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Delavault A, Fronczek FR, Xu W, Srivastava RS. Ionic η5-Cp-Ruthenium (II) complexes as potential anticancer agents. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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2
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Rubbiani R, Blacque O, Gasser G. Sedaxicenes: potential new antifungal ferrocene-based agents? Dalton Trans 2016; 45:6619-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04231c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Novel bifunctional organometallic antifungal agents has been designed from an active organic core and added with a metallocene moiety. Their synthesis and promising mycotoxicity has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Rubbiani
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - O. Blacque
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - G. Gasser
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
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3
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Mishra A, Chang Lee S, Kaushik N, Cook TR, Choi EH, Kumar Kaushik N, Stang PJ, Chi KW. Self-assembled supramolecular hetero-bimetallacycles for anticancer potency by intracellular release. Chemistry 2014; 20:14410-20. [PMID: 25209962 PMCID: PMC5796531 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two new tetracationic hetero-bimetallacycles, compounds 4 and 5, have been constructed from an N,N'-bis(4-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide ligand (1), and cis-blocked complexes [M(dppf)(OTf)2 ] (dppf=1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene; OTf=trifluoromethanesulfonate; M=Pd (2), Pt (3)) in CH3 NO2 /CH2 Cl2 (1:1) solvent. Both complexes were isolated with adequate yields as triflate salts and were then characterized using (1) H, (13) C, and (31) P NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry (HR-ESMS). The molecular structure of 4 was determined by molecular mechanics force-field calculations. The cytotoxic effect of both new complexes were analyzed against T98G (brain tumor), KB (head and neck cancer), SNU-80 (thyroid cancer), and HEK-293 non-malignant cell lines. The cytotoxicity of complexes 4 and 5 were found to be considerably more effective against cancer cells than reference drug cisplatin. Annexin-V/PI staining, caspase-3/7 activity, and the reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential justify a significant level of apoptosis in complex-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749 (Republic of Korea)
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4
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Maschke M, Alborzinia H, Lieb M, Wölfl S, Metzler-Nolte N. Structure-activity relationship of trifluoromethyl-containing metallocenes: electrochemistry, lipophilicity, cytotoxicity, and ROS production. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1188-94. [PMID: 24838930 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of trifluoromethylated metallocenes (M=Fe, Ru) and related metal-free compounds for comparison of their biological properties with the aim to establish structure-activity relationships toward the anti-proliferative activity of this compound class. All new compounds were comprehensively characterized by NMR spectroscopy ((1) H, (13) C, (19) F), mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. A single-crystal X-ray structure was obtained on the Ru derivative, 1-(1-hydroxy-1-hexafluoromethylethyl)ruthenocene (3). The cytotoxicity of all compounds was tested on MCF-7, HT-29, and PT-45 cells, and IC50 values as low as 12 μM were observed. Both the metallocene moiety and the hydroxy function are crucial for cytotoxicity. In addition, the activity decreased sharply even if only one trifluoromethyl group was replaced with a methyl group. Electrochemical investigations by cyclic voltammetry revealed that all CF3 -containing compounds are harder to oxidize than the unsubstituted metallocenes. Moreover, log P determination by RP-HPLC showed the fluorinated derivatives to have higher lipophilicity, with log P values up to 4.6. At the same time, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Jurkat cells by these compounds was investigated by flow cytometry. Strong ROS production was shown exclusively for the bis-CF3 derivative 1-(1-hydroxy-1-hexafluoromethylethyl)ferrocene (1) after 6 and 24 h. Also on the Jurkat cell line, only compound 1 strongly induces necrosis after 24 and 48 h, as shown by annexin V/propidium iodide staining. No induction of apoptosis was observed. We propose that compound 1 is more efficiently incorporated into cancer cells relative to all other derivatives, causing significant induction of oxidative stress within the cell, which ultimately leads to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Maschke
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I-Bioanorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum (Germany), Fax: (+49) (0) 234 3214378
