1
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He S, Huang F, Wu Q, Zhang P, Xiong Y, Yang J, Zhang R, Wang F, Chen L, Liu TL, Li F. Multiple‐Site Concerted Proton–Electron Transfer in a Manganese‐Based Complete Functional Model for [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P. R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P. R. China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University College of Chemistry Logan Utah 84318 USA
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 P. R. China
| | - T. Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University College of Chemistry Logan Utah 84318 USA
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
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2
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He S, Huang F, Wu Q, Zhang P, Xiong Y, Yang J, Zhang R, Wang F, Chen L, Liu TL, Li F. Multiple-Site Concerted Proton-Electron Transfer in a Manganese-Based Complete Functional Model for [FeFe]-Hydrogenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25839-25845. [PMID: 34595813 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The active site of [FeFe]-hydrogenase (H2 ase) is preorganized with an amine (azadithiolate) as a proton relay and a [4Fe4S] subunit as an electron reservoir, which together lower the overpotential for proton reduction and hydrogen oxidation by multiple-site concerted proton-electron transfer (MS-CPET). Herein, we report a mononuclear manganese complex, fac-[Mn(CO)3 (6-(2-hydroxyphenol)-2-pyridine-2-quinoline) Br] (1), as a rare model to fully mimic the functions of the H2 ase. In 1, a redox-active bidentate ligand with a pendent phenol replicates the roles of the electron reservoir and the proton relay in the enzyme. Experimental and theoretical studies revealed two consecutive MS-CPET processes in the catalytic cycle, in each of which an electron stored in the reductive ligand and a proton at the proximal phenol moiety are transferred to the Mn center in a concerted way. By virtue of this mechanism, complex 1 exhibited a low overpotential comparable to that of natural enzyme in electrochemical hydrogen production using phenol as a proton source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University College of Chemistry, Logan, Utah, 84318, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - T Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University College of Chemistry, Logan, Utah, 84318, USA
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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3
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Prasad P, Selvan D, Chakraborty S. Biosynthetic Approaches towards the Design of Artificial Hydrogen-Evolution Catalysts. Chemistry 2020; 26:12494-12509. [PMID: 32449989 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen is a clean and sustainable form of fuel that can minimize our heavy dependence on fossil fuels as the primary energy source. The need of finding greener ways to generate H2 gas has ignited interest in the research community to synthesize catalysts that can produce H2 by the reduction of H+ . The natural H2 producing enzymes hydrogenases have served as an inspiration to produce catalytic metal centers akin to these native enzymes. In this article we describe recent advances in the design of a unique class of artificial hydrogen evolving catalysts that combine the features of the active site metal(s) surrounded by a polypeptide component. The examples of these biosynthetic catalysts discussed here include i) assemblies of synthetic cofactors with native proteins; ii) peptide-appended synthetic complexes; iii) substitution of native cofactors with non-native cofactors; iv) metal substitution from rubredoxin; and v) a reengineered Cu storage protein into a Ni binding protein. Aspects of key design considerations in the construction of these artificial biocatalysts and insights gained into their chemical reactivity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Prasad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Dhanashree Selvan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Saumen Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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4
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Cunningham DW, Barlow JM, Velazquez RS, Yang JY. Reversible and Selective CO
2
to HCO
2
−
Electrocatalysis near the Thermodynamic Potential. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew W. Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Barlow
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Reyna S. Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Jenny Y. Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697 USA
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5
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Cunningham DW, Barlow JM, Velazquez RS, Yang JY. Reversible and Selective CO 2 to HCO 2 - Electrocatalysis near the Thermodynamic Potential. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4443-4447. [PMID: 31846551 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reversible catalysis is a hallmark of energy-efficient chemical transformations, but can only be achieved if the changes in free energy of intermediate steps are minimized and the catalytic cycle is devoid of high transition-state barriers. Using these criteria, we demonstrate reversible CO2 /HCO2 - conversion catalyzed by [Pt(depe)2 ]2+ (depe=1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane). Direct measurement of the free energies associated with each catalytic step correctly predicts a slight bias towards CO2 reduction. We demonstrate how the experimentally measured free energy of each step directly contributes to the <50 mV overpotential. We also find that for CO2 reduction, H2 evolution is negligible and the Faradaic efficiency for HCO2 - production is nearly quantitative. A free-energy analysis reveals H2 evolution is endergonic, providing a thermodynamic basis for highly selective CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew W Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Reyna S Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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6
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Wilken M, Siewert I. Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production with a Molecular Cobalt Complex in Aqueous Solution. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Wilken
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Universität Göttingen International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion 37077 Göttingen Germany
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7
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Thammavongsy Z, Mercer IP, Yang JY. Promoting proton coupled electron transfer in redox catalysts through molecular design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10342-10358. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05139b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mini-review on using the secondary coordination sphere to facilitate multi-electron, multi-proton catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian P. Mercer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
| | - Jenny Y. Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
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8
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Koshiba K, Yamauchi K, Sakai K. A Nickel Dithiolate Water Reduction Catalyst Providing Ligand-Based Proton-Coupled Electron-Transfer Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Koshiba
