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Ma Y, Zhang N, Vernet G, Kara S. Design of fusion enzymes for biocatalytic applications in aqueous and non-aqueous media. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:944226. [PMID: 35935496 PMCID: PMC9354712 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.944226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalytic cascades play a fundamental role in sustainable chemical synthesis. Fusion enzymes are one of the powerful toolboxes to enable the tailored combination of multiple enzymes for efficient cooperative cascades. Especially, this approach offers a substantial potential for the practical application of cofactor-dependent oxidoreductases by forming cofactor self-sufficient cascades. Adequate cofactor recycling while keeping the oxidized/reduced cofactor in a confined microenvironment benefits from the fusion fashion and makes the use of oxidoreductases in harsh non-aqueous media practical. In this mini-review, we have summarized the application of various fusion enzymes in aqueous and non-aqueous media with a focus on the discussion of linker design within oxidoreductases. The design and properties of the reported linkers have been reviewed in detail. Besides, the substrate loadings in these studies have been listed to showcase one of the key limitations (low solubility of hydrophobic substrates) of aqueous biocatalysis when it comes to efficiency and economic feasibility. Therefore, a straightforward strategy of applying non-aqueous media has been briefly discussed while the potential of using the fusion oxidoreductase of interest in organic media was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guillem Vernet
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Selin Kara
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Selin Kara,
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2
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Richardson SM, Harrison PJ, Herrera MA, Wang M, Verez R, Ortiz GP, Campopiano DJ. BioWF: A naturally-fused, di-domain biocatalyst from biotin biosynthesis displays an unexpectedly broad substrate scope. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200171. [PMID: 35695820 PMCID: PMC9544090 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The carbon backbone of biotin is constructed from the C7 di‐acid pimelate, which is converted to an acyl‐CoA thioester by an ATP‐dependent, pimeloyl‐CoA synthetase (PCAS, encoded by BioW). The acyl‐thioester is condensed with ʟ‐alanine in a decarboxylative, Claisen‐like reaction to form an aminoketone (8‐amino‐7‐oxononanoic acid, AON). This step is catalysed by the pyridoxal 5’‐phosphate (PLP)‐dependent enzyme (AON synthase, AONS, encoded by BioF). Distinct versions of Bacillus subtilis BioW (BsBioW) and E. coli BioF (EcBioF) display strict substrate specificity. In contrast, a BioW‐BioF fusion from Corynebacterium amycolatum (CaBioWF) accepts a wider range of mono‐ and di‐fatty acids. Analysis of the active site of the BsBioW : pimeloyl‐adenylate complex suggested a key role for a Phe (F192) residue in the CaBioW domain; a F192Y mutant restored the substrate specificity to pimelate. This surprising substrate flexibility also extends to the CaBioF domain, which accepts ʟ‐alanine, ʟ‐serine and glycine. Structural models of the CaBioWF fusion provide insight into how both domains interact with each other and suggest the presence of an intra‐domain tunnel. The CaBioWF fusion catalyses conversion of various fatty acids and amino acids to a range of AON derivatives. Such unexpected, natural broad substrate scope suggests that the CaBioWF fusion is a versatile biocatalyst that can be used to prepare a number of aminoketone analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona M Richardson
- The University of Edinburgh School of Chemistry, Chemistry, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Peter J Harrison
- The University of Edinburgh School of Chemistry, Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Michael A Herrera
- The University of Edinburgh School of Chemistry, Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Menglu Wang
- The University of Edinburgh School of Chemistry, Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Rebecca Verez
- The University of Edinburgh School of Chemistry, Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Dominic James Campopiano
- The Joseph Black Chemistry Building The King's Buildings, School of Chemistry, EastChem, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UNITED KINGDOM
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3
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Properties and Mechanisms of Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenases and Their Applications in Natural Product Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052622. [PMID: 35269764 PMCID: PMC8910399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are usually highly complicated organic molecules with special scaffolds, and they are an important resource in medicine. Natural products with complicated structures are produced by enzymes, and this is still a challenging research field, its mechanisms requiring detailed methods for elucidation. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) catalyze many oxidation reactions with chemo-, regio-, and stereo-selectivity, and they are involved in the synthesis of many natural products. In this review, we introduce the mechanisms for different FMOs, with the classical FAD (C4a)-hydroperoxide as the major oxidant. We also summarize the difference between FMOs and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases emphasizing the advantages of FMOs and their specificity for substrates. Finally, we present examples of FMO-catalyzed synthesis of natural products. Based on these explanations, this review will expand our knowledge of FMOs as powerful enzymes, as well as implementation of the FMOs as effective tools for biosynthesis.
