1
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Zhou Q, Dong X, Chi G, Cao XY, Zhang N, Wu S, Ma Y, Zhang ZH, Zhang L. Cinquefoil Knot Possessing Dynamic and Tunable Metal Coordination. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22405-22412. [PMID: 39099103 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
While the majority of knots are made from the metal-template approach, the use of entangled, constrained knotted loops to modulate the coordination of the metal ions remains inadequately elucidated. Here, we report on the coordination chemistry of a 140-atom-long cinquefoil knotted strand comprising five tridentate and five bidentate chelating vacancies. The knotted loop is prepared through the self-assembly of asymmetric "3 + 2" dentate ligands with copper(II) ions that favor five-coordination geometry. The formation of the copper(II) pentameric helicate is confirmed by X-ray crystallography, while the corresponding copper(II) knot is characterized by XPS and LR-/HR ESI-MS. Upon removal of the original template, the knotted ligand facilitates zinc(II) ions, which typically form four- or six-coordination geometries, resulting in the formation of an otherwise inaccessible zinc(II) metallic knot with coordinatively unsaturated metal centers. The coordination numbers and geometries of the zinc(II) cations are undoubtedly determined by X-ray crystallography. Despite the kinetically labile nature and high reversibility of the zinc(II) complex preventing the detection of 5-to-6 coordination equilibrium in solution, the effects on metal-ion coordination induced by knotting hold promise for fine-tuning the coordination of metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xue Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Guanyu Chi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Ningjin Zhang
- Instrumental Analytical Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201100, P. R. China
| | - Shitao Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yanhang Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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2
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Xu GT, Chang XY, Low KH, Wu LL, Wan Q, Shu HX, To WP, Huang JS, Che CM. Self-Assembly of Molecular Trefoil Knots Featuring Pentadecanuclear Homoleptic Au I -, Au I /Ag I -, or Au I /Cu I -Alkynyl Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200748. [PMID: 35183066 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free and metal-containing molecular trefoil knots are fascinating ensembles that are usually covalently assembled, the latter requiring the rational design of di- or multidentate/multipodal ligands as connectors. In this work, we describe the self-assembly of pentadecanuclear AuI trefoil knots [Au15 (C≡CR)15 ] from monoalkynes HC≡CR (R=9,9-X2 -fluorenyl with X=nBu, n-hexyl) and [AuI (THT)Cl]. Hetero-bimetallic counterparts [Au9 M6 (C≡CR)15 ] (M=Cu/Ag) were self-assembled by reactions of [Au15 (C≡CR)15 ] with [Cu(MeCN)4 ]+ /AgNO3 and HC≡CR. The type of pentadecanuclear trefoil knots described herein is characterized by X-ray crystallography, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. [Au9 Cu6 (C≡CR)15 ] is relatively stable in hexane; its excited state properties were investigated. DFT calculations revealed that non-covalent metal-metal and metal-ligand interactions, together with longer alkyl chain-strengthened inter-ligand dispersion interactions, govern the stability of the trefoil knot structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Tao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liang-Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qingyun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Xing Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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3
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Xu GT, Chang XY, Low KH, Wu LL, Wan Q, Shu HX, To WP, Huang JS, Che CM. Self‐Assembly of Molecular Trefoil Knots Featuring Pentadecanuclear Homoleptic AuI‐, AuI/AgI‐, or AuI/CuI‐Alkynyl Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao-Yong Chang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | | | | | - Qingyun Wan
- The University of Hong Kong Chemistry HONG KONG
| | | | - Wai-Pong To
- The University of Hong Kong Chemistry HONG KONG
| | | | - Chi-Ming Che
- The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road - Hong Kong HONG KONG
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H. G. David
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310021 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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5
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Non‐Covalent Interaction‐Directed Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly of Non‐Trivial Supramolecular Topologies. CHEM REC 2021; 21:574-593. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Van Raden JM, Jarenwattananon NN, Zakharov LN, Jasti R. Active Metal Template Synthesis and Characterization of a Nanohoop [
c
2]Daisy Chain Rotaxane. Chemistry 2020; 26:10205-10209. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Scalvini B, Sheikhhassani V, Woodard J, Aupič J, Dame RT, Jerala R, Mashaghi A. Topology of Folded Molecular Chains: From Single Biomolecules to Engineered Origami. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Alcântara AFP, Fontana LA, Almeida MP, Rigolin VH, Ribeiro MA, Barros WP, Megiatto JD. Control over the Redox Cooperative Mechanism of Radical Carbene Transfer Reactions for the Efficient Active‐Metal‐Template Synthesis of [2]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2020; 26:7808-7822. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur F. P. Alcântara
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano Estrada do Tamboril 56200-000 Ouricuri Brazil
| | - Liniquer A. Fontana
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Marlon P. Almeida
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Vitor H. Rigolin
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Ribeiro
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 29075-910 Vitória Brazil
| | - Wdeson P. Barros
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Jackson D. Megiatto
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
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9
