1
|
Warias R, Zaghi A, Heiland JJ, Piendl SK, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH, Massi A, Belder D. An Integrated Lab‐on‐a‐chip Approach to Study Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts at the Microscale. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryLeipzig University Linnéstraße 03 Leipzig D-04103 Germany
| | - Anna Zaghi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Luigi Borsari 46 Ferrara I-441213 Italy
| | - Josef J. Heiland
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryLeipzig University Linnéstraße 03 Leipzig D-04103 Germany
| | - Sebastian K. Piendl
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryLeipzig University Linnéstraße 03 Leipzig D-04103 Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Biomolecular Systems DepartmentMax-Planck-Institute for Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 Postdam D-014476 Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Biomolecular Systems DepartmentMax-Planck-Institute for Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 Postdam D-014476 Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Arnimallee 22 Berlin 14195 Germany
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Luigi Borsari 46 Ferrara I-441213 Italy
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryLeipzig University Linnéstraße 03 Leipzig D-04103 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gmeiner J, Seibicke M, Behrens S, Spliethoff B, Trapp O. Investigation of the Hydrogenation of 5-Methylfurfural by Noble Metal Nanoparticles in a Microcapillary Reactor. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:583-587. [PMID: 26871887 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
On-column reaction gas chromatography (ocRGC) was successfully utilized as high-throughput platform for monitoring of the conversion and selectivity of hydrogenation of 5-methylfurfural catalyzed by polymer-stabilized Ru and Pd nanoparticles. We were able to elucidate the effect of various reaction conditions, mainly together with the catalyst loading on the conversion rate and the selectivity of the reaction. Our strategy yields significant improvements in reaction analysis times and cost effectiveness in comparison to standard methods. We are able to demonstrate that ocRGC approach provides valuable information about the reaction system that gives scientists a tool to design suitable catalytic systems for enhanced sustainable chemistry in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gmeiner
- Organisch-Chemisches-Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Seibicke
- Organisch-Chemisches-Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Behrens
- Institut für Katalyseforschung und Technologie, Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Bernd Spliethoff
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches-Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gmeiner J, Behrens S, Spliethoff B, Trapp O. Ruthenium Nanoparticles in High-Throughput Studies of Chemoselective Carbonyl Hydrogenation Reactions. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gmeiner
- Organisch-Chemisches-Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Silke Behrens
- Institut für Katalyseforschung und Technologie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Bernd Spliethoff
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches-Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stockinger S, Troendlin J, Rominger F, Trapp O. On-Column Reaction Set-Up for High-Throughput Screenings and Mechanistic Investigations. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
5
|
Abstract
Nanocatalysis in flow is catalysis by metallic nanoparticles (NPs; 1-50 nm) performed in microstructured reactors. These catalytic processes make use of the enhanced catalytic activity and selectivity of NPs and fulfill the requirements of green chemistry. Anchoring catalytically active metal NPs within a microfluidic reactor enhances the reagent/catalyst interaction, while avoiding diffusion limitations experienced in classical approaches. Different strategies for supporting NPs are reviewed herein, namely, packed-bed reactors, monolithic flow-through reactors, wall catalysts, and a selection of novel approaches (NPs embedded on nanotubes, nanowires, catalytic membranes, and magnetic NPs). Through a number of catalytic reactions, such as hydrogenations, oxidations, and cross-coupling reactions, the advantages and possible drawbacks of each approach are illustrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ricciardi
- Lab of Molecular Nanofabrication, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE (Netherlands)
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Lab of Molecular Nanofabrication, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE (Netherlands)
| | - Willem Verboom
- Lab of Molecular Nanofabrication, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE (Netherlands).
