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Baumer KM, Cook CD, Zahler CT, Beard AA, Chen Z, Koone JC, Dashnaw CM, Villacob RA, Solouki T, Wood JL, Borchelt DR, Shaw BF. Supercharging Prions via Amyloid‐Selective Lysine Acetylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M. Baumer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
| | | | - Collin T. Zahler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
| | | | - Zhijuan Chen
- Department of Neuroscience University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jordan C. Koone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
| | - Chad M. Dashnaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
| | - Raul A. Villacob
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
| | - Touradj Solouki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
| | - John L. Wood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
| | | | - Bryan F. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
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Baumer KM, Cook CD, Zahler CT, Beard AA, Chen Z, Koone JC, Dashnaw CM, Villacob RA, Solouki T, Wood JL, Borchelt DR, Shaw BF. Supercharging Prions via Amyloid-Selective Lysine Acetylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15069-15079. [PMID: 33876528 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Repulsive electrostatic forces between prion-like proteins are a barrier against aggregation. In neuropharmacology, however, a prion's net charge (Z) is not a targeted parameter. Compounds that selectively boost prion Z remain unreported. Here, we synthesized compounds that amplified the negative charge of misfolded superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) by acetylating lysine-NH3 + in amyloid-SOD1, without acetylating native-SOD1. Compounds resembled a "ball and chain" mace: a rigid amyloid-binding "handle" (benzothiazole, stilbene, or styrylpyridine); an aryl ester "ball"; and a triethylene glycol chain connecting ball to handle. At stoichiometric excess, compounds acetylated up to 9 of 11 lysine per misfolded subunit (ΔZfibril =-8100 per 103 subunits). Acetylated amyloid-SOD1 seeded aggregation more slowly than unacetylated amyloid-SOD1 in vitro and organotypic spinal cord (these effects were partially due to compound binding). Compounds exhibited reactivity with other amyloid and non-amyloid proteins (e.g., fibrillar α-synuclein was peracetylated; serum albumin was partially acetylated; carbonic anhydrase was largely unacetylated).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Baumer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Christopher D Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Collin T Zahler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra A Beard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Zhijuan Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jordan C Koone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Chad M Dashnaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Raul A Villacob
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Touradj Solouki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - John L Wood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - David R Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bryan F Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Zhang AY, Koone JC, Dashnaw CM, Zahler CT, Shaw BF. Complete Charge Regulation by a Redox Enzyme Upon Single Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
| | - Jordan C. Koone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
| | - Chad M. Dashnaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
| | - Collin T. Zahler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
| | - Bryan F. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University Waco TX USA
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Zhang AY, Koone JC, Dashnaw CM, Zahler CT, Shaw BF. Complete Charge Regulation by a Redox Enzyme Upon Single Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10989-10995. [PMID: 32212239 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The degree by which metalloproteins partially regulate net charge (Z) upon electron transfer (ET) was recently measured for the first time using "protein charge ladders" of azurin, cytochrome c, and myoglobin [Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57(19), 5364-5368; Angew. Chem. 2018, 130, 5462-5466]. Here, we show that Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is unique among proteins in its ability to resist changes in net charge upon single ET (e.g., ΔZET(SOD1) =0.05±0.08 per electron, compared to ΔZET(Cyt-c) =1.19±0.02). This total regulation of net charge by SOD1 is attributed to the protonation of the bridging histidine upon copper reduction, yielding redox centers that are isoelectric at both copper oxidation states. Charge regulation by SOD1 would prevent long range coulombic perturbations to residue pKa 's upon ET at copper, allowing SOD1's "electrostatic loop" to attract superoxide with equal affinity (at both redox states of copper) during diffusion-limited reduction and oxidation of superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jordan C Koone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Chad M Dashnaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Collin T Zahler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Bryan F Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Zahler CT, Shaw BF. What Are We Missing by Not Measuring the Net Charge of Proteins? Chemistry 2019; 25:7581-7590. [PMID: 30779227 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The net electrostatic charge (Z) of a folded protein in solution represents a bird's eye view of its surface