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Modicom F, Jamieson EMG, Rochette E, Goldup SM. Chemical Consequences of the Mechanical Bond: A Tandem Active Template-Rearrangement Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3875-3879. [PMID: 30600892 PMCID: PMC6589916 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the unexpected discovery of a tandem active template CuAAC-rearrangement process, in which N2 is extruded on the way to the 1,2,3-triazole product to give instead acrylamide rotaxanes. Mechanistic investigations suggest this process is dictated by the mechanical bond, which stabilizes the CuI -triazolide intermediate of the CuAAC reaction and diverts it down the rearrangement pathway; when no mechanical bond is formed, the CuAAC product is isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Modicom
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Elise Rochette
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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10
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Modicom F, Jamieson EMG, Rochette E, Goldup SM. Chemical Consequences of the Mechanical Bond: A Tandem Active Template‐Rearrangement Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Modicom
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Elise Rochette
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- ChemistryUniversity of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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11
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Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F, Tetlow DJ, Zhang L. Securing a Supramolecular Architecture by Tying a Stopper Knot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10484-10488. [PMID: 29708636 PMCID: PMC6099318 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on a rotaxane-like architecture secured by the in situ tying of an overhand knot in the tris(2,6-pyridyldicarboxamide) region of the axle through complexation with a lanthanide ion (Lu3+ ). The increase in steric bulk caused by the knotting locks a crown ether onto the thread. Removal of the lutetium ion unties the knot, and when the axle binding site for the ring is deactivated, the macrocycle spontaneously dethreads. When the binding interaction is switched on again, the crown ether rethreads over the 10 nm length of the untangled strand. The overhand knot can be retied, relocking the threaded structure, by once again adding lutetium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | | | - Daniel J. Tetlow
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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12
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Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F, Tetlow DJ, Zhang L. Securing a Supramolecular Architecture by Tying a Stopper Knot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | | | - Daniel J. Tetlow
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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13
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Denis M, Qin L, Turner P, Jolliffe KA, Goldup SM. A Fluorescent Ditopic Rotaxane Ion-Pair Host. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5315-5319. [PMID: 29393993 PMCID: PMC5947583 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a rotaxane based on a simple urea motif that binds Cl- selectively as a separated ion pair with H+ and reports the anion binding event through a fluorescence switch-on response. The host selectively binds Cl- over more basic anions, which deprotonate the framework, and less basic anions, which bind more weakly. The mechanical bond also imparts size selectivity to the ditopic host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Denis
- ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Lei Qin
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Peter Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
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14
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Bloch WM, Holstein JJ, Dittrich B, Hiller W, Clever GH. Hierarchical Assembly of an Interlocked M 8 L 16 Container. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5534-5538. [PMID: 29392809 PMCID: PMC5947565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of eight PdII cations and sixteen phenanthrene-derived bridging ligands with 60° bite angles yielded a novel M8 L16 metallosupramolecular architecture composed of two interlocked D4h -symmetric barrel-shaped containers. Mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray analysis revealed this self-assembled structure to be a very large "Hopf link" catenane featuring channel-like cavities, which are occupied by NO3- anions. The importance of the anions as catenation templates became imminent when we observed the nitrate-triggered structural rearrangement of a mixture of M3 L6 and M4 L8 assemblies formed in the presence of BF4- anions into the same interlocked molecule. Furthermore, the densely packed structure of the M8 L16 catenane was exploited in the preparation of a hexyloxy-functionalized analogue, which further self-assembled into vesicle-like aggregates in a reversible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold M. Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced NanomaterialsSchool of Physical SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Structural ChemistryHeinrich-Heine University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
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15
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Denis M, Pancholi J, Jobe K, Watkinson M, Goldup SM. Chelating Rotaxane Ligands as Fluorescent Sensors for Metal Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5310-5314. [PMID: 29537728 PMCID: PMC5947674 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although metal-ion-binding interlocked molecules have been under intense investigation for over three decades, their application as scaffolds for the development of sensors for metal ions remains underexplored. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of simple rotaxanes as metal-ion-responsive ligand scaffolds through the development of a proof-of-concept selective sensor for Zn2+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Denis
- ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Jessica Pancholi
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Kajally Jobe
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Michael Watkinson