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Caronna T, Mele A, Famulari A, Mendola D, Fontana F, Juza M, Kamuf M, Zawatzky K, Trapp O. A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Stereodynamics of Monoaza[5]helicenes: Solvent‐Induced Increase of the Enantiomerization Barrier in 1‐Aza‐[5]helicene. Chemistry 2015; 21:13919-24. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tullio Caronna
- Università di Bergamo, INSTM R.U. and Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze Applicate Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (Bergamo) (Italy)
| | - Andrea Mele
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20132 Milano (Italy)
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20132 Milano (Italy)
| | - Daniele Mendola
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20132 Milano (Italy)
| | - Francesca Fontana
- Università di Bergamo, INSTM R.U. and Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze Applicate Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (Bergamo) (Italy)
| | - Markus Juza
- Corden Pharma Switzerland LLC, Eichenweg 1, 4410 Liestal (Switzerland)
| | - Matthias Kamuf
- Ruprecht‐Karls Universität Heidelberg, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) www.trapp.uni‐hd.de
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Ruprecht‐Karls Universität Heidelberg, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) www.trapp.uni‐hd.de
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Ruprecht‐Karls Universität Heidelberg, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) www.trapp.uni‐hd.de
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Benz C, Boomhoff M, Appun J, Schneider C, Belder D. Chip-Based Free-Flow Electrophoresis with Integrated Nanospray Mass-Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2766-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
8
|
Benz C, Boomhoff M, Appun J, Schneider C, Belder D. Chip-basierte Freiflusselektrophorese mit integrierter Nanospray-Massenspektrometrie-Kopplung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Maier F, Trapp O. Selektorinduzierte dynamische Deracemisierung eines selektandmodifizierten tropos-BIPHEPO-Liganden: Anwendung in der organokatalysierten asymmetrischen Doppelaldolreaktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
10
|
Maier F, Trapp O. Selector-Induced Dynamic Deracemization of a Selectand-Modified Tropos BIPHEPO-Ligand: Application in the Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Double-Aldol-Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8756-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
11
|
Gmeiner J, Seibicke M, Lang C, Gärtner U, Trapp O. An Immobilised Grubbs 2ndGeneration Catalyst for Application in Flow-Through Devices. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201301182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
12
|
Nagaki A, Takahashi Y, Yoshida JI. Extremely Fast Gas/Liquid Reactions in Flow Microreactors: Carboxylation of Short-Lived Organolithiums. Chemistry 2014; 20:7931-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Stockinger S, Gmeiner J, Zawatzky K, Troendlin J, Trapp O. From stereodynamics to high-throughput screening of catalysed reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14301-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04892j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review we summarised recent developments in high-throughput kinetic monitoring of reactions including the dynamics of interconverting stereoisomers and the simultaneous combination of (catalysed) reactions with chemical analysis in on-column reaction chromatographic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skrollan Stockinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Gmeiner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Troendlin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stockinger S, Trapp O. Integrating reaction and analysis: investigation of higher-order reactions by cryogenic trapping. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1837-42. [PMID: 24062850 PMCID: PMC3778332 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A new approach for the investigation of a higher-order reaction by on-column reaction gas chromatography is presented. The reaction and the analytical separation are combined in a single experiment to investigate the Diels-Alder reaction of benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate as a benzyne precursor with various anthracene derivatives, i.e. anthracene, 9-bromoanthracene, 9-anthracenecarboxaldehyde and 9-anthracenemethanol. To overcome limitations of short reaction contact times at elevated temperatures a novel experimental setup was developed involving a cooling trap to achieve focusing and mixing of the reactants at a defined spot in a fused-silica capillary. This trap functions as a reactor within the separation column in the oven of a gas chromatograph. The reactants are sequentially injected to avoid undefined mixing in the injection port. An experimental protocol was developed with optimized injection intervals and cooling times to achieve sufficient conversions at short reaction times. Reaction products were rapidly identified by mass spectrometric detection. This new approach represents a practical procedure to investigate higher-order reactions at an analytical level and it simultaneously provides valuable information for the optimization of the reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skrollan Stockinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bellomo A, Zhang J, Trongsiriwat N, Walsh PJ. Additive effects on palladium-catalyzed deprotonative-cross-coupling processes (DCCP) of sp3C–H bonds in diarylmethanes. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21673f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