potentials-including contributions from tightly bound metal, solvent, buffer, and cosolvent ions-and remains one of its most enigmatic properties. Few tools are available to the average biochemist to rapidly and accurately measure Z at pH≠pI. Tools that have been developed more recently seem to go unnoticed. Most scientists are content with this void and estimate the net charge of a protein from its amino acid sequence, using textbook values of pKa . Thus, Z remains unmeasured for nearly all folded proteins at pH≠pI. When marveling at all that has been learned from accurately measuring the other fundamental property of a protein-its mass-one wonders: what are we missing by not measuring the net charge of folded, solvated proteins? A few big questions immediately emerge in bioinorganic chemistry. When a single electron is transferred to a metalloprotein, does the net charge of the protein change by approximately one elementary unit of charge or does charge regulation dominate, that is, do the pKa values of most ionizable residues (or just a few residues) adjust in response to (or in concert with) electron transfer? Would the free energy of charge regulation (ΔΔGz ) account for most of the outer sphere reorganization energy associated with electron transfer? Or would ΔΔGz contribute more to the redox potential? And what about metal binding itself? When an apo-metalloprotein, bearing minimal net negative charge (e.g., Z=-2.0) binds one or more metal cations, is the net charge abolished or inverted to positive? Or do metalloproteins regulate net charge when coordinating metal ions? The author's group has recently dusted off a relatively obscure tool-the "protein charge ladder"-and used it to begin to answer these basic questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin T Zahler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Bryan F Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA
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Zhou Y, Jones NC, Nedergaard Pedersen J, Pérez B, Vrønning Hoffmann S, Vang Petersen S, Skov Pedersen J, Perriman A, Kristensen P, Gao R, Guo Z. Insight into the Structure and Activity of Surface-Engineered Lipase Biofluids. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1266-1272. [PMID: 30624001 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite a successful application of solvent-free liquid protein (biofluids) concept to a number of commercial enzymes, the technical advantages of enzyme biofluids as hyperthermal stable biocatalysts cannot be fully utilized as up to 90-99% of native activities are lost when enzymes were made into biofluids. With a two-step strategy (site-directed mutagenesis and synthesis of variant biofluids) on Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BsLA), we elucidated a strong dependency of structure and activity on the number and distribution of polymer surfactant binding sites on BsLA surface. Here, it is demonstrated that improved BsLA variants can be engineered via site-mutagenesis by a rational design, either with enhanced activity in aqueous solution in native form, or with improved physical property and increased activity in solvent-free system in the form of a protein liquid. This work answered some fundamental questions about the surface characteristics for construction of biofluids, useful for identifying new strategies for developing advantageous biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Nykola C Jones
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jannik Nedergaard Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Bianca Pérez
- Eknologisk institut, Kongsvang Allé 29, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Søren Vrønning Hoffmann
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Steen Vang Petersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Adam Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Peter Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bayers Vej 7H, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Renjun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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Zahler CT, Zhou H, Abdolvahabi A, Holden RL, Rasouli S, Tao P, Shaw BF. Direct Measurement of Charge Regulation in Metalloprotein Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5364-5368. [PMID: 29451960 PMCID: PMC6033162 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Determining whether a protein regulates its net electrostatic charge during electron transfer (ET) will deepen our mechanistic understanding of how polypeptides tune rates and free energies of ET (e.g., by affecting reorganization energy, and/or redox potential). Charge regulation during ET has never been measured for proteins because few tools exist to measure the net charge of a folded protein in solution at different oxidation states. Herein, we used a niche analytical tool (protein charge ladders analyzed with capillary electrophoresis) to determine that the net charges of myoglobin, cytochrome c, and azurin change by 0.62±0.06, 1.19±0.02, and 0.51±0.04 units upon single ET. Computational analysis predicts that these fluctuations in charge arise from changes in the pKa values of multiple non-coordinating residues (predominantly histidine) that involve between 0.42-0.90 eV. These results suggest that ionizable residues can tune the reactivity of redox centers by regulating the net charge of the entire protein-cofactor-solvent complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin T. Zahler
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryBaylor University1301 S University Parks Dr.WacoTX76706USA
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of ChemistrySouthern Methodist University6425 Boaz LaneDallasTX75205USA
