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Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most abundant and one of the most important biomacromolecules in Nature. Except for energy-related compounds, carbohydrates can be roughly divided into two categories: Carbohydrates as matter and carbohydrates as information. As matter, carbohydrates are abundantly present in the extracellular matrix of animals and cell walls of various plants, bacteria, fungi, etc., serving as scaffolds. Some commonly found polysaccharides are featured as biocompatible materials with controllable rigidity and functionality, forming polymeric biomaterials which are widely used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc. As information, carbohydrates are usually referred to the glycans from glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans, which bind to proteins or other carbohydrates, thereby meditating the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These glycans could be simplified as synthetic glycopolymers, glycolipids, and glycoproteins, which could be afforded through polymerization, multistep synthesis, or a semisynthetic strategy. The information role of carbohydrates can be demonstrated not only as targeting reagents but also as immune antigens and adjuvants. The latter are also included in this review as they are always in a macromolecular formulation. In this review, we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials since 2010 while emphasizing the fundamental understanding to guide the rational design of biomaterials. Carbohydrate-based macromolecules on the basis of their resources and chemical structures will be discussed, including naturally occurring polysaccharides, naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides, glycopolymers/glycodendrimers, supramolecular glycopolymers, and synthetic glycolipids/glycoproteins. Multiscale structure-function relationships in several major application areas, including delivery systems, tissue engineering, and immunology, will be detailed. We hope this review will provide valuable information for the development of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials and build a bridge between the carbohydrates as matter and the carbohydrates as information to promote new biomaterial design in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Yingle Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kongchang Wei
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Department of Materials meet Life, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Xuyang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rongying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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Pifferi C, Thomas B, Goyard D, Berthet N, Renaudet O. Heterovalent Glycodendrimers as Epitope Carriers for Antitumor Synthetic Vaccines. Chemistry 2017; 23:16283-16296. [PMID: 28845889 PMCID: PMC6175327 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The large majority of TACA-based (TACA=Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigens) antitumor vaccines target only one carbohydrate antigen, thereby often resulting in the incomplete destruction of cancer cells. However, the morphological heterogeneity of the tumor glycocalix, which is in constant evolution during malignant transformation, is a crucial point to consider in the design of vaccine candidates. In this paper, an efficient synthetic strategy based on orthogonal chemoselective ligations to prepare fully synthetic glycosylated cyclopeptide scaffolds grafted with both Tn and TF antigen analogues is reported. To evaluate their ability to be recognized as tumor antigens, direct interaction ELISA assays have been performed with the anti-Tn monoclonal antibody 9A7. Although both heterovalent structures showed binding capacities with 9A7, the presence of the second TF epitope did not interfere with the recognition of Tn except in one epitope arrangement. This heterovalent glycosylated structure thus represents an attractive epitope carrier to be further functionalized with T-cell peptide epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pifferi
- Univ. Grenoble AlpesCNRSDCM UMR 525038000GrenobleFrance
| | | | - David Goyard
- Univ. Grenoble AlpesCNRSDCM UMR 525038000GrenobleFrance
| | | | - Olivier Renaudet
- Univ. Grenoble AlpesCNRSDCM UMR 525038000GrenobleFrance
- Institut Universitaire de France103 boulevard Saint-Michel75005ParisFrance
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Awad L, Madani R, Gillig A, Kolympadi M, Philgren M, Muhs A, Gérard C, Vogel P. A C-linked disaccharide analogue of Thomsen-Friedenreich epitope induces a strong immune response in mice. Chemistry 2012; 18:8578-82. [PMID: 22692824 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loay Awad
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis (LGSA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Morelli L, Poletti L, Lay L. Carbohydrates and Immunology: Synthetic Oligosaccharide Antigens for Vaccine Formulation. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, CISI and ISTM‐CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Poletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, CISI and ISTM‐CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, CISI and ISTM‐CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Platen T, Schüler T, Tremel W, Hoffmann-Röder A. Synthesis and Antibody Binding of Highly Fluorinated Amphiphilic MUC1 Glycopeptide Antigens. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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6
