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Castillo Molina DA, Wititsuwannakul T, Hampel F, Hall MB, Gladysz JA. Syntheses, Structures, Reactivities, and Basicities of Quinolinyl and Isoquinolinyl Complexes of an Electron Rich Chiral Rhenium Fragment and Their Electrophilic Addition Products. Chemistry 2021; 27:13399-13417. [PMID: 34228842 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of Li+ [(η5 -C5 H5 )Re(NO)(PPh3 )]- with 2- and 4-chloroquinoline or 1-chloroisoquinoline give the corresponding σ quinolinyl and isoquinolinyl complexes 3, 6, and 8. With 3 and 8 there is further protonation to yield HCl adducts, but additions of KH give the free bases. Treatment of 3 with HBF4 ⋅OEt2 or H(OEt2 )2 + BArf - gives the quinolinium salts [(η5 -C5 H5 )Re(NO)(PPh3 )(C(NH)C(CH)4 C(CH)(CH))]+ X- (3-H+ X- ; X- =BF4 - /BArf - , 94-98 %). Addition of CF3 SO3 CH3 to 3, 6, or 8 affords the corresponding N-methyl quinolinium salts. In the case of [(η5 -C5 H5 )Re(NO)(PPh3 )(C(NCH3 )C(CH)4 C(CH)(CH))]+ CF3 SO3 - (3-CH3 + CF3 SO3 - ), addition of CH3 Li gives the dihydroquinolinium complex (SRe RC ,RRe SC )-[(η5 -C5 H5 )Re(NO)(PPh3 )(C(NCH3 )C(CH)4 C(CHCH3 )(CH2 ))]+ CF3 SO3 - ((SRe RC ,RRe SC )-5+ CF3 SO3 - , 76 %) in diastereomerically pure form. Crystal structures of 3-H+ BArf - , 3-CH3 + CF3 SO3 - , (SRe RC , RRe SC )-5+ Cl- , and 6-CH3 + CF3 SO3 - show that the quinolinium ligands adopt Re⋅⋅⋅C conformations that maximize overlap of their acceptor orbitals with the rhenium fragment HOMO, minimize steric interactions with the bulky PPh3 ligand, and promote various π interactions. NMR experiments establish the Brønsted basicity order 3>8>6, with Ka (BH+ ) values >10 orders of magnitude greater than the parent heterocycles, although they remain less active nucleophilic catalysts in the reactions tested. DFT calculations provide additional insights regarding Re⋅⋅⋅C bonding and conformations, basicities, and the stereochemistry of CH3 Li addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante A Castillo Molina
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Taveechai Wititsuwannakul
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Frank Hampel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael B Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - John A Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
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3
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Fricke C, Sperger T, Mendel M, Schoenebeck F. Catalysis with Palladium(I) Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3355-3366. [PMID: 33058375 PMCID: PMC7898807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dinuclear PdI complexes have found widespread applications as diverse catalysts for a multitude of transformations. Initially their ability to function as pre-catalysts for low-coordinated Pd0 species was harnessed in cross-coupling. Such PdI dimers are inherently labile and relatively sensitive to oxygen. In recent years, more stable dinuclear PdI -PdI frameworks, which feature bench-stability and robustness towards nucleophiles as well as recoverability in reactions, were explored and shown to trigger privileged reactivities via dinuclear catalysis. This includes the predictable and substrate-independent, selective C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations of poly(pseudo)halogenated arenes as well as couplings of arenes with relatively weak nucleophiles, which would not engage in Pd0 /PdII catalysis. This Minireview highlights the use of dinuclear PdI complexes as both pre-catalysts for the formation of highly active Pd0 and PdII -H species as well as direct dinuclear catalysts. Focus is set on the mechanistic intricacies, the speciation and the impacts on reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Marvin Mendel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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Wu H, Luo S, Cao L, Shi H, Wang B, Wang Z. DABCO‐Mediated C−O Bond Formation from C
sp2
‐Halogen Bond‐Containing Compounds and Alkyl Alcohols. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han‐Qing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Environment/ Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of EnvironmentSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Shi‐He Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environment/ Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of EnvironmentSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/ Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSouth China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Cao
- School of Chemistry and Environment/ Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of EnvironmentSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/ Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSouth China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Hao‐Nan Shi
