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Zhuo Q, Zhou X, Shima T, Hou Z. Dinitrogen Activation and Addition to Unsaturated C-E (E=C, N, O, S) Bonds Mediated by Transition Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218606. [PMID: 36744517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2 ) activation and functionalization is of fundamental interest and practical importance. This review focuses on N2 activation and addition to unsaturated substrates, including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, heteroallenes, aldehydes, ketones, acid halides, nitriles, alkynes, and allenes, mediated by transition metal complexes, which afforded a variety of N-C bond formation products. Emphases are placed on the reaction modes and mechanisms. We hope that this work would stimulate further explorations in this challenging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingde Zhuo
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takanori Shima
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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2
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Bennaamane S, Rialland B, Khrouz L, Fustier‐Boutignon M, Bucher C, Clot E, Mézailles N. Ammonia Synthesis at Room Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure from N 2 : A Boron-Radical Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202209102. [PMID: 36301016 PMCID: PMC10107438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia, NH3 , is an essential molecule, being part of fertilizers. It is currently synthesized via the Haber-Bosch process, from the very stable dinitrogen molecule, N2 and dihydrogen, H2 . This process requires high temperatures and pressures, thereby generating ca 1.6 % of the global CO2 emissions. Alternative strategies are needed to realize the functionalization of N2 to NH3 under mild conditions. Here, we show that boron-centered radicals provide a means of activating N2 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure whilst allowing a radical process to occur, leading to the production of borylamines. Subsequent hydrolysis released NH4 + , the acidic form of NH3 . EPR spectroscopy supported the intermediacy of radicals in the process, corroborated by DFT calculations, which rationalized the mechanism of the N2 functionalization by R2 B radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Bennaamane
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et AppliquéeUniversité Paul SabatierCNRS118 Route de Narbonne31062ToulouseFrance
| | - Barbara Rialland
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et AppliquéeUniversité Paul SabatierCNRS118 Route de Narbonne31062ToulouseFrance
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- Univ LyonENS LyonCNRSUniversite Lyon 1Laboratoire de ChimieUMR 518246 allée d'Italie69364LyonFrance
| | - Marie Fustier‐Boutignon
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et AppliquéeUniversité Paul SabatierCNRS118 Route de Narbonne31062ToulouseFrance
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Univ LyonENS LyonCNRSUniversite Lyon 1Laboratoire de ChimieUMR 518246 allée d'Italie69364LyonFrance
| | - Eric Clot
- ICGMUniv. MontpellierCNRSENSCM34000MontpellierFrance
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et AppliquéeUniversité Paul SabatierCNRS118 Route de Narbonne31062ToulouseFrance
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3
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Dong S, Zhu J. Predicting Small Molecule Activation including Catalytic Hydrogenation of Dinitrogen Promoted by a Dual Lewis Acid. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202200991. [PMID: 36353939 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
For decades, N2 activation and functionalization have required the use of transition metal complexes. Thus, it is one of the most challenging projects to activate the abundant dinitrogen through metal-free systems under mild conditions. Here, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept study on the catalytic hydrogenation of dinitrogen (with activation energy as low as 15.3 kcal mol-1 ) initiated by a dual Lewis acid (DLA) via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, such a DLA could be also used to activate a series of small molecules including carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, N-ethylenemethylamine, and acetonitrile. It is found that aromaticity plays an important role in stabilizing intermediates and products. Our findings provide an alternative approach to N2 activation and functionalization, highlighting a great potential of DLA for small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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4