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4
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Ngo ACR, Josef Schultes FP, Maier A, Hadewig SNH, Tischler D. Improving biocatalytic properties of an azoreductase via the N-terminal fusion of formate dehydrogenase. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100643. [PMID: 35080802 PMCID: PMC9305538 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Azoreductases require NAD(P)H to reduce azo dyes but the costly price of NAD(P)H limits its application. Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) allows NAD(P)+ recycling and therefore, the fusion of these two biocatalysts seems promising. This study investigated the changes to the fusion protein involving azoreductase (AzoRo) of Rhodococcus opacus 1CP and FDH (FDHC23S and FDHC23SD195QY196H) of Candida boidinii in different positions with His-tag as the linker. The position affected enzyme activities as AzoRo activity decreased by 20-fold when it is in the N-terminus of the fusion protein. FDHC23S+AzoRo was the most active construct and was further characterized. Enzymatic activities of FDHC23S+AzoRo decreased compared to parental enzymes but showed improved substrate scope - accepting bulkier dyes. Moreover, pH has an influence on the stability and activity of the fusion protein because at pH 6 (pH that is suboptimal for FDH), the dye reduction decreased to more than 50% and this could be attributed to the impaired NADH supply for the AzoRo part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Christina R Ngo
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Biologie und Biotechnologie, GERMANY
| | | | - Artur Maier
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, biologie und biotechnologie, GERMANY
| | | | - Dirk Tischler
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Biologie und Biotechnologie, Universitatsstr. 150, NDEF 06 748, Mikrobielle Biotechnologie, 44780, Bochum, GERMANY
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5
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Schnepel C, Dodero VI, Sewald N. Novel Arylindigoids by Late-Stage Derivatization of Biocatalytically Synthesized Dibromoindigo. Chemistry 2021; 27:5404-5411. [PMID: 33496351 PMCID: PMC8048522 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Indigoids represent natural product-based compounds applicable as organic semiconductors and photoresponsive materials. Yet modified indigo derivatives are difficult to access by chemical synthesis. A biocatalytic approach applying several consecutive selective C-H functionalizations was developed that selectively provides access to various indigoids: Enzymatic halogenation of l-tryptophan followed by indole generation with tryptophanase yields 5-, 6- and 7-bromoindoles. Subsequent hydroxylation using a flavin monooxygenase furnishes dibromoindigo that is derivatized by acylation. This four-step one-pot cascade gives dibromoindigo in good isolated yields. Moreover, the halogen substituent allows for late-stage diversification by cross-coupling directly performed in the crude mixture, thus enabling synthesis of a small set of 6,6'-diarylindigo derivatives. This chemoenzymatic approach provides a modular platform towards novel indigoids with attractive spectral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schnepel
- Organische und Bioorganische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
- Present address: School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Veronica I. Dodero
- Organische und Bioorganische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organische und Bioorganische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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Sietmann J, Wahl JM. Enantioselective Desymmetrization of Cyclobutanones: A Speedway to Molecular Complexity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6964-6974. [PMID: 31550067 PMCID: PMC7984208 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclobutanones hold a privileged role in enantioselective desymmetrization because their inherent ring strain allows for a variety of unusual reactions to occur. Current strategies include α-functionalization, rearrangement, and C-C bond activation to directly convert cyclobutanones into a wide range of enantiomerically enriched compounds, including many biologically significant scaffolds. This Minireview provides an overview of state-of-the-art methods that generate complexity from prochiral cyclobutanones in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sietmann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterInstitute of Organic ChemistryCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Johannes M. Wahl
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterInstitute of Organic ChemistryCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
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7
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Sietmann J, Wiest JM. Enantioselektive Desymmetrisierung von Cyclobutanonen: Eine Schnellstraße zu molekularer Komplexität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sietmann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Johannes M. Wiest
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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8