- School of Chemistry and Environment/ Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of EnvironmentSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo‐Wen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environment/ Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of EnvironmentSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao‐Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environment/ Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of EnvironmentSouth China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/ Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSouth China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
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Yuan P, Chen J, Zhao J, Huang Y. Enantioselective Hydroamidation of Enals by Trapping of a Transient Acyl Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8503-8507. [PMID: 29693756 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective synthesis of β-chiral amides through asymmetric and redox-neutral hydroamidation of enals is reported. In this reaction, a chiral N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyst reacts with enals to generate the homoenolate intermediate. Upon highly enantioselective β-protonation through proton-shuttle catalysis, the resulting azolium intermediate reacts with imidazole to yield the key β-chiral acyl species. This transient intermediate provides access to diversified β-chiral carbonyl derivatives, such as amides, hydrazides, acids, esters, and thioesters. In particular, β-chiral amides can be prepared in excellent yield and ee (40 chiral amides, up to 95 % yield and 99 % ee). This modular strategy overcomes the challenge of disruption of the highly selective proton-shuttling process by basic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiean Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Yuan P, Chen J, Zhao J, Huang Y. Enantioselective Hydroamidation of Enals by Trapping of a Transient Acyl Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jiean Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
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Timofeeva DS, Mayer RJ, Mayer P, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Which Factors Control the Nucleophilic Reactivities of Enamines? Chemistry 2018; 24:5901-5910. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria S. Timofeeva
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Robert J. Mayer
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
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Naumiec GR, Cai L, Lu S, Pike VW. Quinuclidine and DABCO Enhance the Radiofluorinations of 5-Substituted 2-Halopyridines. European J Org Chem 2017; 2017:6593-6603. [PMID: 29497348 PMCID: PMC5826632 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an important molecular imaging technique for medical diagnosis, biomedical research and drug development. PET tracers for molecular imaging contain β+-emitting radionuclides, such as carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) or fluorine-18 (t1/2 = 109.8 min). The [18F]2-fluoro-pyridyl moiety features in a few prominent PET radiotracers, not least because this moiety is usually resistant to unwanted radiodefluorination in vivo. Various methods have been developed for labeling these radiotracers from cyclotron-produced no-carrier-added [18F]fluoride ion, mainly based on substitution of a leaving group, such as halide (Cl or Br), or preferably a better leaving group, such as nitro or trimethylammonium. However, precursors with a good leaving group are sometimes more challenging or lengthy to prepare. Methods for enhancing the reactivity of more readily accessible 2-halopyridyl precursors are therefore desirable, especially for early radiotracer screening programs that may require the quick labeling of several homologous radiotracer candidates. In this work, we explored a wide range of additives for beneficial effect on nucleophilic substitution by [18F]fluoride ion in 5-subsituted 2-halopyridines (halo = Cl or Br). The nucleophilic cyclic tertiary amines, quinuclidine and DABCO, proved effective for increasing yields to practically useful levels (> 15%). Quinuclidine and DABCO likely promote radiofluorination through reversible formation of quaternary ammonium intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Naumiec
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1003, USA
| | - Lisheng Cai
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1003, USA
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1003, USA
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1003, USA
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Pimenta LS, Gusevskaya EV, Alberto EE. Intermolecular Halogenation/Esterification of Alkenes with N
-Halosuccinimide and Acetic Acid Catalyzed by 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. Pimenta
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Elena V. Gusevskaya
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Eduardo E. Alberto
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