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Wähler K, Ludewig A, Szabo P, Harms K, Meggers E. Rhenium Complexes with Red-Light-Induced Anticancer Activity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014; 2014:807-811. [PMID: 25050081 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rhenium(I) pyridocarbazole complexes with photoinduced antiproliferative activity are reported. The substitutionally inert complexes induce cell death by singlet oxygen generation upon irradiation with red light (λ ≥ 620 nm), while only weak background cytotoxicity is observed in the dark. Due to their ability to inhibit protein kinases (nanomolar IC50 values against Pim1 at 10 μM ATP), this class of rhenium complexes point into the direction of dual function antiproliferative therapy with a single drug in which photodynamic therapy is combined with the inhibition of cancer related protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Wähler
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043 Marburg (Germany)
| | - Anja Ludewig
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043 Marburg (Germany)
| | - Patrick Szabo
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043 Marburg (Germany)
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043 Marburg (Germany)
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043 Marburg (Germany) ; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005 (P. R. China)
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Kastl A, Dieckmann S, Wähler K, Völker T, Kastl L, Merkel AL, Vultur A, Shannan B, Harms K, Ocker M, Parak WJ, Herlyn M, Meggers E. Rhenium complexes with visible-light-induced anticancer activity. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:924-7. [PMID: 23568508 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Shedding light on the matter: Rhenium(I) indolato complexes with highly potent visible-light-triggered antiproliferative activity (complex 1: EC50 light=0.1 μM vs EC50 dark=100 μM) in 2D- and 3D-organized cancer cells are reported and can be traced back to an efficient generation of singlet oxygen, causing rapid morphological changes and an induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kastl
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Sayen S, Carlier A, Tarpin M, Guillon E. A novel copper(II) mononuclear complex with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac: Structural characterization and biological activity. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 120:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Patra M, Ingram K, Pierroz V, Ferrari S, Spingler B, Gasser RB, Keiser J, Gasser G. [(η6-Praziquantel)Cr(CO)3] Derivatives with Remarkable In Vitro Anti-schistosomal Activity. Chemistry 2013; 19:2232-5. [PMID: 23296750 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malay Patra
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hahn U, Luelf H, Winkler HDF, Schalley CA, Vögtle F, De Cola L. Encapsulation of luminescent homoleptic [Ru(dpp)3](2+)-type chromophores within an amphiphilic dendritic environment. Chemistry 2012; 18:15424-32. [PMID: 23081803 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new series of homoleptic metallodendrimers has been synthesized through ruthenium-metal complexation by dendritically modified bathophenanthroline ligands. The presence of hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) groups on the surface of the monodisperse metal complexes enabled the solubilization of all of the fractal species in a wide range of solvents, including water. The specific properties of all of these compounds have been systematically investigated by using photophysical techniques as a function of the generation number. Accordingly, the encapsulation of the highly luminescent [Ru(dpp)(3)](2+)-type (dpp=4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) core unit within a dendritic microenvironment creates a powerful means to shield the center from dioxygen quenching. This shielding effect, as exerted on the phosphorescent ruthenium-derived center, is reflected by enhanced emission intensities and extended excited-state lifetimes that are close to the highest values reported so far, even in an air-equilibrated aqueous medium. Interestingly, when inspecting the largest dendritic assembly, that is, the third-generation assembly, significant drops in emission quantum yields and lifetimes are observed. This anomalous behavior has been attributed to the folding of the branches towards the luminescent core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Hahn
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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Ketkov SY, Selzle HL. Threshold Ionization of Cobaltocene: The Metallocene Molecule Revealing Zero Kinetic Energy States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11527-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Ketkov SY, Selzle HL. Threshold Ionization of Cobaltocene: The Metallocene Molecule Revealing Zero Kinetic Energy States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Sasmal PK, Carregal-Romero S, Han AA, Streu CN, Lin Z, Namikawa K, Elliott SL, Köster RW, Parak WJ, Meggers E. Catalytic Azide Reduction in Biological Environments. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1116-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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13
