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Teoh Y, Ayoub G, Huskić I, Titi HM, Nickels CW, Herrmann B, Friščić T. SpeedMixing: Rapid Tribochemical Synthesis and Discovery of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals without Milling or Grinding Media**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206293. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Teoh
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Ghada Ayoub
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Igor Huskić
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Hatem M. Titi
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | | | | | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
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2
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Panther LA, Guest DP, McGown A, Emerit H, Tareque RK, Jose A, Dadswell CM, Coles SJ, Tizzard GJ, González‐Méndez R, Goodall CAI, Bagley MC, Spencer J, Greenland BW. Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Core‐Functionalised Naphthalene Diimides by Using a Vibratory Ball Mill: Suzuki, Sonogashira and Buchwald–Hartwig Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201444. [PMID: 35621283 PMCID: PMC9544761 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Solvent‐free synthesis by using a vibratory ball mill (VBM) offers the chance to access new chemical reactivity, whilst reducing solvent waste and minimising reaction times. Herein, we report the core functionalisation of N,N’‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐2,6‐dibromo‐1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid (Br2‐NDI) by using Suzuki, Sonogashira and Buchwald–Hartwig coupling reactions. The products of these reactions are important building blocks in many areas of organic electronics including organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPVCs). The reactions proceed in as little as 1 h, use commercially available palladium sources (frequently Pd(OAc)2) and are tolerant to air and atmospheric moisture. Furthermore, the real‐world potential of this green VBM protocol is demonstrated by the double Suzuki coupling of a monobromo(NDI) residue to a bis(thiophene) pinacol ester. The resulting dimeric NDI species has been demonstrated to behave as an electron acceptor in functioning OPVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia A. Panther
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Daniel P. Guest
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Andrew McGown
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Hugo Emerit
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Raysa Khan Tareque
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Arathy Jose
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Chris M. Dadswell
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service Chemistry University of Southampton University Road Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service Chemistry University of Southampton University Road Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Ramón González‐Méndez
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Charles A. I. Goodall
- Faculty of Engineering & Science FES Engineering & Science School Operations University of Greenwich Old Royal Naval College Park Row London SE10 9LS UK
| | - Mark C. Bagley
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG UK
| | - Barnaby W. Greenland
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
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3
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Teoh Y, Ayoub G, Huskic I, Titi HM, Nickels CW, Herrmann B, Friscic T. SpeedMixing: Rapid Tribochemical Synthesis and Discovery of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals without Milling or Grinding Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brad Herrmann
- Flacktek, Inc. Flacktek, Inc. 1708 SC-11 29356 Landrum UNITED STATES
| | - Tomislav Friscic
- McGill University Chemistry 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal CANADA
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4
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Bento O, Luttringer F, El Dine TM, Pétry N, Bantreil X, Lamaty F. Sustainable Mechanosynthesis of Biologically Active Molecules. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Bento
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Chemistry FRANCE
| | | | | | - Nicolas Pétry
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Chemistry 1919 Rte de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
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Dalidovich T, Nallaparaju JV, Shalima T, Aav R, Kananovich DG. Mechanochemical Nucleophilic Substitution of Alcohols via Isouronium Intermediates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102286. [PMID: 34932893 PMCID: PMC9303792 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An expansion of the solvent-free synthetic toolbox is essential for advances in the sustainable chemical industry. Mechanochemical reactions offer a superior safety profile and reduced amount of waste compared to conventional solvent-based synthesis. Herein a new mechanochemical method was developed for nucleophilic substitution of alcohols using fluoro-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylformamidinium hexafluorophosphate (TFFH) and K2 HPO4 as an alcohol-activating reagent and a base, respectively. Alcohol activation and reaction with a nucleophile were performed in one milling jar via reactive isouronium intermediates. Nucleophilic substitution with amines afforded alkylated amines in 31-91 % yields. The complete stereoinversion occurred for the SN 2 reaction of (R)- and (S)-ethyl lactates. Substitution with halide anions (F- , Br- , I- ) and oxygen-centered (CH3 OH, PhO- ) nucleophiles was also tested. Application of the method to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Dalidovich
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
| | - Jagadeesh Varma Nallaparaju
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
| | - Tatsiana Shalima
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
| | - Riina Aav
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
| | - Dzmitry G. Kananovich
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
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6