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Huang L, Aalbers FS, Tang W, Röllig R, Fraaije MW, Kara S. Convergent Cascade Catalyzed by Monooxygenase-Alcohol Dehydrogenase Fusion Applied in Organic Media. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1653-1658. [PMID: 30811825 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of applying redox-neutral cascade reactions in organic media, fusions of a type II flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO-E) and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH) were designed. The enzyme orientation and expression vector were found to influence the overall fusion enzyme activity. The resulting bifunctional enzyme retained the catalytic properties of both individual enzymes. The lyophilized cell-free extract containing the bifunctional enzyme was applied for the convergent cascade reaction consisting of cyclobutanone and butane-1,4-diol in different microaqueous media with only 5 % (v/v) aqueous buffer without any addition of external cofactor. Methyl tert-butyl ether and cyclopentyl methyl ether were found to be the best organic media for the synthesis of γ-butyrolactone, resulting in about 27 % analytical yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestrasse 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friso S Aalbers
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestrasse 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Röllig
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestrasse 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.,Chair of Molecular Biotechnology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestrasse 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Abstract
One approach to bringing enzymes together for multienzyme biocatalysis is genetic fusion. This enables the production of multifunctional enzymes that can be used for whole-cell biotransformations or for in vitro (cascade) reactions. In some cases and in some aspects, such as expression and conversions, the fused enzymes outperform a combination of the individual enzymes. In contrast, some enzyme fusions are greatly compromised in activity and/or expression. In this Minireview, we give an overview of studies on fusions between two or more enzymes that were used for biocatalytic applications, with a focus on oxidative enzymes. Typically, the enzymes are paired to facilitate cofactor recycling or cosubstrate supply. In addition, different linker designs are briefly discussed. Although enzyme fusion is a promising tool for some biocatalytic applications, future studies could benefit from integrating the findings of previous studies in order to improve reliability and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friso S. Aalbers
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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10
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Aalbers FS, Fraaije MW. Design of Artificial Alcohol Oxidases: Alcohol Dehydrogenase-NADPH Oxidase Fusions for Continuous Oxidations. Chembiochem 2018; 20:51-56. [PMID: 30184296 PMCID: PMC6899577 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To expand the arsenal of industrially applicable oxidative enzymes, fusions of alcohol dehydrogenases with an NADPH-oxidase were designed. Three different alcohol dehydrogenases (LbADH, TbADH, ADHA) were expressed with a thermostable NADPH-oxidase fusion partner (PAMO C65D) and purified. The resulting bifunctional biocatalysts retained the catalytic properties of the individual enzymes, and acted essentially like alcohol oxidases: transforming alcohols to ketones by using dioxygen as mild oxidant, while merely requiring a catalytic amount of NADP+ . In small-scale reactions, the purified fusion enzymes show good performances, with 69-99 % conversion, 99 % ee with a racemic substrate, and high cofactor and enzyme total turnover numbers. As the fusion enzymes essentially act as oxidases, we found that commonly used high-throughput oxidase-activity screening methods can be used. Therefore, if needed, the fusion enzymes could be easily engineered to tune their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friso S Aalbers
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Delgove MAF, Elford MT, Bernaerts KV, De Wildeman SMA. Application of a thermostable Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase for the synthesis of branched polyester precursors. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2018; 93:2131-2140. [PMID: 30069077 PMCID: PMC6055809 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that the poor thermostability of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases limits their use as biocatalysts for applied biocatalysis in industrial applications. The goal of this study was to investigate the biocatalytic oxidation of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone using a thermostable cyclohexanone monooxygenase from Thermocrispum municipale (TmCHMO) for the synthesis of branched ϵ-caprolactone derivatives as building blocks for tuned polymeric backbones. In this multi-enzymatic reaction, the thermostable cyclohexanone monooxygenase was fused to a phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH) in order to ensure co-factor regeneration. RESULTS Using reaction engineering, the reaction rate and product formation of the regio-isomeric branched lactones were improved and the use of co-solvents and the initial substrate load were investigated. Substrate inhibition and poor product solubility were overcome using continuous substrate feeding regimes, as well as a biphasic reaction system with toluene as water-immiscible organic solvent. A maximum volumetric productivity, or space-time-yield, of 1.20 g L-1 h-1 was achieved with continuous feeding of substrate using methanol as co-solvent, while a maximum product concentration of 11.6 g L-1 was achieved with toluene acting as a second phase and substrate reservoir. CONCLUSION These improvements in key process metrics therefore demonstrate progress towards the up-scaled Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase-biocatalyzed synthesis of the target building blocks for polymer application. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie AF Delgove
- Maastricht UniversityAachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM)UrmonderbaanThe Netherlands