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Can D, Spingler B, Schmutz P, Mendes F, Raposinho P, Fernandes C, Carta F, Innocenti A, Santos I, Supuran CT, Alberto R. [(Cp-R)M(CO)3] (M=Re or 99mTc) Arylsulfonamide, Arylsulfamide, and Arylsulfamate Conjugates for Selective Targeting of Human Carbonic Anhydrase IX. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:3354-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Can D, Spingler B, Schmutz P, Mendes F, Raposinho P, Fernandes C, Carta F, Innocenti A, Santos I, Supuran CT, Alberto R. [(Cp-R)M(CO)3] (M=Re or 99mTc) Arylsulfonamide, Arylsulfamide, and Arylsulfamate Conjugates for Selective Targeting of Human Carbonic Anhydrase IX. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Kausch-Busies N, Kater B, Neudörfl JM, Prokop A, Schmalz HG. Synthesis and First Biological Evaluation of an Iron-Containing HETE Analogue. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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17
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Bandow JE, Metzler-Nolte N. New ways of killing the beast: prospects for inorganic-organic hybrid nanomaterials as antibacterial agents. Chembiochem 2010; 10:2847-50. [PMID: 19904793 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Bandow
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
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18
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Hamels D, Dansette P, Hillard E, Top S, Vessières A, Herson P, Jaouen G, Mansuy D. Ferrocenyl Quinone Methides as Strong Antiproliferative Agents: Formation by Metabolic and Chemical Oxidation of Ferrocenyl Phenols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:9124-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Hamels D, Dansette P, Hillard E, Top S, Vessières A, Herson P, Jaouen G, Mansuy D. Ferrocenyl Quinone Methides as Strong Antiproliferative Agents: Formation by Metabolic and Chemical Oxidation of Ferrocenyl Phenols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Gottschaldt M, Schubert US. Prospects of metal complexes peripherally substituted with sugars in biomedicinal applications. Chemistry 2009; 15:1548-57. [PMID: 19130511 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes possess unique tunable properties, such as radioactivity, cytotoxicity or photophysical features, enabling them to act as diagnostic tracers or therapeutic agents. In applying them in biological systems, it is often necessary to enhance their solubility and biocompatibility. To achieve such goals, like the targeting of binding domains, transport systems and enzyme activities, the attachment of carbohydrate moieties appears to be suitable. Sugar-substitution in the periphery of metal complexes has therefore become a strongly growing field of research. Outlined herein is a selection of recent examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Ott I, Kircher B, Bagowski C, Vlecken D, Ott E, Will J, Bensdorf K, Sheldrick W, Gust R. Modulierung der biologischen Eigenschaften von Aspirin durch Bildung eines Bioorganometallderivats. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ott I, Kircher B, Bagowski C, Vlecken D, Ott E, Will J, Bensdorf K, Sheldrick W, Gust R. Modulation of the Biological Properties of Aspirin by Formation of a Bioorganometallic Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1160-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Peacock AFA, Sadler PJ. Medicinal organometallic chemistry: designing metal arene complexes as anticancer agents. Chem Asian J 2009; 3:1890-9. [PMID: 18712745 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200800149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The field of medicinal inorganic chemistry is rapidly advancing. In particular organometallic complexes have much potential as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The carbon-bound and other ligands allow the thermodynamic and kinetic reactivity of the metal ion to be controlled and also provide a scaffold for functionalization. The establishment of structure-activity relationships and elucidation of the speciation of complexes under conditions relevant to drug testing and formulation are crucial for the further development of promising medicinal applications of organometallic complexes. Specific examples involving the design of ruthenium and osmium arene complexes as anticancer agents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F A Peacock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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Kühl O, Hinrichs W. Tryptophan π‐Electron System Capping a Copper(I) Binding Site—A New Organometallic Bonding Mode in Proteins. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1697-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Maksimoska J, Williams DS, Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Smalley KSM, Carroll PJ, Webster RD, Filippakopoulos P, Knapp S, Herlyn M, Meggers E. Similar biological activities of two isostructural ruthenium and osmium complexes. Chemistry 2008; 14:4816-22. [PMID: 18425743 PMCID: PMC2753370 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we probe and verify the concept of designing unreactive bioactive metal complexes, in which the metal possesses a purely structural function, by investigating the consequences of replacing ruthenium in a bioactive half-sandwich kinase inhibitor scaffold by its heavier congener osmium. The two isostructural complexes are compared with respect to their anticancer properties in 1205 Lu melanoma cells, activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, IC(50) values against the protein kinases GSK-3beta and Pim-1, and binding modes to the protein kinase Pim-1 by protein crystallography. It was found that the two congeners display almost indistinguishable biological activities, which can be explained by their nearly identical three-dimensional structures and their identical mode of action as protein kinase inhibitors. This is a unique example in which the replacement of a metal in an anticancer scaffold by its heavier homologue does not alter its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Maksimoska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231, South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | - Douglas S. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231, South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | - G. Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg (Germany), , Fax: (+49) 6421-2822189, Phone: (+49) 6421-2821534
| | | | - Patrick J. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231, South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616 (Singapore)
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Centre for Structural Genomics, Botnar Research Centre, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7LD (UK)
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Centre for Structural Genomics, Botnar Research Centre, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7LD (UK)
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg (Germany), , Fax: (+49) 6421-2822189, Phone: (+49) 6421-2821534
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Streu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Chantson JT, Verga Falzacappa MV, Crovella S, Metzler-Nolte N. Solid-Phase Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activities of Metallocene–Peptide Bioconjugates. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:1268-74. [PMID: 17004283 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This work shows how the introduction of an organometallic group enhances and modifies the specificity of biologically active peptides. Ferrocene was chosen as an organometallic group because it has been shown to alter the pharmacodynamic profile of bioactive compounds. A comparison with the isosteric cobaltocenium group allows one to explore the influence of charge and redox potential on the biological activity of the conjugates. Arginine and tryptophan containing peptides H-WRWRWR-NH(2) and H-RWRWRW-NH(2) and the metallocene peptide bioconjugates [M]-C(O)-RWRWR-NH(2) and [M]-C(O)-WRWRW-NH(2), where [M]=[Co(Cp)(C(5)H(4))](+), [Fe(Cp)(C(5)H(4))] were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). They were purified by HPLC, characterized by ESIMS and NMR spectroscopy, and tested for antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. In most cases, no metal-specific activity could be observed. However, the conjugate [Fe(Cp)(C(5)H(4))-C(O)-WRWRW-NH(2)] 6 was found to be particularly effective against the Gram-positive S. aureus. The activity of this metallocene-pentapeptide conjugate (7.1 microM) was even better than the 20 amino acid naturally occurring pilosulin 2, which was used as a positive control. Unlike all other compounds tested, which were most active against the Gram-negative E. coli strain, the ferrocene conjugate 6 was the only compound in this series that was most active against Gram-positive bacteria. Given the health concerns resulting from multidrug resistant S. aureus strains, the incorporation of metallocenes may provide a novel line of attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine T Chantson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
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Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Williams DS, Bregman H, Pagano N, Meggers E. Organometallic compounds with biological activity: a very selective and highly potent cellular inhibitor for glycogen synthase kinase 3. Chembiochem 2006; 7:1443-50. [PMID: 16858717 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A chiral second-generation organoruthenium half-sandwich compound is disclosed that shows a remarkable selectivity and cellular potency for the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). The selectivity was evaluated against a panel of 57 protein kinases, in which no other kinase was inhibited to the same extent, with a selectivity window of at least tenfold to more than 1000-fold at 100 microM ATP. Furthermore, a comparison with organic GSK-3 inhibitors demonstrated the superior cellular activity of this ruthenium compound: wnt signaling was fully induced at concentrations down to 30 nM. For comparison, the well-established organic GSK-3 inhibitors 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO) and kenpaullone activate the wnt pathway at concentrations that are higher by around 30-fold and 100-fold, respectively. The treatment of zebrafish embryos with the organometallic inhibitor resulted in a phenotype that is typical for the inhibition of GSK-3. No phenotypic change was observed with the mirror-imaged ruthenium complex. The latter does not, in fact, show any of the pharmacological properties for the inhibition of GSK-3. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential usefulness of organometallic compounds as molecular probes in cultured cells and whole organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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