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Zhan G, Shi ML, He Q, Lin WJ, Ouyang Q, Du W, Chen YC. Catalyst-Controlled Switch in Chemo- and Diastereoselectivities: Annulations of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Carbonates from Isatins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2147-51. [PMID: 26755164 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gu Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ming-Lin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Qing He
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Wei-Jia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
- College of Pharmacy; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
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Zhan G, Shi ML, He Q, Lin WJ, Ouyang Q, Du W, Chen YC. Catalyst-Controlled Switch in Chemo- and Diastereoselectivities: Annulations of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Carbonates from Isatins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gu Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ming-Lin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Qing He
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Wei-Jia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
- College of Pharmacy; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
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12
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Murray JI, Spivey AC. Aminesvs. N-Oxides as Organocatalysts for Acylation, Sulfonylation and Silylation of Alcohols: 1-MethylimidazoleN-Oxide as an Efficient Catalyst for Silylation of Tertiary Alcohols. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lloyd-Jones GC, Taylor NP. Mechanism of phosphine borane deprotection with amines: the effects of phosphine, solvent and amine on rate and efficiency. Chemistry 2015; 21:5423-8. [PMID: 25704230 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of borane transfer from simple tertiary phosphine borane adducts to a wide range of amines have been determined. All data obtained, including second-order kinetics, lack of cross-over, and negative entropies of activation for reaction of triphenylphosphine borane with quinuclidine and triethylamine, are consistent with a direct (SN 2-like) transfer process, rather than a dissociative (SN 1-like) process. The identities of the amine, phosphine, and solvent all impact substantially on the rate (k) and equilibrium (K) of the transfer, which in some cases vary by many orders of magnitude. P-to-N transfer is more efficient with cyclic amines in apolar solvents due to reduced entropic costs and ground-state destabilisation. Taken as a whole, the data allow informed optimisation of the deprotection step from the stand-point of rate, or synthetic convenience. In all cases, both reactants should be present at high initial concentration to gain kinetic benefit from the bimolecularity of the process. Ultimately, the choice of amine is dictated by the identity of the phosphine borane complex. Aryl-rich phosphine boranes are sufficiently reactive to allow use of diethylamine or pyrrolidine as a volatile low polarity solvent and reactant, whereas more alkyl-rich phosphines benefit from the use of more reactive amines, such as 1,4-diaza[2.2.2]bicyclooctane (DABCO), in apolar solvents at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ (UK).
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Mayr H, Ammer J, Baidya M, Maji B, Nigst TA, Ofial AR, Singer T. Scales of Lewis basicities toward C-centered Lewis acids (carbocations). J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2580-99. [PMID: 25555037 DOI: 10.1021/ja511639b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equilibria for the reactions of benzhydryl cations (Ar2CH(+)) with phosphines, tert-amines, pyridines, and related Lewis bases were determined photometrically in CH2Cl2 and CH3CN solution at 20 °C. The measured equilibrium constants can be expressed by the sum of two parameters, defined as the Lewis Acidity (LA) of the benzhydrylium ions and the Lewis basicity (LB) of the phosphines, pyridines, etc. Least-squares minimization of log K = LA + LB with the definition LA = 0 for (4-MeOC6H4)2CH(+) gave a Lewis acidity scale for 18 benzhydrylium ions covering 18 orders of magnitude in CH2Cl2 as well as Lewis basicities (with respect to C-centered Lewis acids) for 56 bases. The Lewis acidities correlated linearly with the quantum chemically calculated (B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2pd)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level) methyl anion affinities of the corresponding benzhydrylium ions, which can be used as reference compounds for characterizing a wide variety of Lewis bases. The equilibrium measurements were complemented by isothermal titration calorimetry studies. Rates of SN1 solvolyses of benzhydryl chlorides, bromides, and tosylates derived from E(13-33)(+), i.e., from highly reactive carbocations, correlate excellently with the corresponding Lewis acidities and the quantum chemically calculated methyl anion affinities. This correlation does not hold for solvolyses of derivatives of the better stabilized amino-substituted benzhydrylium ions E(1-12)(+). In contrast, the correlation between electrophilic reactivities and Lewis acidities (or methyl anion affinities) is linear for all donor-substituted benzhydrylium ions E(1-21)(+), while the acceptor-substituted benzhydrylium ions E(26-33)(+) react more slowly than expected from their thermodynamic stabilities. The boundaries of linear rate-equilibrium relationships were thus defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang‐Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China, Fax: (+86)‐21‐6416‐6128