| | - Matthew T Elford
- Maastricht UniversityAachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM)UrmonderbaanThe Netherlands
| | - Katrien V Bernaerts
- Maastricht UniversityAachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM)UrmonderbaanThe Netherlands
| | - Stefaan MA De Wildeman
- Maastricht UniversityAachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM)UrmonderbaanThe Netherlands
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12
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Colpa DI, Lončar N, Schmidt M, Fraaije MW. Creating Oxidase-Peroxidase Fusion Enzymes as a Toolbox for Cascade Reactions. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2226-2230. [PMID: 28885767 PMCID: PMC5708271 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A set of bifunctional oxidase-peroxidases has been prepared by fusing four distinct oxidases to a peroxidase. Although such fusion enzymes have not been observed in nature, they could be expressed and purified in good yields. Characterization revealed that the artificial enzymes retained the capability to bind the two required cofactors and were catalytically active as oxidase and peroxidase. Peroxidase fusions of alditol oxidase and chitooligosaccharide oxidase could be used for the selective detection of xylitol and cellobiose with a detection limit in the low-micromolar range. The peroxidase fusions of eugenol oxidase and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidase could be used for dioxygen-driven, one-pot, two-step cascade reactions to convert vanillyl alcohol into divanillin and eugenol into lignin oligomers. The designed oxidase-peroxidase fusions represent attractive biocatalysts that allow efficient biocatalytic cascade oxidations that only require molecular oxygen as an oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana I. Colpa
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Nikola Lončar
- Groningen Enzyme and Cofactor Collection (GECCO)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mareike Schmidt
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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13
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Andorfer MC, Belsare KD, Girlich AM, Lewis JC. Aromatic Halogenation by Using Bifunctional Flavin Reductase-Halogenase Fusion Enzymes. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2099-2103. [PMID: 28879681 PMCID: PMC5898195 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable site selectivity and broad substrate scope of flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) has led to much interest in their potential as biocatalysts. Multiple engineering efforts have demonstrated that FDHs can be tuned for non-native substrate scope and site selectivity. FDHs have also proven useful as in vivo biocatalysts and have been successfully incorporated into biosynthetic pathways to build new chlorinated aromatic compounds in several heterologous organisms. In both cases, reduced flavin cofactor, usually supplied by a separate flavin reductase (FR), is required. Herein, we report functional synthetic, fused FDH-FR proteins containing various FDHs and FRs joined by different linkers. We show that FDH-FR fusion proteins can increase product titers compared to the individual components for in vivo biocatalysis in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Andorfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, SCL 302, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ketaki D Belsare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, SCL 302, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Anna M Girlich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, SCL 302, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, SCL 302, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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14
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Integrating a light-driven coenzyme regeneration system by expression of an alcohol dehydrogenase in phototrophic bacteria for synthesis of chiral alcohol. J Biotechnol 2017; 259:120-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Coupled reactions by coupled enzymes: alcohol to lactone cascade with alcohol dehydrogenase-cyclohexanone monooxygenase fusions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7557-7565. [PMID: 28916997 PMCID: PMC5624969 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The combination of redox enzymes for redox-neutral cascade reactions has received increasing appreciation. An example is the combination of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) with a cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO). The ADH can use NADP+ to oxidize cyclohexanol to form cyclohexanone and NADPH. Both products are then used by CHMO to produce ε-caprolactone. In this study, these two redox-complementary enzymes were fused, to create a self-sufficient bifunctional enzyme that can convert alcohols to esters or lactones. Three different ADH genes were fused to a gene coding for a thermostable CHMO, in both orientations (ADH-CHMO and CHMO-ADH). All six fusion enzymes could be produced and purified. For two of the three ADHs, we found a clear difference between the two orientations: one that showed the expected ADH activity, and one that showed low to no activity. The ADH activity of each fusion enzyme correlated with its oligomerization state. All fusions retained CHMO activity, and stability was hardly affected. The TbADH-TmCHMO fusion was selected to perform a cascade reaction, producing ε-caprolactone from cyclohexanol. By circumventing substrate and product inhibition, a > 99% conversion of 200 mM cyclohexanol could be achieved in 24 h, with > 13,000 turnovers per fusion enzyme molecule.
