. Finally we show that the same drop generation phenomena can also be observed in the presence of surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Malloggi
- Physics of Complex Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, IMPACT and MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Hashimoto M, Garstecki P, Whitesides GM. Synthesis of composite emulsions and complex foams with the use of microfluidic flow-focusing devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:1792-802. [PMID: 17890646 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for the formation of stable, composite aqueous emulsions of 1) combinations of distinct families of bubbles of nitrogen, 2) combinations of distinct families of droplets of an organic fluid (either perfluoro(methyl)decalin or hexadecane), and 3) combinations of bubbles and droplets. A system of two or three microfluidic flow-focusing units is coupled to a single outlet channel. The composite emulsions can be precisely tuned, both in their composition and in the number fraction of components--either bubbles or droplets--of different types. The use of microfluidic technology, with closely coupled flow-focusing units, guarantees that the emulsions are mixed locally at a controlled local stoichiometry. The emulsions self-assemble in a nonequilibrium process to form a wide variety of highly organized periodic lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinao Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Abstract
Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Song
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Delai L. Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Rustem F. Ismagilov
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
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Ahmed B, Barrow D, Wirth T. Enhancement of Reaction Rates by Segmented Fluid Flow in Capillary Scale Reactors. Adv Synth Catal 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Groß GA, Mayer G, Albert J, Riester D, Osterodt J, Wurziger H, Schober A. Spatially Encoded Single-Bead Biginelli Synthesis in a Microstructured Silicon Array. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lehmann U, Vandevyver C, Parashar VK, Gijs MAM. Droplet-Based DNA Purification in a Magnetic Lab-on-a-Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:3062-7. [PMID: 16555359 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Lehmann
- Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Lehmann U, Vandevyver C, Parashar VK, Gijs MAM. DNA-Reinigung in Tröpfchen auf einem magnetischen “Lab-on-a-Chip”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gross GA, Mayer G, Albert J, Riester D, Osterodt J, Wurziger H, Schober A. Spatially Encoded Single-Bead Biginelli Synthesis in a Microstructured Silicon Array. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:3102-6. [PMID: 16572500 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Alexander Gross
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Microreaction Technology, Technical University of Ilmenau, Weimarerstrasse 32, 98 693 Ilmenau, Germany.
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Abstract
Miniaturization can expand the capability of existing bioassays, separation technologies and chemical synthesis techniques. Although a reduction in size to the micrometre scale will usually not change the nature of molecular reactions, laws of scale for surface per volume, molecular diffusion and heat transport enable dramatic increases in throughput. Besides the many microwell-plate- or bead-based methods, microfluidic chips have been widely used to provide small volumes and fluid connections and could eventually outperform conventionally used robotic fluid handling. Moreover, completely novel applications without a macroscopic equivalent have recently been developed. This article reviews current and future applications of microfluidics and highlights the potential of 'lab-on-a-chip' technology for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra S Dittrich
- ISAS - Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, D44139 Dortmund, Germany.
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Köhler JM, Henkel T. Chip devices for miniaturized biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:113-25. [PMID: 16228204 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chip devices were introduced in chemistry and molecular biology to improve the read-out of information from molecular systems by efficient analytical procedures and to organize automated experiments. Biochips and chip reactor systems are of interest for cellular processes, too, and can be regarded as components in interfaces for the information exchange between living nature and digital electronic systems. In this minireview, different types of chip reactors for biotechnological applications like nanotiterplates, chip thermocyclers and devices for segmented flow operations are discussed. Finally, an outlook is given on the application of chip reactor systems, which are promising tools for automated experiments with highly parallelized screening procedures, for artificial microcompartmentation, cell analogue systems, micro-ecological studies, investigations on modulated morphogenesis, and for a bioanalogue molecular nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Köhler
- Technische Universität Ilmenau, Institut für Physik, Fachgebiet Physikalische Chemie/Mikroreaktionstechnik, Stiftungslehrstuhl der Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Belder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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