16
|
Bellomo A, Celebi-Olcum N, Bu X, Rivera N, Ruck RT, Welch CJ, Houk KN, Dreher SD. Rapid Catalyst Identification for the Synthesis of the Pyrimidinone Core of HIV Integrase Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
17
|
Bellomo A, Celebi-Olcum N, Bu X, Rivera N, Ruck RT, Welch CJ, Houk KN, Dreher SD. Rapid Catalyst Identification for the Synthesis of the Pyrimidinone Core of HIV Integrase Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6912-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
18
|
Spallek MJ, Stockinger S, Goddard R, Trapp O. Modular Palladium Bipyrazoles for the Isomerization of Allylbenzenes - Mechanistic Considerations and Insights into Catalyst Design and Activity, Role of Solvent, and Additive Effects. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
19
|
Spallek MJ, Storch G, Trapp O. Straightforward Synthesis of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Phases with Immobilized (1R)-3-(Perfluoroalkanoyl)camphorate Metal Complexes and Their Application in Enantioselective Complexation Gas Chromatography. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
20
|
Yamada YMA, Watanabe T, Ohno A, Uozumi Y. Development of polymeric palladium-nanoparticle membrane-installed microflow devices and their application in hydrodehalogenation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:293-299. [PMID: 22241716 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a variety of polymeric palladium-nanoparticle membrane-installed microflow devices. Three types of polymers were convoluted with palladium salts under laminar flow conditions in a microflow reactor to form polymeric palladium membranes at the laminar flow interface. These membranes were reduced with aqueous sodium formate or heat to create microflow devices that contain polymeric palladium-nanoparticle membranes. These microflow devices achieved instantaneous hydrodehalogenation of aryl chlorides, bromides, iodides, and triflates by 10-1000 ppm within a residence time of 2-8 s at 50-90 °C by using safe, nonexplosive, aqueous sodium formate to quantitatively afford the corresponding hydrodehalogenated products. Polychlorinated biphenyl (10-1000 ppm) and polybrominated biphenyl (1000 ppm) were completely decomposed under similar conditions, yielding biphenyl as a fungicidal compound.
Collapse
|
21
|
Maier F, Trapp O. Quantifizierung der Stationärphasen- und Lösungsmitteleinflüsse auf die Stereodynamik von biphep-Liganden durch dynamische Drei-Säulen-HPLC. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
22
|
Maier F, Trapp O. Effects of the Stationary Phase and the Solvent on the Stereodynamics of biphep Ligands Quantified by Dynamic Three-Column HPLC. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:2985-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
23
|
Cancogni D, Mandoli A, Jumde RP, Pini D. Silicone-Supported Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives as Insoluble Organocatalysts in the Enantioselective Dimerization of Ketenes. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
24
|
Ohla S, Beyreiss R, Fritzsche S, Glaser P, Nagl S, Stockhausen K, Schneider C, Belder D. Monitoring On-Chip Pictet-Spengler Reactions by Integrated Analytical Separation and Label-Free Time-Resolved Fluorescence. Chemistry 2011; 18:1240-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
25
|
Dakdouki SC, Villemin D, Bar N. On-Column Solvent-Free Oxidative Cleavage Reactions of Vicinal Diols by Silica Gel and Paraperiodic Acid: Application to In-Situ Sequential Oxidation and Knoevenagel Reactions. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Troendlin J, Rehbein J, Hiersemann M, Trapp O. Integration of Catalysis and Analysis is the Key: Rapid and Precise Investigation of the Catalytic Asymmetric Gosteli–Claisen Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16444-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207091x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Troendlin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martin Hiersemann
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fritzsche S, Ohla S, Glaser P, Giera DS, Sickert M, Schneider C, Belder D. Asymmetric Organocatalysis and Analysis on a Single Microfluidic Nanospray Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9467-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
28
|
