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Vránová I, Alonso M, Jambor R, Růžička A, Turek J, Dostál L. Different Products of the Reduction of (N),C,N-Chelated Antimony(III) Compounds: Competitive Formation of Monomeric Stibinidenes versus 1H-2,1-Benzazastiboles. Chemistry 2017; 23:2340-2349. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Vránová
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Turek
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
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Vránová I, Alonso M, Jambor R, Růžička A, Erben M, Dostál L. Stibinidene and Bismuthinidene as Two‐Electron Donors for Transition Metals (Co and Mn). Chemistry 2016; 22:7376-80. [PMID: 26994732 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Vránová
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC) Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Milan Erben
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
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Charge Density and Chemical Bonding. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2015_199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Henn J, Meindl K. Statistical tests against systematic errors in data sets based on the equality of residual means and variances from control samples: theory and applications. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA A-FOUNDATION AND ADVANCES 2015; 71:203-11. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273314027363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Statistical tests are applied for the detection of systematic errors in data sets from least-squares refinements or other residual-based reconstruction processes. Samples of the residuals of the data are tested against the hypothesis that they belong to the same distribution. For this it is necessary that they show the same mean values and variances within the limits given by statistical fluctuations. When the samples differ significantly from each other, they are not from the same distribution within the limits set by the significance level. Therefore they cannot originate from a single Gaussian function in this case. It is shown that a significance cutoff results in exactly this case. Significance cutoffs are still frequently used in charge-density studies. The tests are applied to artificial data with and without systematic errors and to experimental data from the literature.
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Henn J, Meindl K. About systematic errors in charge-density studies. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA A-FOUNDATION AND ADVANCES 2014; 70:248-56. [PMID: 24815974 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273314000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The formerly introduced theoretical R values [Henn & Schönleber (2013). Acta Cryst. A69, 549-558] are used to develop a relative indicator of systematic errors in model refinements, R(meta), and applied to published charge-density data. The counter of R(meta) gives an absolute measure of systematic errors in percentage points. The residuals (Io - Ic)/σ(Io) of published data are examined. It is found that most published models correspond to residual distributions that are not consistent with the assumption of a Gaussian distribution. The consistency with a Gaussian distribution, however, is important, as the model parameter estimates and their standard uncertainties from a least-squares procedure are valid only under this assumption. The effect of correlations introduced by the structure model is briefly discussed with the help of artificial data and discarded as a source of serious correlations in the examined example. Intensity and significance cutoffs applied in the refinement procedure are found to be mechanisms preventing residual distributions from becoming Gaussian. Model refinements against artificial data yield zero or close-to-zero values for R(meta) when the data are not truncated and small negative values in the case of application of a moderate cutoff Io > 0. It is well known from the literature that the application of cutoff values leads to model bias [Hirshfeld & Rabinovich (1973). Acta Cryst. A29, 510-513].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrin Meindl
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixach 15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Schwedtmann K, Holthausen MH, Feldmann KO, Weigand JJ. NHC-Mediated Synthesis of an Asymmetric, Cationic Phosphoranide, a Phosphanide, and Coinage-Metal Phosphanido Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schwedtmann K, Holthausen MH, Feldmann KO, Weigand JJ. NHC-mediated synthesis of an asymmetric, cationic phosphoranide, a phosphanide, and coinage-metal phosphanido complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:14204-8. [PMID: 24259151 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schwedtmann
- Professur für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany)
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Objartel I, Leusser D, Engelhardt F, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D. Coordination Abilities of Di-2-picolylphenylphosphane Judged on the Basis of Charge Density Investigations. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Herbst-Irmer R, Henn J, Holstein JJ, Hübschle CB, Dittrich B, Stern D, Kratzert D, Stalke D. Anharmonic motion in experimental charge density investigations. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:633-41. [PMID: 23241030 DOI: 10.1021/jp309985e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the charge density study of 9-diphenylthiophosphinoylanthracene the thermal motion of several atoms needed an anharmonic description via Gram-Charlier coefficients even for data collected at 15 K. As several data sets at different temperatures were measured, this anharmonic model could be proved to be superior to a disorder model. Refinements against theoretical data showed the resemblance of an anharmonic model and a disorder model with two positions very close to each other (~0.2 Å), whereas these two models could be clearly distinguished if the second position is 0.5 Å apart. The refined multipole parameters were distorted when the anharmonic motion was not properly refined. Therefore, this study reveals the importance of detecting and properly handling anharmonic motion. Unrefined anharmonic motion leads to typical shashlik-like residual density patterns. Therefore, careful analysis of the residual density and the derived probability density function after the refinement of the Gram-Charlier coefficients proved to be the most useful tools to indicate the presence of anharmonic motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Dube JW, Macdonald CLB, Ragogna PJ. Accessing the Coordination Chemistry of Phosphorus(I) Zwitterions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:13026-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dube JW, Macdonald CLB, Ragogna PJ. Accessing the Coordination Chemistry of Phosphorus(I) Zwitterions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Some Main Group Chemical Perceptions in the Light of Experimental Charge Density Investigations. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2011_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Sen SS, Hey J, Eckhardt M, Herbst-Irmer R, Maedl E, Mata RA, Roesky HW, Scheer M, Stalke D. A Stable Cation of a CSi3P Five-Membered Ring with a Weakly Coordinating Chloride Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201104146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sen SS, Hey J, Eckhardt M, Herbst-Irmer R, Maedl E, Mata RA, Roesky HW, Scheer M, Stalke D. A Stable Cation of a CSi3P Five-Membered Ring with a Weakly Coordinating Chloride Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12510-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
This paper provides a short introduction to the basics of electron density investigations. The two predominant approaches for the modelling and various interpretations of electron density distributions are presented. Their potential translations into chemical concepts are explained. The focus of the article lies on the deduction of chemical properties from charge density studies in some selected main group compounds. The relationship between the obtained numerical data and commonly accepted simple chemical concepts unfortunately is not always straightforward, and often the chemist relies on heuristic connections rather than rigorously defined ones. This article tries to demonstrate how charge density analyses can shed light on aspects of chemical bonding and reactivity resulting from the determined bonding situation. Sometimes this helps to identify misconceptions and sets the scene for new unconventional synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Kling C, Leusser D, Stey T, Stalke D. Flexibility First—A Janus-Head Ligand in Iron Coordination. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om2002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kling
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Leusser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Stey
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Meinholz MM, Pandey SK, Deuerlein SM, Stalke D. Access to new Janus head ligands: linking sulfur diimides and phosphanes for hemilabile tripodal scorpionates. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:1662-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Objartel I, Pott NA, John M, Stalke D. Coordination Site Selective Janus Head Ligands. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om1005885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Objartel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils A. Pott
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael John
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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