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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16
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Denis M, Pancholi J, Jobe K, Watkinson M, Goldup SM. Chelating Rotaxane Ligands as Fluorescent Sensors for Metal Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Denis
- Chemistry; University of Southampton; Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Jessica Pancholi
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Kajally Jobe
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Michael Watkinson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Chemistry; University of Southampton; Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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17
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Bloch WM, Holstein JJ, Dittrich B, Hiller W, Clever GH. Hierarchischer Aufbau eines verflochtenen M8L16-Containers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Witold M. Bloch
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials; School of Physical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australien
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf; Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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18
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Denis M, Qin L, Turner P, Jolliffe KA, Goldup SM. A Fluorescent Ditopic Rotaxane Ion-Pair Host. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Denis
- Chemistry; University of Southampton; Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Lei Qin
- School of Chemistry; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Peter Turner
- School of Chemistry; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | | | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Chemistry; University of Southampton; Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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19
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Abstract
The first synthetic molecular trefoil knot was prepared in the late 1980s. However, it is only in the last few years that more complex small-molecule knot topologies have been realized through chemical synthesis. The steric restrictions imposed on molecular strands by knotting can impart significant physical and chemical properties, including chirality, strong and selective ion binding, and catalytic activity. As the number and complexity of accessible molecular knot topologies increases, it will become increasingly useful for chemists to adopt the knot terminology employed by other disciplines. Here we give an overview of synthetic strategies towards molecular knots and outline the principles of knot, braid, and tangle theory appropriate to chemistry and molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. P. Fielden
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
| | - Steffen L. Woltering
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
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21
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Lim JYC, Bunchuay T, Beer PD. Strong and Selective Halide Anion Binding by Neutral Halogen-Bonding [2]Rotaxanes in Wet Organic Solvents. Chemistry 2017; 23:4700-4707. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. C. Lim
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Thanthapatra Bunchuay
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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22
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Cui X, Zhao W, Chen K, Ni XL, Zhang YQ, Tao Z. Outer Surface Interactions of Cucurbit[6]uril That Trigger the Assembly of Supramolecular Three-Dimensional Polycatenanes. Chemistry 2017; 23:2759-2763. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control; School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology; Nanjing 210044 China
| | - Xin-Long Ni
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yuan-Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Zhu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 China
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23
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Baggi G, Loeb SJ. Rotationally Active Ligands: Dialing-Up the Co-conformations of a [2]Rotaxane for Metal Ion Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12533-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Stephen J. Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
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24
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Baggi G, Loeb SJ. Rotationally Active Ligands: Dialing-Up the Co-conformations of a [2]Rotaxane for Metal Ion Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Stephen J. Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
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Yamada Y, Kato T, Tanaka K. Assembly of Multi-Phthalocyanines on a Porphyrin Template by Fourfold Rotaxane Formation. Chemistry 2016; 22:12371-80. [PMID: 27417388 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A stacked assembly composed of a porphyrin and two phthalocyanines was prepared through fourfold rotaxane formation. Two phthalocyanine molecules, bearing four 24-crown-8 units, were assembled onto a porphyrin template incorporating four sidechains with two dialkylammonium ions each through pseudorotaxane formation between crown ether units and ammonium ions. The Staudinger phosphite reaction, as the stoppering reaction, resulted in the formation of the stacked heterotrimer composed of a porphyrin and two phthalocyanines connected through a fourfold rotaxane structure. UV/Vis spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of the heterotrimer indicated that there is a significant electronic interaction between the two phthalocyanine units due to the close stacking. The electrochemical oxidation process of the stacked heterotrimer was studied by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of a dinuclear Cu(II) complex, in which two Cu(II) phthalocyanines were assembled on a metal-free porphyrin template, revealed that two Cu(II) phthalocyanines were located within the stacking distance, which resulted in an antiferromagnetic interaction between the two S=1/2 spins in the ground state of the Cu(2+) ions in the heterotrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan.,Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuhisa Kato
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan.