Fritzsche S, Ohla S, Glaser P, Giera DS, Sickert M, Schneider C, Belder D. Asymmetrische Organokatalyse und Analyse in einem mikrofluidischen Nanospray-Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
29
|
Bakker JJW, Zieverink MMP, Reintjens RWEG, Kapteijn F, Moulijn JA, Kreutzer MT. Heterogeneously Catalyzed Continuous-Flow Hydrogenation Using Segmented Flow in Capillary Columns. ChemCatChem 2011; 3:1155-1157. [PMID: 21822451 PMCID: PMC3149126 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J W Bakker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of TechnologyJulianalaan 136, 2628 BL (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 015 278 5006 E-mail:
| | - Martijn M P Zieverink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of TechnologyJulianalaan 136, 2628 BL (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 015 278 5006 E-mail:
| | - Raf W E G Reintjens
- R.W.E.G. Reintjens, DSM Pharmaceutical Products ASC&DP.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen (The Netherlands)
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of TechnologyJulianalaan 136, 2628 BL (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 015 278 5006 E-mail:
| | - Jacob A Moulijn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of TechnologyJulianalaan 136, 2628 BL (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 015 278 5006 E-mail:
| | - Michiel T Kreutzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of TechnologyJulianalaan 136, 2628 BL (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 015 278 5006 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Riva E, Rencurosi A, Gagliardi S, Passarella D, Martinelli M. Synthesis of (+)-dumetorine and congeners by using flow chemistry technologies. Chemistry 2011; 17:6221-6. [PMID: 21506188 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An efficient total synthesis of the natural alkaloid (+)-dumetorine by using flow technology is described. The process entailed five separate steps starting from the enantiopure (S)-2-(piperidin-2-yl)ethanol 4 with 29% overall yield. Most of the reactions were carried out by exploiting solvent superheating and by using packed columns of immobilized reagents or scavengers to minimize handling. New protocols for performing classical reactions under continuous flow are disclosed: the ring-closing metathesis reaction with a novel polyethylene glycol-supported Hoveyda catalyst and the unprecedented flow deprotection/Eschweiler-Clarke methylation sequence. The new protocols developed for the synthesis of (+)-dumetorine were applied to the synthesis of its simplified natural congeners (-)-sedamine and (+)-sedridine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Riva
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Irfan M, Glasnov TN, Kappe CO. Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions in continuous-flow reactors. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:300-16. [PMID: 21337528 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microreactor technology and continuous flow processing in general are key features in making organic synthesis both more economical and environmentally friendly. Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions under continuous flow conditions offer significant benefits compared to batch processes which are related to the unique gas-liquid-solid triphasic reaction conditions present in these transformations. In this review article recent developments in continuous flow heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions using molecular hydrogen are summarized. Available flow hydrogenation techniques, reactors, commonly used catalysts and examples of synthetic applications with an emphasis on laboratory-scale flow hydrogenation reactions are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry and Institute of Chemistry, Karl Franzens University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Polyzos A, O'Brien M, Petersen TP, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. The Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids using CO2 in a Tube-In-Tube Gas Permeable Membrane Reactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
33
|
Polyzos A, O'Brien M, Petersen TP, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. The Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids using CO2 in a Tube-In-Tube Gas Permeable Membrane Reactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:1190-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
34
|
Yamada YMA, Watanabe T, Beppu T, Fukuyama N, Torii K, Uozumi Y. Palladium Membrane-Installed Microchannel Devices for Instantaneous Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling. Chemistry 2010; 16:11311-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
35
|
Trapp O, Sahraoui L, Hofstadt W, Könen W. The stereodynamics of 1,2-dipropyldiaziridines. Chirality 2010; 22:284-91. [PMID: 19496154 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