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Yang X, Wu C, Su W, Yu J. Mechanochemical C−X/C−H Functionalization: An Alternative Strategy Access to Pharmaceuticals. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Yang
- Zhejiang University of Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Chaowang Road 18# 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Chongyang Wu
- Zhejiang University of Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Chaowang Road 18# 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Weike Su
- Zhejiang University of Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Chaowang Road 18# 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Jingbo Yu
- Zhejiang University of Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Chaowang Road 18# 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
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Nicholson WI, Barreteau F, Leitch JA, Payne R, Priestley I, Godineau E, Battilocchio C, Browne DL. Direct Amidation of Esters by Ball Milling**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William I. Nicholson
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Schaffauserstrasse 101 4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Riley Payne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Ian Priestley
- Syngenta Ltd. Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre Huddersfield HD2 1FF UK
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Schaffauserstrasse 101 4332 Stein Switzerland
| | | | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury London WC1N 1AX UK
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8
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Nicholson WI, Barreteau F, Leitch JA, Payne R, Priestley I, Godineau E, Battilocchio C, Browne DL. Direct Amidation of Esters by Ball Milling*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21868-21874. [PMID: 34357668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The direct mechanochemical amidation of esters by ball milling is described. The operationally simple procedure requires an ester, an amine, and substoichiometric KOtBu and was used to prepare a large and diverse library of 78 amide structures with modest to excellent efficiency. Heteroaromatic and heterocyclic components are specifically shown to be amenable to this mechanochemical protocol. This direct synthesis platform has been applied to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and agrochemicals as well as the gram-scale synthesis of an active pharmaceutical, all in the absence of a reaction solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I Nicholson
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Riley Payne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Ian Priestley
- Syngenta Ltd., Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre, Huddersfield, HD2 1FF, UK
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | | | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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9
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Pérez-Venegas M, Juaristi E. Mechanoenzymology: State of the Art and Challenges towards Highly Sustainable Biocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2682-2688. [PMID: 33882180 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global awareness of the importance of developing environmentally friendlier and more sustainable methods for the synthesis of valuable chemical compounds has led to the design of novel synthetic strategies, involving bio- and organocatalysis as well as the application of novel efficient and ground-breaking technologies such as present-day solvent-free mechanochemistry. In this regard, the evaluation of biocatalytic protocols mediated by the combination of mechanical activation and enzymatic catalysis has recently attracted the attention of the chemical community. Such mechanoenzymatic strategy represents an innovative and promising "green" approach in chemical synthesis that poses nevertheless new paradigms regarding the relative resilience of biomolecules to the mechanochemical stress and to the apparent high energy, at least in so-called hot-spots, during the milling process. Herein, relevant comments on the conceptualization of such mechanoenzymatic approach as a sustainable option in chemical synthesis, recent progress in the area, and associated challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pérez-Venegas
- Chemistry Department, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Eusebio Juaristi
- Chemistry Department Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- El Colegio Nacional, Luis González Obregón # 23, Centro Histórico, 06020, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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10
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Thorpe JD, O'Reilly D, Friščić T, Damha MJ. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Short DNA Fragments. Chemistry 2020; 26:8857-8861. [PMID: 32166818 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the first mechanochemical synthesis of DNA fragments by ball milling, enabling the synthesis of oligomers of controllable sequence and length using multi-step, one-pot reactions, without bulk solvent or the need to isolate intermediates. Mechanochemistry allowed for coupling of phosphoramidite monomers to the 5'-hydroxyl group of nucleosides, iodine/water oxidation of the resulting phosphite triester linkage, and removal of the 5'-dimethoxytrityl (DMTr) protecting group in situ in good yields (up to 60 % over three steps) to produce DNA dimers in a one-pot manner. H-Phosphonate chemistry under milling conditions enabled coupling and protection of the H-phosphonate linkage, as well as removal of the 5'-DMTr protecting group in situ, enabling a one-pot process with good yields (up to 65 % over three steps, or ca. 87 % per step). Sulfurization of the internucleotide linkage was possible using elemental sulfur (S8) or sulfur transfer reagents, yielding the target DNA phosphorothioate dimers in good yield (up to 80 % over two steps). This work opens the door to creation of solvent-free synthesis methodologies for DNA and RNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Daniel O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Masad J Damha
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
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11
