1
|
Fath V, Lau P, Greve C, Weller P, Kockmann N, Röder T. Simultaneous self-optimisation of yield and purity through successive combination of inline FT-IR spectroscopy and online mass spectrometry in flow reactions. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSelf-optimisation constitutes a very helpful tool for chemical process development, both in lab and in industrial applications. However, research on the application of model-free autonomous optimisation strategies (based on experimental investigation) for complex reactions of high industrial significance, which involve considerable intermediate and by-product formation, is still in an early stage. This article describes the development of an enhanced autonomous microfluidic reactor platform for organolithium and epoxide reactions that incorporates a successive combination of inline FT-IR spectrometer and online mass spectrometer. Experimental data is collected in real-time and used as feedback for the optimisation algorithms (modified Simplex algorithm and Design of Experiments) without time delay. An efficient approach to handle intricate optimisation problems is presented, where the inline FT-IR measurements are used to monitor the reaction’s main components, whereas the mass spectrometer’s high sensitivity permits insights into the formation of by-products. To demonstrate the platform’s flexibility, optimal reaction conditions of two organic syntheses are identified. Both pose several challenges, as complex reaction mechanisms are involved, leading to a large number of variable parameters, and a considerable amount of by-products is generated under non-ideal process conditions. Through multidimensional real-time optimisation, the platform supersedes labor- and cost-intensive work-up procedures, while diminishing waste generation, too. Thus, it renders production processes more efficient and contributes to their overall sustainability.
Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
2
|
Vasudevan N, Wimmer E, Barré E, Cortés‐Borda D, Rodriguez‐Zubiri M, Felpin F. Direct C−H Arylation of Indole‐3‐Acetic Acid Derivatives Enabled by an Autonomous Self‐Optimizing Flow Reactor. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Vasudevan
- Université de Nantes CNRS CEISAM UMR 6230 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes France
| | - Eric Wimmer
- Université de Nantes CNRS CEISAM UMR 6230 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes France
| | - Elvina Barré
- Université de Nantes CNRS CEISAM UMR 6230 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes France
| | - Daniel Cortés‐Borda
- Université de Nantes CNRS CEISAM UMR 6230 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fath V, Kockmann N, Otto J, Röder T. Self-optimising processes and real-time-optimisation of organic syntheses in a microreactor system using Nelder–Mead and design of experiments. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00081g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Comparing an enhanced simplex algorithm with model-free design of experiments, this work presents a flexible platform for multi-objective, real-time optimisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fath
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- Equipment Design
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- Equipment Design
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Jürgen Otto
- Institute for Applied Thermo- and Fluid Dynamics
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences
- 68163 Mannheim
- Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences
- 68163 Mannheim
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Santi M, Seitz J, Cicala R, Hardwick T, Ahmed N, Wirth T. Memory of Chirality in Flow Electrochemistry: Fast Optimisation with DoE and Online 2D‐HPLC. Chemistry 2019; 25:16230-16235. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Micol Santi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Jakob Seitz
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Rossana Cicala
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Tomas Hardwick
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Soldatova NS, Postnikov PS, Yusubov MS, Wirth T. Flow Synthesis of Iodonium Trifluoroacetates through Direct Oxidation of Iodoarenes by Oxone®. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S. Soldatova
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences; Tomsk Polytechnic University; 634034 Tomsk Russian Federation
| | - Pavel S. Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences; Tomsk Polytechnic University; 634034 Tomsk Russian Federation
- Department of Solid State Engineering; Institute of Chemical Technology; 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Mekhman S. Yusubov
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences; Tomsk Polytechnic University; 634034 Tomsk Russian Federation
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mándity IM, Ötvös SB, Fülöp F. Strategic Application of Residence-Time Control in Continuous-Flow Reactors. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:212-23. [PMID: 26246983 PMCID: PMC4522171 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a sustainable alternative for conventional batch-based synthetic techniques, the concept of continuous-flow processing has emerged in the synthesis of fine chemicals. Systematic tuning of the residence time, a key parameter of continuous-reaction technology, can govern the outcome of a chemical reaction by determining the reaction rate and the conversion and by influencing the product selectivity. This review furnishes a brief insight into flow reactions in which high chemo- and/or stereoselectivity can be attained by strategic residence-time control and illustrates the importance of the residence time as a crucial parameter in sustainable method development. Such a fine reaction control cannot be performed in conventional batch reaction set-ups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- István M Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of SzegedEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of SzegedEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of SciencesEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of SzegedEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of SciencesEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Benz C, Boomhoff M, Appun J, Schneider C, Belder D. Chip-Based Free-Flow Electrophoresis with Integrated Nanospray Mass-Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2766-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
8
|