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16
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van Beek HL, Romero E, Fraaije MW. Engineering Cyclohexanone Monooxygenase for the Production of Methyl Propanoate. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:291-299. [PMID: 27935281 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A previous study showed that cyclohexanone monooxygenase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (AcCHMO) catalyzes the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 2-butanone, yielding ethyl acetate and methyl propanoate as products. Methyl propanoate is of industrial interest as a precursor of acrylic plastic. Here, various residues near the substrate and NADP+ binding sites in AcCHMO were subjected to saturation mutagenesis to enhance both the activity on 2-butanone and the regioselectivity toward methyl propanoate. The resulting libraries were screened using whole cell biotransformations, and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify improved AcCHMO variants. This revealed that the I491A AcCHMO mutant exhibits a significant improvement over the wild type enzyme in the desired regioselectivity using 2-butanone as a substrate (40% vs 26% methyl propanoate, respectively). Another interesting mutant is the T56S AcCHMO mutant, which exhibits a higher conversion yield (92%) and kcat (0.5 s-1) than wild type AcCHMO (52% and 0.3 s-1, respectively). Interestingly, the uncoupling rate for the T56S AcCHMO mutant is also significantly lower than that for the wild type enzyme. The T56S/I491A double mutant combined the beneficial effects of both mutations leading to higher conversion and improved regioselectivity. This study shows that even for a relatively small aliphatic substrate (2-butanone), catalytic efficiency and regioselectivity can be tuned by structure-inspired enzyme engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo L. van Beek
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elvira Romero
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Schmidt S, Büchsenschütz HC, Scherkus C, Liese A, Gröger H, Bornscheuer UT. Biocatalytic Access to Chiral Polyesters by an Artificial Enzyme Cascade Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry; Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis; University of Greifswald; Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Hanna C. Büchsenschütz
- Institute of Biochemistry; Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis; University of Greifswald; Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Christian Scherkus
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis; Hamburg University of Technology; Denickestr. 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis; Hamburg University of Technology; Denickestr. 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry; Bielefeld University; P.O. Box 100131 33501 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry; Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis; University of Greifswald; Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
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18
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Bornadel A, Hatti-Kaul R, Hollmann F, Kara S. A Bi-enzymatic Convergent Cascade for ε-Caprolactone Synthesis Employing 1,6-Hexanediol as a ‘Double-Smart Cosubstrate’. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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19
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Holtmann D, Fraaije MW, Arends IWCE, Opperman DJ, Hollmann F. The taming of oxygen: biocatalytic oxyfunctionalisations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:13180-200. [PMID: 24902635 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49747j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scope and limitations of oxygenases as catalysts for preparative organic synthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA Research Institute, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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21
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Sührer I, Haslbeck M, Castiglione K. Asymmetric synthesis of a fluoxetine precursor with an artificial fusion protein of a ketoreductase and a formate dehydrogenase. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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23
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Riebel A, Fink MJ, Mihovilovic MD, Fraaije MW. Type II Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases: A New Class of Biocatalysts that Harbors Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases with a Relaxed Coenzyme Specificity. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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25
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Lagoutte R, Šebesta P, Jiroš P, Kalinová B, Jirošová A, Straka J, Černá K, Šobotník J, Cvačka J, Jahn U. Total synthesis, proof of absolute configuration, and biosynthetic origin of stylopsal, the first isolated sex pheromone of strepsiptera. Chemistry 2013; 19:8515-24. [PMID: 23630024 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric total synthesis of the diastereomers of stylopsal establishes the absolute configuration of the first reported sex pheromone of the twisted-wing parasite Stylops muelleri as (3R,5R,9R)-trimethyldodecanal. The key steps for the diastereo- and enantiodivergent introduction of the methyl groups are two different types of asymmetric conjugate addition reactions of organocopper reagents to α,β-unsaturated esters, whereas the dodecanal skeleton is assembled by Wittig reactions. The structure of the natural product was confirmed by chiral gas chromatography (GC) techniques, GC/MS and GC/electroantennography (EAD) as well as field tests. An investigation into the biosynthesis of the pheromone revealed that it is likely to be produced by decarboxylation of a 4,6,10-trimethyltridecanoic acid derivative, which was found in substantial amounts in the fat body of the female, but not in the host bee Andrena vaga. This triple-branched fatty acid precursor thus seems to be biosynthesized de novo through a polyketide pathway with two consecutive propionate-propionate-acetate assemblies to form the complete skeleton. The simplified, motionless and fully host-dependent female exploits a remarkable strategy to maximize its reproductive success by employing a relatively complex and potent sex pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Lagoutte
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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26