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Wilkinson BL, Day S, Malins LR, Apostolopoulos V, Payne RJ. Self-Adjuvanting Multicomponent Cancer Vaccine Candidates Combining Per-Glycosylated MUC1 Glycopeptides and the Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonist Pam3CysSer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Wilkinson BL, Day S, Malins LR, Apostolopoulos V, Payne RJ. Self-Adjuvanting Multicomponent Cancer Vaccine Candidates Combining Per-Glycosylated MUC1 Glycopeptides and the Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonist Pam3CysSer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1635-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tang S, Wang Q, Guo Z. Synthesis of a monophosphoryl derivative of Escherichia coli lipid A and its efficient coupling to a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen. Chemistry 2010; 16:1319-25. [PMID: 19943286 PMCID: PMC2867242 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monophosphoryl lipid A is a safe and potent immunostimulant and vaccine adjuvant, which is potentially useful for the development of effective carbohydrate-based conjugate vaccines. This paper presents a convergent and efficient synthesis of a monophosphoryl derivative of E. coli lipid A that has an alkyne functionality at the reducing end, which is suitable for coupling with various molecules. The coupling of this derivative to an N-modified analogue of tumor-associated antigen GM3 through click chemistry is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouchu Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA, Fax: (+) 1-313-557-8822
| | - Qianli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA, Fax: (+) 1-313-557-8822
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA, Fax: (+) 1-313-557-8822
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Kaiser A, Gaidzik N, Westerlind U, Kowalczyk D, Hobel A, Schmitt E, Kunz H. A synthetic vaccine consisting of a tumor-associated sialyl-T(N)-MUC1 tandem-repeat glycopeptide and tetanus toxoid: induction of a strong and highly selective immune response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7551-5. [PMID: 19685547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kaiser
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Main, Institut für Organische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Kaiser A, Gaidzik N, Westerlind U, Kowalczyk D, Hobel A, Schmitt E, Kunz H. Ein synthetischer Impfstoff aus einem tumorassoziierten Sialyl-TN-MUC1-Tandem-Repeat-Glycopeptid und Tetanustoxoid zur Induktion einer starken, hochselektiven Immunantwort. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ingale S, Wolfert MA, Buskas T, Boons GJ. Increasing the antigenicity of synthetic tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens by targeting Toll-like receptors. Chembiochem 2009; 10:455-63. [PMID: 19145607 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SYNTHETIC CANCER VACCINES: A number of fully synthetic vaccine candidates have been designed, chemically synthesized, and immunologically evaluated to establish a strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of tumor-associated carbohydrates and glycopeptides and to determine the importance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement for antigenic responses against these compounds.Epithelial cancer cells often overexpress mucins that are aberrantly glycosylated. Although it has been realized that these compounds offer exciting opportunities for the development of immunotherapy for cancer, their use is hampered by the low antigenicity of classical immunogens composed of a glycopeptide derived from a mucin conjugated to a foreign carrier protein. We have designed, chemically synthesized, and immunologically evaluated a number of fully synthetic vaccine candidates to establish a strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of tumor-associated carbohydrates and glycopeptides. The compounds were also designed to allow study of the importance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement for these antigenic responses in detail. We have found that covalent attachment of a TLR2 agonist, a promiscuous peptide T-helper epitope, and a tumor-associated glycopeptide gives a compound (1) that elicits in mice exceptionally high titers of IgG antibodies that recognize MCF7 cancer cells expressing the tumor-associated carbohydrate. Immunizations with glycolipopeptide 2, which contains lipidated amino acids instead of a TLR2 ligand, gave significantly lower titers of IgG antibodies; this demonstrates that TLR engagement is critical for optimum antigenic responses. Although mixtures of compound 2 with Pam(3)CysSK(4) (3) or monophosphoryl lipid A (4) elicited titers of IgG antibodies similar to those seen with 1, the resulting antisera had impaired ability to recognize cancer cells. It was also found that covalent linkage of the helper T-epitope to the B-epitope is essential, probably because internalization of the helper T-epitope by B-cells requires assistance of the B-epitope. The results presented here show that synthetic vaccine development is amenable to structure-activity relationship studies for successful optimization of carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampat Ingale
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Westerlind U, Hobel A, Gaidzik N, Schmitt E, Kunz H. Synthetic vaccines consisting of tumor-associated MUC1 glycopeptide antigens and a T-cell epitope for the induction of a highly specific humoral immune response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7551-6. [PMID: 18704911 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Westerlind