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Kyushu University; Motooka 744, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER); Kyushu University; Japan
| | - Kosei Yamauchi
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Kyushu University; Motooka 744, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER); Kyushu University; Japan
| | - Ken Sakai
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Kyushu University; Motooka 744, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER); Kyushu University; Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS); Kyushu University; Japan
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9
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Koshiba K, Yamauchi K, Sakai K. A Nickel Dithiolate Water Reduction Catalyst Providing Ligand-Based Proton-Coupled Electron-Transfer Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4247-4251. [PMID: 28276659 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A nickel pyrazinedithiolate ([Ni(dcpdt)2 ]2- ; dcpdt=5,6-dicyanopyrazine-2,3-dithiolate), bearing a NiS4 core similar to the active center of [NiFe] hydrogenase, is shown to serve as an efficient molecular catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This catalyst shows effectively low overpotentials for HER (330-400 mV at pH 4-6). Moreover, the turnover number of catalysis reaches 20 000 over the 24 h electrolysis with a high Faradaic efficiency, 92-100 %. The electrochemical and DFT studies reveal that diprotonated one-electron-reduced species (i.e., [NiII (dcpdt)(dcpdtH2 )]- or [NiII (dcpdtH)2 ]- ) forms at pH<6.4 via ligand-based proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) pathways, leading to electrocatalytic HER without applying the highly negative potential required to generate low-valent nickel intermediates. This is the first example of catalysts exhibiting such behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Koshiba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Kosei Yamauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Ken Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Japan
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10
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Kochem A, O'Hagan M, Wiedner ES, van Gastel M. Combined Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Detection of a NiI⋅⋅⋅HN Bonding Interaction with Relevance to Electrocatalytic H2Production. Chemistry 2015; 21:10338-47. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Li P, Zaffaroni R, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. New tetracobalt cluster compounds for electrocatalytic proton reduction: syntheses, structures, and reactivity. Chemistry 2015; 21:4027-38. [PMID: 25639914 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of Co2(CO)8 and 1,3-propanedithiol in a 1:1 molar ratio in toluene affords a novel tetracobalt complex, [(μ2-pdt)2(μ3-S)Co4(CO)6] (pdt = -SCH2CH2CH2S-, 1), which possesses some of the structural features of the active site of [FeFe]-hydrogenase. Carbonyl displacement reaction of complex 1 in the presence of mono- or diphosphine ligands leads to the formation of [(μ2-pdt)2(μ3-S)Co4(CO)5(PCy3)] (2) and [(μ2-pdt)2(μ3-S)Co4(CO)4(L)] [L = Ph2PCH=CHPPh2, 3; Ph2PCH2N(Ph)CH2PPh2, 4; Ph2PCH2N(iPr)CH2PPh2, 5]. Complexes 1-5 have been fully characterized by spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Cyclic voltammetry has revealed that complexes 1-5 show a reversible first reduction wave and are active for electrocatalytic proton reduction in the presence of CF3COOH. Protonation reactions have been monitored by (31)P and (1)H NMR and infrared spectroscopies, which revealed the formation of different protonated species. The mono-reduced species of 1-5 have been spectroscopically characterized by EPR and spectro-electro-infrared techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Homogeneous & Supramolecular Catalysis van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 20-525-5265
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12
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Musina EI, Khrizanforova VV, Strelnik ID, Valitov MI, Spiridonova YS, Krivolapov DB, Litvinov IA, Kadirov MK, Lönnecke P, Hey-Hawkins E, Budnikova YH, Karasik AA, Sinyashin OG. New Functional Cyclic Aminomethylphosphine Ligands for the Construction of Catalysts for Electrochemical Hydrogen Transformations. Chemistry 2014; 20:3169-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Faiella M, Roy A, Sommer D, Ghirlanda G. De novo design of functional proteins: Toward artificial hydrogenases. Biopolymers 2013; 100:558-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Faiella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe AZ
| | - Anindya Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe AZ
| | - Dayn Sommer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe AZ
| | - Giovanna Ghirlanda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe AZ
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14
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Riethausen J, Rüdiger O, Gärtner W, Lubitz W, Shafaat HS. Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of the [NiFeSe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki F: reversible redox behavior and interactions between electron transfer centers. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1714-9. [PMID: 24038675 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing a new hydrogenase: The newly isolated [NiFeSe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki F displays catalytic properties distinct from other hydrogenase proteins. Here we apply site-specific spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques to characterize these unique features at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Riethausen
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Muelheim an der Ruhr 45470 (Germany)
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15
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Simmons TR, Artero V. Katalytische Wasserstoffoxidation: Beginn einer neuen Eisenzeit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Simmons TR, Artero V. Catalytic hydrogen oxidation: dawn of a new iron age. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6143-5. [PMID: 23696244 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R Simmons
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, University Joseph Fourier, CNRS, CEA, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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17
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Matsumoto T, Kim K, Nakai H, Hibino T, Ogo S. Organometallic Catalysts for Use in a Fuel Cell. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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O’Hagan M, Ho MH, Yang JY, Appel AM, DuBois MR, Raugei S, Shaw WJ, DuBois DL, Bullock RM. Proton Delivery and Removal in [Ni(PR2NR′2)2]2+ Hydrogen Production and Oxidation Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19409-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ja307413x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly O’Hagan
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ming-Hsun Ho
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jenny Y. Yang
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Aaron M. Appel
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - M. Rakowski DuBois
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Simone Raugei
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Wendy J. Shaw
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Daniel L. DuBois
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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