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Dayaker G, Tan D, Biggins N, Shelam A, Do JL, Katsenis AD, Friščić T. Catalytic Room-Temperature C-N Coupling of Amides and Isocyanates by Using Mechanochemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2966-2972. [PMID: 32222112 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A mechanochemical route is developed for room-temperature and solvent-free derivatization of different types of amides into carbamoyl isatins (up to 96 % conversion or yield), benzamides (up to 81 % yield), and imides (up to 92 % yield). In solution, this copper-catalyzed coupling either does not take place or requires high temperatures at which it may also be competing with alternative thermal reactivity, highlighting the beneficial role of mechanochemistry for this reaction. Such behavior resembles the previously investigated coupling with sulfonamide substrates, suggesting that this type of C-N coupling is an example of a mechanochemically favored reaction, for which mechanochemistry appears to be a favored environment over solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gandrath Dayaker
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CCVC/CGCC), 801 Sherbrooke St. W., H31 0B8, Montreal, Canada
| | - Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CCVC/CGCC), 801 Sherbrooke St. W., H31 0B8, Montreal, Canada
| | - Naomi Biggins
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CCVC/CGCC), 801 Sherbrooke St. W., H31 0B8, Montreal, Canada
| | - Asha Shelam
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CCVC/CGCC), 801 Sherbrooke St. W., H31 0B8, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Do
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CCVC/CGCC), 801 Sherbrooke St. W., H31 0B8, Montreal, Canada
| | - Athanassios D Katsenis
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CCVC/CGCC), 801 Sherbrooke St. W., H31 0B8, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CCVC/CGCC), 801 Sherbrooke St. W., H31 0B8, Montreal, Canada
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Kaabel S, Friščić T, Auclair K. Mechanoenzymatic Transformations in the Absence of Bulk Water: A More Natural Way of Using Enzymes. Chembiochem 2019; 21:742-758. [PMID: 31651073 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kaabel
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- Laboratoire SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068 Université de Toulouse UPS 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Hatem M. Titi
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
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14
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Friščić T, Mottillo C, Titi HM. Mechanochemistry for Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1018-1029. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- Laboratoire SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068 Université de Toulouse UPS 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Hatem M. Titi
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
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Varnava KG, Sarojini V. Making Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis Greener: A Review of the Literature. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1088-1097. [PMID: 30681290 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To date, the synthesis of peptides is concurrent with the production of enormous amounts of toxic waste. DMF, CH2 Cl2 , and NMP are three of the most toxic organic solvents used in chemical synthesis and are the most common solvents used for peptide synthesis. Additionally, concerns about the hepatotoxicity caused by exposure to DMF and from the toxic and allergenic nature of additives used in peptide synthesis necessitates the need for a green, environmentally friendly, and safer protocol for peptide synthesis. This review summarizes the current literature on green solid-phase peptide synthesis successes and challenges encountered. The review concludes with suggestions for future research towards a simple and efficient green peptide synthesis protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos G Varnava
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Bjelopetrović A, Lukin S, Halasz I, Užarević K, Đilović I, Barišić D, Budimir A, Juribašić Kulcsár M, Ćurić M. Mechanism of Mechanochemical C−H Bond Activation in an Azobenzene Substrate by PdII
Catalysts. Chemistry 2018; 24:10672-10682. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alen Bjelopetrović
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ivica Đilović
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Zagreb; Horvatovac 102a 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Dajana Barišić
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ana Budimir
- Division of General and Inorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1; 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | | | - Manda Ćurić
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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Bolm C, Hernández JG. From Synthesis of Amino Acids and Peptides to Enzymatic Catalysis: A Bottom-Up Approach in Mechanochemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:1410-1420. [PMID: 29436773 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, chemical reactions induced or facilitated by mechanical energy have gained recognition in diverse areas of chemical synthesis. In particular, mechanosyntheses of amino acids and short peptides, along with their applications in catalysis, have revealed the high degree of stability of peptide bonds in environments of harsh mechanical stress. These observations quickly led to the recent interest in developing mechanochemical enzymatic reactions. Experimentally, manual grinding, ball-milling techniques, and twin-screw extrusion technology have proven valuable to convey mechanical forces into a chemical synthesis. These practices have enabled the establishment of more sustainable alternatives for chemical synthesis by reducing the use of organic solvents and waste production, thereby having a direct impact on the E-factor of the chemical process. In this Minireview, the series of events that allowed the development of mechanochemical enzymatic reactions are described from a bottom-up perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - José G Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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18