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China, Fax: (+86)‐21‐6416‐6128
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China, Fax: (+86)‐21‐6416‐6128
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Ammer J, Mayr H. Photogeneration of carbocations: applications in physical organic chemistry and the design of suitable precursors. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ammer
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F) 81377 München Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F) 81377 München Germany
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Maji B, Baidya M, Ammer J, Kobayashi S, Mayer P, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Nucleophilic Reactivities and Lewis Basicities of 2-Imidazolines and Related N-Heterocyclic Compounds. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sailer CF, Thallmair S, Fingerhut BP, Nolte C, Ammer J, Mayr H, Pugliesi I, de Vivie-Riedle R, Riedle E. A Comprehensive Microscopic Picture of the Benzhydryl Radical and Cation Photogeneration and Interconversion through Electron Transfer. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1423-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201201057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tandon R, Unzner T, Nigst TA, De Rycke N, Mayer P, Wendt B, David ORP, Zipse H. Annelated Pyridines as Highly Nucleophilic and Lewis Basic Catalysts for Acylation Reactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:6435-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nigst TA, Antipova A, Mayr H. Nucleophilic Reactivities of Hydrazines and Amines: The Futile Search for the α-Effect in Hydrazine Reactivities. J Org Chem 2012; 77:8142-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301497g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Nigst
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377
München, Germany
| | - Anna Antipova
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377
München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377
München, Germany
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Heller ST, Schultz EE, Sarpong R. Chemoselective N-acylation of indoles and oxazolidinones with carbonylazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8304-8. [PMID: 22786619 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Heller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Heller ST, Schultz EE, Sarpong R. Chemoselective N-Acylation of Indoles and Oxazolidinones with Carbonylazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ammer J, Sailer CF, Riedle E, Mayr H. Photolytic Generation of Benzhydryl Cations and Radicals from Quaternary Phosphonium Salts: How Highly Reactive Carbocations Survive Their First Nanoseconds. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11481-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3017522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ammer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377
München, Germany
| | - Christian F. Sailer
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare
Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstrasse 67, 80538 München, Germany
| | - Eberhard Riedle
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare
Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstrasse 67, 80538 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377
München, Germany
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Maji B, Lakhdar S, Mayr H. Nucleophilicity Parameters of Enamides and Their Implications for Organocatalytic Transformations. Chemistry 2012; 18:5732-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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De Rycke N, Couty F, David ORP. Increasing the Reactivity of Nitrogen Catalysts. Chemistry 2011; 17:12852-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lakhdar S, Ammer J, Mayr H. Laserblitzphotolytische Erzeugung α,β-ungesättigter Iminium-Ionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lakhdar S, Ammer J, Mayr H. Generation of α,β-Unsaturated Iminium Ions by Laser Flash Photolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9953-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Maji B, Breugst M, Mayr H. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Organocatalysts with Moderate Nucleophilicity but Extraordinarily High Lewis Basicity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6915-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Maji B, Breugst M, Mayr H. N-Heterocyclische Carbene: Organokatalysatoren mit mäßiger Nucleophilie, aber außerordentlich hoher Lewis-Basizität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Monge D, Jensen K, Franke P, Lykke L, Jørgensen K. Asymmetric One-Pot Sequential Organo- and Gold Catalysis for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydropyrrole Derivatives. Chemistry 2010; 16:9478-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Baidya M, Remennikov G, Mayer P, Mayr H. SN2’ versus SN2 Reactivity: Control of Regioselectivity in Conversions of Baylis-Hillman Adducts. Chemistry 2010; 16:1365-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Li X, Deng H, Zhang B, Li J, Zhang L, Luo S, Cheng JP. Physical Organic Study of StructureâActivityâEnantioselectivity Relationships in Asymmetric Bifunctional Thiourea Catalysis: Hints for the Design of New Organocatalysts. Chemistry 2010; 16:450-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Phan TB, Nolte C, Kobayashi S, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Can one predict changes from S(N)1 to S(N)2 mechanisms? J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11392-401. [PMID: 19634906 DOI: 10.1021/ja903207b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of substituted benzhydryl bromides Ar(2)CHBr with primary and secondary amines in DMSO yield benzhydryl amines Ar(2)CHNRR', benzophenones Ar(2)C=O, and benzhydrols Ar(2)CHOH. Kinetic investigations at 20 degrees C revealed the rate law -d[Ar(2)CHBr]/dt = (k(1) + k(2)[HNRR'])[Ar(2)CHBr], where the amine independent term k(1) gave rise to the formation of Ar(2)C=O and Ar(2)CHOH and the amine-dependent term k(2)[HNRR'] was responsible for the formation of Ar(2)CHNRR'. Clear evidence for concomitant S(N)1 and S(N)2 processes was obtained. While the rate constants of the S(N)1 reactions correlate with Hammett's sigma(+) constants (rho = -3.22), the second-order rate constants k(2) for the S(N)2 reactions are not correlated with the electron releasing abilities of the substituents, indicating that the transition states of the S(N)2 reactions do not merge with the transition states of the S(N)1 reactions. The correlation equation log k(20 degrees C) = s(E + N), where nucleophiles are characterized by N and s and electrophiles are characterized by E (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9500-9512), was used to calculate the lifetimes of benzhydrylium ions in the presence of amines and DMSO. The change from S(N)1 to S(N)2 mechanism occurred close to the point where the calculated rate constant for the collapse of the benzhydrylium ions with the amines just reaches the vibrational limit; that is, the concerted S(N)2 mechanism was only followed when it was enforced by the lifetime of the intermediate. The nucleophile-specific parameters N and s needed for this analysis were determined by studying the kinetics of the reactions of a variety of amines with amino-substituted benzhydrylium tetrafluoroborates (Ar(2)CH(+)BF(4)(-)) of known electrophilicity E in DMSO. Analogously, the rates of the reactions of laser flash photolytically generated benzhydrylium ions Ar(2)CH(+) with DMSO in acetonitrile were employed to determine the nucleophile-specific parameters N and s of DMSO, and it is reported that DMSO is a significantly stronger O-nucleophile than water and ordinary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Binh Phan
- Department Chemie und Biochemie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany
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Kanzian T, Nigst TA, Maier A, Pichl S, Mayr H. Nucleophilic Reactivities of Primary and Secondary Amines in Acetonitrile. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Richter D, Tan Y, Antipova A, Zhu X, Mayr H. Kinetics of Hydride Abstractions from 2‐Arylbenzimidazolines. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:1824-1829. [PMID: 19839024 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Richter
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5–13 (Haus F), 81377 München (Germany), Fax: (+49) 89‐2180‐77717
| | - Yue Tan
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5–13 (Haus F), 81377 München (Germany), Fax: (+49) 89‐2180‐77717
| | - Anna Antipova
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5–13 (Haus F), 81377 München (Germany), Fax: (+49) 89‐2180‐77717
| | - Xiao‐Qing Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road, No 94, 300071 Tianjin (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 22‐2349‐9184
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5–13 (Haus F), 81377 München (Germany), Fax: (+49) 89‐2180‐77717
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Determination of the Electrophilicity Parameters of Diethyl Benzylidenemalonates in Dimethyl Sulfoxide: Reference Electrophiles for Characterizing Strong Nucleophiles. Chemistry 2008; 14:9675-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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