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Mallin H, Wulf H, Bornscheuer UT. A self-sufficient Baeyer-Villiger biocatalysis system for the synthesis of ɛ-caprolactone from cyclohexanol. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:283-7. [PMID: 23931695 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to establish a new route for ɛ-caprolactone production from the corresponding cyclohexanol with an internal cofactor recycling for NADPH, a recently redesigned thermostable polyol dehydrogenase (PDH) and the cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were combined. First, the expression of PDH could be improved 4.9-fold using E. coli C41 with co-expression of chaperones. Both enzymes were also successfully co-immobilized on glutaraldehyde-activated support (Relizyme™ HA403). Cyclohexanol could be converted to ɛ-caprolactone (ɛ-CL) with 83% conversion using the free enzymes and with 34% conversion using the co-immobilized catalysts. Additionally, a preparative scale biotransformation of ɛ-caprolactone starting from cyclohexanol was performed using the soluble enzymes. The ɛ-CL could be isolated by simple extraction and evaporation with a yield of 55% and a purity of >99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mallin
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Germany
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27
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Bordeaux M, Galarneau A, Drone J. Catalytic, Mild, and Selective Oxyfunctionalization of Linear Alkanes: Current Challenges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10712-23. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Bordeaux M, Galarneau A, Drone J. Katalytische, milde und selektive Oxyfunktionalisierung von linearen Alkanen: aktuelle Herausforderungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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29
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Behrens GA, Hummel A, Padhi SK, Schätzle S, Bornscheuer UT. Discovery and Protein Engineering of Biocatalysts for Organic Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Seiser T, Saget T, Tran DN, Cramer N. Cyclobutanes in catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7740-52. [PMID: 21793133 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The exploitation of ring strain as a driving force to facilitate chemical reactions is a well-appreciated principle in organic chemistry. The most prominent and most frequently used compound classes in this respect are oxiranes and cyclopropanes. For rather a long time, cyclobutanes lagged behind these three-membered-ring compounds in their development as reactive substrates, but during the past decade an increasing number of useful reactions of four-membered-ring substrates have emerged. This Minireview examines corresponding catalytic reactions ranging from Lewis or Brønsted acid catalyzed processes to enzymatic reactions. The main focus is placed on transition-metal-catalyzed C-C bond-insertion and β-carbon-elimination processes, which enable exciting downstream reactions that deliver versatile building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Seiser
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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32
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de Gonzalo G, Mihovilovic MD, Fraaije MW. Recent developments in the application of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases as biocatalysts. Chembiochem 2011; 11:2208-31. [PMID: 20936617 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) represent a specific class of monooxygenases that are capable of catalyzing a variety of oxidation reactions, including Baeyer-Villiger oxidations. The recently elucidated BVMO crystal structures have provided a more detailed insight into the complex mechanism of these flavin-containing enzymes. Biocatalytic studies on a number of newly discovered BVMOs have shown that they are very potent oxidative biocatalysts. In addition to catalyzing the regio- and enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of a wide range of carbonylic compounds, epoxidations, and enantioselective sulfoxidations have also been shown to be part of their catalytic repertoire. This review provides an overview on the recent developments in BVMO-mediated biocatalytic processes, identification of the catalytic role of these enzymes in metabolic routes and prodrug activation, as well as the efforts in developing effective biocatalytic methodologies to apply BVMOs for the synthesis of high added value compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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33
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Bisogno F, Rioz-Martínez A, Rodríguez C, Lavandera I, de Gonzalo G, Torres Pazmiño D, Fraaije M, Gotor V. Oxidoreductases Working Together: Concurrent Obtaining of Valuable Derivatives by Employing the PIKAT Method. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Hollmann F, Arends I, Buehler K. Biocatalytic Redox Reactions for Organic Synthesis: Nonconventional Regeneration Methods. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Iturrate L, Sánchez-Moreno I, Oroz-Guinea I, Pérez-Gil J, García-Junceda E. Preparation and Characterization of a Bifunctional Aldolase/Kinase Enzyme: A More Efficient Biocatalyst for CC Bond Formation. Chemistry 2010; 16:4018-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Torres Pazmiño DE, Riebel A, de Lange J, Rudroff F, Mihovilovic MD, Fraaije MW. Efficient biooxidations catalyzed by a new generation of self-sufficient Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. Chembiochem 2010; 10:2595-8. [PMID: 19795432 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Torres Pazmiño
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Reetz MT, Wu S. Laboratory Evolution of Robust and Enantioselective Baeyer−Villiger Monooxygenases for Asymmetric Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:15424-32. [PMID: 19807086 DOI: 10.1021/ja906212k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T. Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sheng Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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38
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Reetz MT, Wu S. Greatly reduced amino acid alphabets in directed evolution: making the right choice for saturation mutagenesis at homologous enzyme positions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:5499-501. [DOI: 10.1039/b813388c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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