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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Armido Studer
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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Leifert D, Studer A. The Persistent Radical Effect in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:74-108. [PMID: 31116479 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radical-radical couplings are mostly nearly diffusion-controlled processes. Therefore, the selective cross-coupling of two different radicals is challenging and not a synthetically valuable transformation. However, if the radicals have different lifetimes and if they are generated at equal rates, cross-coupling will become the dominant process. This high cross-selectivity is based on a kinetic phenomenon called the persistent radical effect (PRE). In this Review, an explanation of the PRE supported by simulations of simple model systems is provided. Radical stabilities are discussed within the context of their lifetimes, and various examples of PRE-mediated radical-radical couplings in synthesis are summarized. It is shown that the PRE is not restricted to the coupling of a persistent with a transient radical. If one coupling partner is longer-lived than the other transient radical, the PRE operates and high cross-selectivity is achieved. This important point expands the scope of PRE-mediated radical chemistry. The Review is divided into two parts, namely 1) the coupling of persistent or longer-lived organic radicals and 2) "radical-metal crossover reactions"; here, metal-centered radical species and more generally longer-lived transition-metal complexes that are able to react with radicals are discussed-a field that has flourished recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Qiu J, Huo D, Xue J, Zhu G, Liu H, Xia Y. Encapsulation of a Phase‐Change Material in Nanocapsules with a Well‐Defined Hole in the Wall for the Controlled Release of Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10606-10611. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jichuan Qiu
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 P. R. China
| | - Da Huo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Jiajia Xue
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 P. R. China
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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Qiu J, Huo D, Xue J, Zhu G, Liu H, Xia Y. Encapsulation of a Phase‐Change Material in Nanocapsules with a Well‐Defined Hole in the Wall for the Controlled Release of Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jichuan Qiu
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 P. R. China
| | - Da Huo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Jiajia Xue
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 P. R. China
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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Prince BM, Cundari TR. Computational Study of Methane C–H Activation by Earth-Abundant Metal Amide/Aminyl Complexes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M. Prince
- Center
for Catalysis Computational Research (3CR), Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department
of Chemistry, CASCaM, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle,
#305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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Rodríguez-Lugo RE, de Bruin B, Trincado M, Grützmacher H. A Stable Aminyl Radical Coordinated to Cobalt. Chemistry 2017; 23:6795-6802. [PMID: 28164405 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A family of cobalt complexes bearing the trop2 NH [bis(5-H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-yl)-amine] and 2,2'-bpy (2,2'-bipyridine) chelate ligands were prepared and fully characterized. The compounds [Co(trop2 N)(bpy)], [Co(trop2 NH)(bpy)]+ , and [Co(trop2 N)(bpy)]+ are cobalt complexes interrelated by one-electron redox processes and/or proton transfer. Two limiting resonance structures can be used to describe the paramagnetic complex [Co(trop2 N)(bpy)]+ : [CoII (trop2 N- )(bpy)]+ (CoII amido) and [CoI (trop2 N⋅ )(bpy)]+ (CoI -aminyl radical). Structural data, DFT calculations, and reactivity toward H-abstraction indicate a slightly higher contribution of the aminyl radical form to the ground state of [Co(trop2 N)(bpy)]+ . The results described here complete the series of Group 9 metal aminyl radical complexes bearing the diolefin amine ligand trop2 NH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael E Rodríguez-Lugo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Current address: Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Altos de Pipe, 1020-A, Caracas, Venezuela.,Current address: Departamento de Química, Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB), Valle de Sartenejas, 1080-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Trincado
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ehret F, Bubrin M, Záliš S, Kaim W. Metal-Chelating N,N'-Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)acetamidinyl Radical: A New Chromophore for the Near-Infrared Region. Chemistry 2015; 21:12275-8. [PMID: 26179080 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new non-innocent ligand redox system, N,N'-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl) substituted acetamidinato/acetamidinyl, has been designed and described by example of structurally and spectroscopically characterized ruthenium complexes. The hitherto unreported ligand is responsible for rather intense and narrow absorptions in the near-infrared region of the one- and two-electron oxidized forms. The spectroscopic, computational, and first structural characterization of an amidinyl radical complex adds to the list of established N-based radical ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ehret
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70550 Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Martina Bubrin
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70550 Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Stanislav Záliš
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague (Czech Republic)
| | - Wolfgang Kaim
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70550 Stuttgart (Germany).
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Gloaguen Y, Rebreyend C, Lutz M, Kumar P, Huber M, van der Vlugt JI, Schneider S, de Bruin B. An Isolated Nitridyl Radical-Bridged {Rh(N.)Rh} Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6814-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gloaguen Y, Rebreyend C, Lutz M, Kumar P, Huber M, van der Vlugt JI, Schneider S, de Bruin B. An Isolated Nitridyl Radical-Bridged {Rh(N.)Rh} Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Olivos Suarez AI, Lyaskovskyy V, Reek JNH, van der Vlugt JI, de Bruin B. Komplexe mit Stickstoffradikalliganden: Einteilung, spektroskopische Eigenschaften, Reaktivität und katalytische Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Suarez AIO, Lyaskovskyy V, Reek JNH, van der Vlugt JI, de Bruin B. Complexes with Nitrogen-Centered Radical Ligands: Classification, Spectroscopic Features, Reactivity, and Catalytic Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12510-29. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Xing J, Chen G, Cao P, Liao J. Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Indolylnitroalkenes. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wiese S, Badiei YM, Gephart RT, Mossin S, Varonka MS, Melzer MM, Meyer K, Cundari TR, Warren TH. Catalytic CH Amination with Unactivated Amines through Copper(II) Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wiese S, Badiei YM, Gephart RT, Mossin S, Varonka MS, Melzer MM, Meyer K, Cundari TR, Warren TH. Catalytic CH Amination with Unactivated Amines through Copper(II) Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:8850-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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