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Langton MJ, Xiong Y, Beer PD. Active-Metal Template Synthesis of a Halogen-Bonding Rotaxane for Anion Recognition. Chemistry 2015; 21:18910-4. [PMID: 26500150 PMCID: PMC4736451 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of an all-halogen-bonding rotaxane for anion recognition is achieved by using active-metal templation. A flexible bis-iodotriazole-containing macrocycle is exploited for the metal-directed rotaxane synthesis. Endotopic binding of a Cu(I) template facilitates an active-metal CuAAC iodotriazole axle formation reaction that captures the interlocked rotaxane product. Following copper-template removal, exotopic coordination of a more sterically demanding rhenium(I) complex induces an inversion in the conformation of the macrocycle component, directing the iodotriazole halogen-bond donors into the rotaxane's interlocked binding cavity to facilitate anion recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Langton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Yaoyao Xiong
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Paul D Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK).
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenanes: fifty years of molecular links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6110-50. [PMID: 25951013 PMCID: PMC4515087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Half a century after Schill and Lüttringhaus carried out the first directed synthesis of a [2]catenane, a plethora of strategies now exist for the construction of molecular Hopf links (singly interlocked rings), the simplest type of catenane. The precision and effectiveness with which suitable templates and/or noncovalent interactions can arrange building blocks has also enabled the synthesis of intricate and often beautiful higher order interlocked systems, including Solomon links, Borromean rings, and a Star of David catenane. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that exist for synthesizing catenanes in the 21st century and examines their emerging applications and the challenges that still exist for the synthesis of more complex topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net.
| | - Alexander J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenane: fünfzig Jahre molekulare Verschlingungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Cao PF, Mangadlao J, Advincula R. A trefoil knotted polymer produced through ring expansion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5127-31. [PMID: 25728998 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic strategy is reported for the production of a trefoil knotted polymer from a copper(I)-templated helical knot precursor through ring expansion. The expected changes in the properties of the knotted polymer compared to a linear analogue, for example, reduced hydrodynamic radius and lower intrinsic viscosity, together with an atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of individual molecular knots, confirmed the formation of the resulting trefoil knotted polymer. The strategies employed here could be utilized to enrich the variety of available polymers with new architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Cao
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 (USA)
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Cao PF, Mangadlao J, Advincula R. A Trefoil Knotted Polymer Produced through Ring Expansion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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Schouwey C, Holstein JJ, Scopelliti R, Zhurov KO, Nagornov KO, Tsybin YO, Smart OS, Bricogne G, Severin K. Self-Assembly of a Giant Molecular Solomon Link from 30 Subcomponents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Schouwey C, Holstein JJ, Scopelliti R, Zhurov KO, Nagornov KO, Tsybin YO, Smart OS, Bricogne G, Severin K. Self-Assembly of a Giant Molecular Solomon Link from 30 Subcomponents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11261-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prakasam T, Lusi M, Elhabiri M, Platas-Iglesias C, Olsen JC, Asfari Z, Cianférani-Sanglier S, Debaene F, Charbonnière LJ, Trabolsi A. Simultaneous Self-Assembly of a [2]Catenane, a Trefoil Knot, and a Solomon Link from a Simple Pair of Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Prakasam T, Lusi M, Elhabiri M, Platas-Iglesias C, Olsen JC, Asfari Z, Cianférani-Sanglier S, Debaene F, Charbonnière LJ, Trabolsi A. Simultaneous Self-Assembly of a [2]Catenane, a Trefoil Knot, and a Solomon Link from a Simple Pair of Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9956-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Li L, Zhang HY, Zhao J, Li N, Liu Y. Self-Sorting of Four Organic Molecules into a Heterowheel Polypseudorotaxane. Chemistry 2013; 19:6498-506. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kondratuk DV, Perdigao LMA, O'Sullivan MC, Svatek S, Smith G, O'Shea JN, Beton PH, Anderson HL. Two Vernier-Templated Routes to a 24-Porphyrin Nanoring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Kondratuk DV, Perdigao LMA, O'Sullivan MC, Svatek S, Smith G, O'Shea JN, Beton PH, Anderson HL. Two Vernier-Templated Routes to a 24-Porphyrin Nanoring. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6696-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Engelhard DM, Freye S, Grohe K, John M, Clever GH. NMR-Based Structure Determination of an Intertwined Coordination Cage Resembling a Double Trefoil Knot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4747-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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NMR-spektroskopische Strukturaufklärung eines verflochtenen Koordinationskäfigs mit der Form eines doppelten Kleeblattknotens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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