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You F, Zeng J, Rouf AM, Dong S, Zhu J. Theoretical Study on Reaction Mechanisms of Dinitrogen Activation and Coupling by Carbene-Stabilized Borylenes in Comparison with Intramolecular C-H Bond Activation. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200232. [PMID: 35452168 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N 2 ) activation is particularly challenging due to the significantly strong N≡N bond, let alone the catenation of two N 2 molecules. Recent experimental study shows that cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC)-stabilized borylenes are able to tackle N 2 activation and coupling below room temperature. Here we carry out density functional theory calculations to explore the corresponding reaction mechanisms. The results indicate that the reaction barrier for the dinitrogen activation by the first borylene is slightly higher than that by the second borylene. In addition, replacing the CAAC moiety of the borylenes with cyclic diaminocarbenes (CDACs) could make such dinitrogen activation and coupling more favorable thermodynamically. The reaction mechanisms of the intramolecular C-H bond activation of borylene have also been discussed, which is found to be favorable both thermodynamically and kinetically in comparison with N 2 activation. Thus, adequate attention should be paid to the design of borylenes aiming at N 2 activation. In addition, our calculations suggest that the CDAC moiety of the borylene could lead to a different product in terms of intramolecular C-H bond activation. All these findings could be useful for the development of dinitrogen activation as well as C-H bond activation by main group species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Zeng
- Xiamen University, Chemistry, CHINA
| | | | | | - Jun Zhu
- Xiamen University, Department of Chemistry, No. 422, South Siming Road, 361005, Xiamen, CHINA
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5
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Deng G, Pan S, Wang G, Zhao L, Zhou M, Frenking G. Beryllium Atom Mediated Dinitrogen Activation via Coupling with Carbon Monoxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18201-18207. [PMID: 32583528 PMCID: PMC7589277 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of laser-ablated beryllium atoms with dinitrogen and carbon monoxide mixtures form the end-on bonded NNBeCO and side-on bonded (η2 -N2 )BeCO isomers in solid argon, which are predicted by quantum chemical calculations to be almost isoenergetic. The end-on bonded complex has a triplet ground state while the side-on bonded isomer has a singlet electronic ground state. The complexes rearrange to the energetically lowest lying NBeNCO isomer upon visible light excitation, which is characterized to be an isocyanate complex of a nitrene derivative with a triplet electronic ground state. A bonding analysis using a charge- and energy decomposition procedure reveals that the electronic reference state of Be in the NNBeCO isomers has an 2s0 2p2 excited configuration and that the metal-ligand bonds can be described in terms of N2 →Be←CO σ donation and concomitant N2 ←Be→CO π backdonation. The results demonstrate that the activation of N2 with the N-N bond being completely cleaved can be achieved via coupling with carbon monoxide mediated by a main group atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435043MarburgGermany
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6
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Deng G, Pan S, Wang G, Zhao L, Zhou M, Frenking G. Beryllium Atom Mediated Dinitrogen Activation via Coupling with Carbon Monoxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Department of Chemistry Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35043 Marburg Germany
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Zhu J. Rational Design of a Carbon‐Boron Frustrated Lewis Pair for Metal‐free Dinitrogen Activation. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1413-1417. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), andCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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8
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Park H, Meloni G. Activation of Dinitrogen with a Superalkali Species, Li3
F2. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:256-260. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejune Park
- Department of Chemistry; University of San Francisco; 2130 Fulton St San Francisco CA 94117 USA
| | - Giovanni Meloni
- Department of Chemistry; University of San Francisco; 2130 Fulton St San Francisco CA 94117 USA
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Polezhaev AV, Chen C, Losovyj Y, Caulton KG. A Multifunctional Pincer Ligand Supports Unsaturated Cobalt: Five Functionalities in One Pincer. Chemistry 2017; 23:8039-8050. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun‐Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Yaroslav Losovyj
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Kenneth G. Caulton
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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10
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Bezdek MJ, Chirik PJ. Grenzen erweitern: Spaltung und Funktionalisierung von N2
jenseits von frühen Übergangsmetallen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Máté J. Bezdek
- Department of Chemistry; Princeton University; Frick Laboratory 292 Princeton 08544 USA
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department of Chemistry; Princeton University; Frick Laboratory 292 Princeton 08544 USA
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11
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Bezdek MJ, Chirik PJ. Expanding Boundaries: N2
Cleavage and Functionalization beyond Early Transition Metals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7892-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Máté J. Bezdek
- Department of Chemistry; Princeton University; Frick Laboratory 292 Princeton 08544 USA
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department of Chemistry; Princeton University; Frick Laboratory 292 Princeton 08544 USA
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