N-alkylated trans-diaziridines are an intriguing class of compounds with two stereogenic nitrogen atoms which easily interconvert. In the course of our investigations of the nature of the interconversion process via nitrogen inversion or electrocyclic ring opening ring closure, we synthesized and characterized the three constitutionally isomeric diaziridines 1,2-di-n-propyldiaziridine 1, 1-isopropyl-2-n-propyldiaziridine 2, and 1,2-diisopropyldiaziridine 3 to study the influence of the substituents on the interconversion barriers. Enantiomer separation was achieved by enantioselective gas chromatography on the chiral stationary phase Chirasil-beta-Dex with high separation factors alpha (1-isopropyl-2-n-propyldiaziridine: 1.18; 1, 2-diisopropyldiaziridine: 1.24; 100 degrees C 50 kPa He) for the isopropyl substituted diaziridines. These compounds showed pronounced plateau formation between 100 and 150 degrees C, and peak coalescence at elevated temperatures. The enantiomerization barriers DeltaG(double dagger) and activation parameters DeltaH(double dagger) and DeltaS(double dagger) were determined by enantioselective dynamic gas chromatography (DGC) and direct evaluation of the elution profiles using the unified equation implemented in the software DCXplorer. Interestingly, 1-isopropyl-2-n-propyldiaziridine and 1,2-diisopropyldiaziridine exhibit similar high interconversion barriers DeltaG(double dagger) (100 degrees C) of 128.3 +/- 0.4 kJ mol(-1) and 129.8 +/- 0.4 kJ mol(-1), respectively, which indicates that two sterically demanding substituents do not substantially increase the barrier as expected for a distinct nitrogen inversion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Trapp O. Investigation of the stereodynamics of molecules and catalyzed reactions by CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:786-813. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
37
|
Chromatographic peak deconvolution of constitutional isomers by multiple-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1010-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
38
|
Hartman R, Naber J, Buchwald S, Jensen K. Multistep Microchemical Synthesis Enabled by Microfluidic Distillation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
39
|
Hartman R, Naber J, Buchwald S, Jensen K. Multistep Microchemical Synthesis Enabled by Microfluidic Distillation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 49:899-903. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
40
|
Accessing reaction rate constants in on-column reaction chromatography: an extended unified equation for reaction educts and products with different response factors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1673-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
41
|
Martha C, Heemskerk A, Hoogendoorn JC, Elders N, Niessen W, Orru R, Irth H. High-Throughput Reaction Optimisation and Activity Screening of Ferrocene-Based Lewis Acid-Catalyst Complexes by Using Continuous-Flow Reaction Detection Mass Spectrometry. Chemistry 2009; 15:7368-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
42
|
Blacquiere J, Jurca T, Weiss J, Fogg D. Time as a Dimension in High-Throughput Homogeneous Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
43
|
Trapp O, Weber S, Bauch S, Bäcker T, Hofstadt W, Spliethoff B. High-Throughput Kinetic Study of Hydrogenation over Palladium Nanoparticles: Combination of Reaction and Analysis. Chemistry 2008; 14:4657-66. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
44
|
Biochemistry: H. Gröger awarded / Literature: Prize for K. Roth / ADUC Prizes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
45
|
Biochemie: H. Gröger ausgezeichnet / Literatur: Preis für K. Roth / ADUC-Preise. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
46
|
Gas chromatographic high-throughput screening techniques in catalysis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:160-90. [PMID: 18035362 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Discovering highly efficient catalysts is of great scientific and economical interest. Advances in high-throughput assays in combination with sophisticated analytical techniques have increased the rapidity with which catalysts can be identified and optimized. Understanding how kinetics in the mechanism of catalysis is controlled by structural parameters is essential for a directed design of catalysts. To identify such rate-controlling elementary steps and to develop and refine models, comprehensive experimental kinetic data of a broad variety of substrates are necessary. In the present article concepts of high-throughput screening techniques in catalysis using gas chromatography are reviewed in a survey covering the period from 1998 to 2007. To cover also the origins of concepts and groundbreaking experiments in this research area milestones going back to 1950 are also reviewed. The first part of the review will focus on off-line gas chromatographic analysis, the second part on on-line gas chromatographic analysis covering sequential, parallelized and high-throughput multiplexing gas chromatography. The third part presents recent advances in the integration of chemical transformation and analysis in gas chromatography. The present review article describes the state-of-the-art, scope and limitations, and applications of these different high-throughput screening approaches.
Collapse
|