Benz C, Boomhoff M, Appun J, Schneider C, Belder D. Chip-basierte Freiflusselektrophorese mit integrierter Nanospray-Massenspektrometrie-Kopplung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Mándity IM, Olasz B, Ötvös SB, Fülöp F. Continuous-flow solid-phase peptide synthesis: a revolutionary reduction of the amino acid excess. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:3172-3176. [PMID: 25196512 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient continuous-flow technique for the synthesis of peptides was developed. The method allows the application of only 1.5 equivalents of amino acids during coupling, while yielding virtually quantitative conversions. A mesoscale reactor was constructed which permits the use of high temperature and pressure during the synthesis. A complete reaction parameter optimization was carried out. Under the optimum conditions, the couplings of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids were achieved with 1.5 amino acid equivalents with quantitative conversions. As a demonstration of the efficiency of the methodology, difficult sequences and β-peptide foldamers with alicyclic side-chains were synthetized in excellent yields and with lower costs thanks to the lower amounts of amino acid and solvent used. By this the synthesis is highly economic and sustainable. Importantly, exotic and expensive artificial amino acids were incorporated into peptidic sequences by the utilization of a reasonable number of amino acid equivalents. The synthesis can be performed in quantities of microgram to gram in an automated way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- István M Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged (Hungary)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hessel V, Kralisch D, Kockmann N, Noël T, Wang Q. Novel process windows for enabling, accelerating, and uplifting flow chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:746-89. [PMID: 23606410 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel Process Windows make use of process conditions that are far from conventional practices. This involves the use of high temperatures, high pressures, high concentrations (solvent-free), new chemical transformations, explosive conditions, and process simplification and integration to boost synthetic chemistry on both the laboratory and production scale. Such harsh reaction conditions can be safely reached in microstructured reactors due to their excellent transport intensification properties. This Review discusses the different routes towards Novel Process Windows and provides several examples for each route grouped into different classes of chemical and process-design intensification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO BOX 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ötvös SB, Mándity IM, Kiss L, Fülöp F. Alkyne-azide cycloadditions with copper powder in a high-pressure continuous-flow reactor: high-temperature conditions versus the role of additives. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:800-8. [PMID: 23404792 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201201125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A safe and efficient flow-chemistry-based procedure is presented for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between organic azides and acetylenes. This simple and inexpensive technique eliminates the need for costly special apparatus and utilizes Cu powder as a plausible Cu(I) source. To maximize the reaction rates, high-pressure/high-temperature conditions are utilized; alternatively, the harsh reaction conditions can be moderated at room temperature by the joint application of basic and acidic additives. A comparison of the performance of these two approaches in a series of model reactions has resulted in the formation of useful 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in excellent yields. The risks that are associated with the handling of azides are lowered, thanks to the benefits of flow processing, and gram-scale production has been safely implemented. The synthetic capability of this continuous-flow technique is demonstrated by the efficient syntheses of some highly functionalized derivatives of the antifungal cispentacin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nagaki A, Takabayashi N, Moriwaki Y, Yoshida JI. Flash Generation of a Highly Reactive Pd Catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling by Using a Flow Microreactor. Chemistry 2012; 18:11871-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
13
|
Zak J, Ron D, Riva E, Harding HP, Cross BCS, Baxendale IR. Establishing a flow process to coumarin-8-carbaldehydes as important synthetic scaffolds. Chemistry 2012; 18:9901-10. [PMID: 22782929 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite their usefulness as fluorophores and synthetic precursors, efficient and reliable routes to coumarin-8-carbaldehydes are lacking. We describe here a high-yielding continuous flow synthesis that requires no manual intermediate purification or work-up, giving access to multigram quantities of the aldehyde product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Zak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kurahashi K, Takemoto Y, Takasu K. Room-temperature, acid-catalyzed [2+2] cycloadditions: suppression of side reactions by using a flow microreactor system. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:270-273. [PMID: 22034384 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kurahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Otvös SB, Mándity IM, Fülöp F. Highly efficient 1,4-addition of aldehydes to nitroolefins: organocatalysis in continuous flow by solid-supported peptidic catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:266-269. [PMID: 22298413 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Otvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ohla S, Beyreiss R, Fritzsche S, Glaser P, Nagl S, Stockhausen K, Schneider C, Belder D. Monitoring On-Chip Pictet-Spengler Reactions by Integrated Analytical Separation and Label-Free Time-Resolved Fluorescence. Chemistry 2011; 18:1240-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
17
|
Fritzsche S, Ohla S, Glaser P, Giera DS, Sickert M, Schneider C, Belder D. Asymmetric Organocatalysis and Analysis on a Single Microfluidic Nanospray Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9467-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
18
|
Fritzsche S, Ohla S, Glaser P, Giera DS, Sickert M, Schneider C, Belder D. Asymmetrische Organokatalyse und Analyse in einem mikrofluidischen Nanospray-Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
19
|
Pashkova A, Greiner L. Towards Small-Scale Continuous Chemical Production: Technology Gaps and Challenges. CHEM-ING-TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|