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Kumar R, Kumar S, Pandey MK, Kashid VS, Radhakrishna L, Balakrishna MS. Synthesis of Phosphine Chalcogenides Under Solvent-Free Conditions Using a Rotary Ball Mill. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Kumar
- Phosphorus Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai 400076 Mumbai India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Phosphorus Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai 400076 Mumbai India
| | - Madhusudan K. Pandey
- Phosphorus Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai 400076 Mumbai India
| | - Vitthalrao S. Kashid
- Phosphorus Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai 400076 Mumbai India
| | - Latchupatula Radhakrishna
- Phosphorus Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai 400076 Mumbai India
| | - Maravanji S. Balakrishna
- Phosphorus Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai 400076 Mumbai India
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Bolm C, Mocci R, Schumacher C, Turberg M, Puccetti F, Hernández JG. Mechanochemical Activation of Iron Cyano Complexes: A Prebiotic Impact Scenario for the Synthesis of α-Amino Acid Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2423-2426. [PMID: 29334423 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical activation of iron cyano complexes by ball milling results in the formation of HCN, which can be trapped and incorporated into α-aminonitriles. This prebiotic impact scenario can be extended by mechanochemically transforming the resulting α-aminonitriles into α-amino amides using a chemical route related to early Earth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rita Mocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554 bivio per Sestu, 09028, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Turberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - José G Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Bolm C, Mocci R, Schumacher C, Turberg M, Puccetti F, Hernández JG. Mechanochemical Activation of Iron Cyano Complexes: A Prebiotic Impact Scenario for the Synthesis of α-Amino Acid Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Rita Mocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria; SS 554 bivio per Sestu 09028 Monserrato (CA) Italy
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Mathias Turberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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21
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Mocci R, Luca LD, Delogu F, Porcheddu A. An Environmentally Sustainable Mechanochemical Route to Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mocci
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; SS 554 bivio per Sestu 09042 Monserrato (Ca Italy
| | - Lidia De Luca
- Università degli Studi di Sassari, Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia; via Vienna 2 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica, e dei Materiali; via Marengo 2 09123 Cagliari Italy
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; SS 554 bivio per Sestu 09042 Monserrato (Ca Italy
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Hernández JG, Turberg M, Schiffers I, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Strecker Reaction: Access to α-Aminonitriles and Tetrahydroisoquinolines under Ball-Milling Conditions. Chemistry 2016; 22:14513-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Mathias Turberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ingo Schiffers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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Porte V, Thioloy M, Pigoux T, Métro TX, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Peptide Mechanosynthesis by Direct Coupling of N
-Protected α-Amino Acids with Amino Esters. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Porte
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247; Université de Montpellier; CNRS; ENSCM; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Marion Thioloy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247; Université de Montpellier; CNRS; ENSCM; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Titouan Pigoux
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247; Université de Montpellier; CNRS; ENSCM; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Thomas-Xavier Métro
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247; Université de Montpellier; CNRS; ENSCM; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247; Université de Montpellier; CNRS; ENSCM; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247; Université de Montpellier; CNRS; ENSCM; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
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24
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Hernández JG, Frings M, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols under Ball-Milling Conditions. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Marcus Frings
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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Beillard A, Golliard E, Gillet V, Bantreil X, Métro TX, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Expedient Mechanosynthesis of N,N-Dialkyl Imidazoliums and Silver(I)-Carbene Complexes in a Ball-Mill. Chemistry 2015; 21:17614-7. [PMID: 26489706 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The absence of solvent, associated with intensive mechanical agitation, allowed the first mechanosynthesis of high-value silver(I)-carbene complexes and the corresponding N,N-dialkylimidazolium precursors. This procedure gave outstanding results in terms of yield and reaction time, when compared to solution-based conditions previously described in literature, and was generalized to unprecedented compounds. Silver(I)-carbene complexes could either be obtained from N,N-dialkylimidazolium salts or directly from imidazole and alkyl halides in a one-pot two-step procedure without isolating the imidazolium intermediate. Additionally, an efficient one-pot three-step sequence, including imidazole alkylation, silver metalation, and transmetalation is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beillard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 (France)
| | - Ethan Golliard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 (France)
| | - Valentin Gillet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 (France)
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 (France).