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Westerlind U, Hobel A, Gaidzik N, Schmitt E, Kunz H. Synthetische Vakzine aus tumorassoziierten MUC1-Glycopeptidantigenen und einem T-Zellepitop für die Induzierung einer hochspezifischen humoralen Immunantwort. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dziadek S, Jacques S, Bundle D. A Novel Linker Methodology for the Synthesis of Tailored Conjugate Vaccines Composed of Complex Carbohydrate Antigens and Specific TH‐Cell Peptide Epitopes. Chemistry 2008; 14:5908-17. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Renaudet O, BenMohamed L, Dasgupta G, Bettahi I, Dumy P. Towards a Self-Adjuvanting Multivalent B and T cell Epitope Containing Synthetic Glycolipopeptide Cancer Vaccine. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:737-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Boato F, Thomas RM, Ghasparian A, Freund-Renard A, Moehle K, Robinson JA. Synthetic virus-like particles from self-assembling coiled-coil lipopeptides and their use in antigen display to the immune system. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 46:9015-8. [PMID: 17935102 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200702805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Boato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057-Zurich, Switzerland
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Miermont A, Barnhill H, Strable E, Lu X, Wall KA, Wang Q, Finn MG, Huang X. Cowpea mosaic virus capsid: a promising carrier for the development of carbohydrate based antitumor vaccines. Chemistry 2008; 14:4939-47. [PMID: 18431733 PMCID: PMC2729768 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting tumor cell surface carbohydrates is a promising approach for cancer treatment. However, the low immunogenecity of carbohydrates presents a formidable challenge. We describe here the enhancement of carbohydrate immunogenicity by an ordered display on the surface of the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) capsid. The Tn glycan, which is overexpressed on numerous cancer cell surfaces, was selected as the model antigen for our study. Previously it has been shown that it is difficult to induce a strong T cell-dependent immune response against the monomeric form of Tn presented in several ways on different carriers. In this study, we first synthesized Tn antigens derivatized with either a maleimide or a bromoacetamide moiety that was conjugated selectively to a cysteine mutant of CPMV. The glycoconjugate was then injected into mice and pre- and post-immune antibody levels in the mice sera were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays. High total antibody titers and, more importantly, high IgG titers specific for Tn were obtained in the post-immune day 35 serum, suggesting the induction of T cell-dependent antibody isotype switching by the glycoconjugate. The antibodies generated were able to recognize Tn antigens presented in their native conformations on the surfaces of both MCF-7 breast cancer cells and the multidrug resistant breast cancer cell line NCI-ADR RES. These results suggest that the CPMV capsid can greatly enhance the immunogenicity of weak antigens such as Tn and this can provide a promising tool for the development of carbohydrate based anti-cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Miermont
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 602, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1) 419-530-4033,
| | - Hannah Barnhill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 (USA)
| | - Erica Strable
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-8850,
| | - Xiaowei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 602, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1) 419-530-4033,
| | - Katherine A. Wall
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 606, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA)
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 (USA)
| | - M. G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-8850,
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 602, Toledo, OH 43606 (USA), Fax: (+1) 419-530-4033,
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Boato F, Thomas R, Ghasparian A, Freund-Renard A, Moehle K, Robinson J. Synthetic Virus-Like Particles from Self-Assembling Coiled-Coil Lipopeptides and Their Use in Antigen Display to the Immune System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200702805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Imamura A, Kimura A, Ando H, Ishida H, Kiso M. Extended Applications of Di-tert-butylsilylene-Directed α-Predominant Galactosylation Compatible with C2-Participating Groups toward the Assembly of Various Glycosides. Chemistry 2006; 12:8862-70. [PMID: 16927340 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The high versatility of di-tert-butylsilylene(DTBS)-directed alpha-predominant galactosylation have been extended to the construction of difficult glycan sequences. First, to investigate the compatibility of the alpha-predominant reaction with various glycosylation systems a variety of 4,6-O-DTBS-tethered galactosaminyl or galactosyl donors were synthesized efficiently, which have C2-participating groups with a wide variety of leaving groups such as alkylsulfenyl, halide, trichloroacetimidate groups. The results of the detailed examination of the glycosylation reaction using the glycosyl donors showed the wide scope of the 4,6-DTBS-directed alpha-galactosylation. In the next step, the stereoselective construction of alpha-GalN-Ser/Thr sequences was examined by employing the DTBS-directed glycosylation. As a result, various types of serine and threonine derivatives were glycosylated alpha-selectively, producing alpha-GalN-Ser/Thr sequences in high yields. Moreover, the DTBS-directed galactosylation was successfully applied for the synthesis of alpha-tetrasaccharyl-Ser segment of glycophorin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Imamura
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Cremer GA, Bureaud N, Piller V, Kunz H, Piller F, Delmas AF. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a multiantigenic Tn/TF-containing glycopeptide mimic of the tumor-related MUC1 glycoprotein. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:965-8. [PMID: 16952141 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle-Anne Cremer
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS, Affiliated with the University of Orléans and INSERM rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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