| | - Alireza Abdolvahabi
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryBaylor University1301 S University Parks Dr.WacoTX76706USA
| | - Rebecca L. Holden
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryBaylor University1301 S University Parks Dr.WacoTX76706USA
| | - Sanaz Rasouli
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryBaylor University1301 S University Parks Dr.WacoTX76706USA
- Institute of Biomedical StudiesBaylor University1301 S University Parks Dr.WacoTX76706USA
| | - Peng Tao
- Department of ChemistrySouthern Methodist University6425 Boaz LaneDallasTX75205USA
| | - Bryan F. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryBaylor University1301 S University Parks Dr.WacoTX76706USA
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Zahler CT, Zhou H, Abdolvahabi A, Holden RL, Rasouli S, Tao P, Shaw BF. Direct Measurement of Charge Regulation in Metalloprotein Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Collin T. Zahler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University 1301 S University Parks Dr. Waco TX 76706 USA
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University 6425 Boaz Lane Dallas TX 75205 USA
| | - Alireza Abdolvahabi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University 1301 S University Parks Dr. Waco TX 76706 USA
| | - Rebecca L. Holden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University 1301 S University Parks Dr. Waco TX 76706 USA
| | - Sanaz Rasouli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University 1301 S University Parks Dr. Waco TX 76706 USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies Baylor University 1301 S University Parks Dr. Waco TX 76706 USA
| | - Peng Tao
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University 6425 Boaz Lane Dallas TX 75205 USA
| | - Bryan F. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Baylor University 1301 S University Parks Dr. Waco TX 76706 USA
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Short Peptides Directing 1D Helical Arrays of Polyoxometalates with Controllable Pitches. Chemistry 2017; 23:13510-13517. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Awino JK, Zhao Y. Water-Soluble Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles (MINPs) with Tailored, Functionalized, Modifiable Binding Pockets. Chemistry 2014; 21:655-61. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Awino JK, Zhao Y. Water-Soluble Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles (MINPs) with Tailored, Functionalized, Modifiable Binding Pockets. Chemistry 2014; 21:3831-3831. [PMID: 25376391 DOI: 10.1002/chem.404919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Construction of receptors with binding sites of specific size, shape, and functional groups is important to both chemistry and biology. Covalent imprinting of a photocleavable template within surface-core doubly cross-linked micelles yielded carboxylic acid-containing hydrophobic pockets within the water-soluble molecularly imprinted nanoparticles. The functionalized binding pockets were characterized by their binding of amine- and acid-functionalized guests under different pH values. The nanoparticles, on average, contained one binding site per particle and displayed highly selective binding among structural analogues. The binding sites could be modified further by covalent chemistry to modulate their binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Awino
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3111 (USA), Fax: (+1) 515-294-0105
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Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry has expanded dramatically in recent years both in terms of potential applications and in its relevance to analogous biological systems. The formation and function of supramolecular complexes occur through a multiplicity of often difficult to differentiate noncovalent forces. The aim of this Review is to describe the crucial interaction mechanisms in context, and thus classify the entire subject. In most cases, organic host-guest complexes have been selected as examples, but biologically relevant problems are also considered. An understanding and quantification of intermolecular interactions is of importance both for the rational planning of new supramolecular systems, including intelligent materials, as well as for developing new biologically active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jörg Schneider
- Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Deutschland.
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Barbaras D, Gademann K. Stable β Turns of Tripeptides in Water through Cation-π Interactions. Chembiochem 2008; 9:2398-401. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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McCarty LS, Whitesides GM. Electrostatic Charging Due to Separation of Ions at Interfaces: Contact Electrification of Ionic Electrets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:2188-207. [PMID: 18270989 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Logan S McCarty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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McCarty L, Whitesides G. Elektrostatische Aufladung durch Separierung von Ionen an Grenzflächen: Kontaktelektrisierung von ionischen Elektreten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chemie: Whitesides geehrt / Medizinische Chemie: Kubinyi ausgezeichnet / Elektrochemie: Preis für Wang. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chemistry: Whitesides honored / Medicinal Chemistry: Kubinyi recognized / Electrochemistry: Prize for Wang. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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