| | - Thomas-Xavier Métro
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 (France).
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 (France)
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 (France).
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26
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Métro TX, Bonnamour J, Reidon T, Duprez A, Sarpoulet J, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Comprehensive study of the organic-solvent-free CDI-mediated acylation of various nucleophiles by mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2015; 21:12787-96. [PMID: 26177831 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acylation reactions are ubiquitous in the synthesis of natural products and biologically active compounds. Unfortunately, these reactions often require the use of large quantities of volatile and/or toxic solvents, either for the reaction, purification or isolation of the products. Herein we describe and discuss the possibility of completely eliminating the use of organic solvents for the synthesis, purification and isolation of products resulting from the acylation of amines and other nucleophiles. Thus, utilisation of N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) allows efficient coupling between carboxylic acids and various nucleophiles under solvent-free mechanical agitation, and water-assisted grinding enables both the purification and isolation of pure products. Critical parameters such as the physical state and water solubility of the products, milling material, type of agitation (vibratory or planetary) as well as contamination from wear are analysed and discussed. In addition, original organic-solvent-free conditions are proposed to overcome the limitations of this approach. The calculations of various green metrics are included, highlighting the particularly low environmental impact of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas-Xavier Métro
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France).
| | - Julien Bonnamour
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Thomas Reidon
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Anthony Duprez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Jordi Sarpoulet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France).
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Kumar V, Giri SK, Venugopalan P, Kartha KPR. Synthesis of Cross-Linked Glycopeptides and Ureas by a Mechanochemical, Solvent-Free Reaction and Determination of Their Structural Properties by TEM and X-ray Crystallography. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Popovic S, Bieräugel H, Detz RJ, Kluwer AM, Koole JAA, Streefkerk DE, Hiemstra H, van Maarseveen JH. Epimerization-Free C-Terminal Peptide Activation. Chemistry 2013; 19:16934-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Liu S, Yang Y, Liu X, Ferdousi FK, Batsanov AS, Whiting A. Direct Amidation of Amino Acid Derivatives Catalyzed by Arylboronic Acids: Applications in Dipeptide Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schröder H, Strohmeier GA, Leypold M, Nuijens T, Quaedflieg PJLM, Breinbauer R. Racemization-Free Chemoenzymatic Peptide Synthesis Enabled by the Ruthenium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Peptide Enol EstersviaAlkyne-Addition and Subsequent Conversion Using Alcalase-Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Nun P, Pérez V, Calmès M, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Preparation of Chiral Amino Esters by Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalyzed Alkylations of Schiff Bases in a Ball Mill. Chemistry 2012; 18:3773-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Schmidt R, Thorwirth R, Szuppa T, Stolle A, Ondruschka B, Hopf H. Fast, Ligand- and Solvent-Free Synthesis of 1,4-Substituted Buta-1,3-diynes by Cu-Catalyzed Homocoupling of Terminal Alkynes in a Ball Mill. Chemistry 2011; 17:8129-38. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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