1
|
Oloye FF, Femi-Oloye OP, Challis JK, Jones PD, Giesy JP. Dissipation, Fate, and Toxicity of Crop Protection Chemical Safeners in Aquatic Environments. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 258:27-53. [PMID: 34529146 DOI: 10.1007/398_2021_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Safeners are a group of chemicals applied with herbicides to protect crop plants from potential adverse effects of agricultural products used to kill weeds in monocotyledonous crops. Various routes of dissipation of safeners from their point of applications were evaluated. Despite the large numbers of safeners (over 18) commercially available and the relatively large quantities (~2 × 106 kg/year) used, there is little information on their mobility and fate in the environment and occurrence in various environmental matrices. The only class of safeners for which a significant amount of information is available is dichloroacetamide safeners, which have been observed in some rivers in the USA at concentrations ranging from 42 to 190 ng/L. Given this gap in the literature, there is a clear need to determine the occurrence, fate, and bioavailability of other classes of safeners. Furthermore, since safeners are typically used in commercial formulations, it is useful to study them in relation to their corresponding herbicides. Common routes of dissipation for herbicides and applied safeners are surface run off (erosion), hydrolysis, photolysis, sorption, leaching, volatilization, and microbial degradation. Toxic potencies of safeners vary among organisms and safener compounds, ranging from as low as the LC50 for fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for isoxadifen-ethyl, which was 0.34 mg/L, to as high as the LC50 for Daphnia magna from dichlormid, which was 161 mg/L. Solubilities and octanol-water partition coefficients seem to be the principal driving force in understanding safener mobilities. This paper provides an up-to-date literature review regarding the occurrence, behaviour, and toxic potency of herbicide safeners and identifies important knowledge gaps in our understanding of these compounds and the potential risks posed to potentially impacted ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Femi F Oloye
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwabunmi P Femi-Oloye
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria
| | | | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frackenpohl J, Bojack G, Baltz R, Bickers U, Busch M, Dittgen J, Franke J, Freigang J, Grill E, Gonzalez S, Helmke H, Hills MJ, Hohmann S, von Koskull-Döring P, Kleemann J, Lange G, Lehr S, Schmutzler D, Schulz A, Walther K, Willms L, Wunschel C. Potent Analogues of Abscisic Acid - Identifying Cyano-Cyclopropyl Moieties as Promising Replacements for the Cyclohexenone Headgroup. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Frackenpohl
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Guido Bojack
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Rachel Baltz
- Bayer S.A.S. Centre de Recherche de La Dargoire; 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet 69263 Cedex 09 Lyon France
| | - Udo Bickers
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Marco Busch
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jan Dittgen
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jana Franke
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jörg Freigang
- Research & Development, Research Technology; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Gebäude 6240, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 50 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Erwin Grill
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan; Technische Universität München; Emil-Ramann-Straße 4 85354 Germany
| | - Susana Gonzalez
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Hendrik Helmke
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Martin J. Hills
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sabine Hohmann
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Pascal von Koskull-Döring
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jochen Kleemann
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Gudrun Lange
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dirk Schmutzler
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Arno Schulz
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Kerstin Walther
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Lothar Willms
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Christian Wunschel
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan; Technische Universität München; Emil-Ramann-Straße 4 85354 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Frackenpohl J, Grill E, Bojack G, Baltz R, Busch M, Dittgen J, Franke J, Freigang J, Gonzalez S, Heinemann I, Helmke H, Hills M, Hohmann S, von Koskull-Döring P, Kleemann J, Lange G, Lehr S, Müller T, Peschel E, Poree F, Schmutzler D, Schulz A, Willms L, Wunschel C. Insights into the in Vitro and in Vivo SAR of Abscisic Acid - Exploring Unprecedented Variations of the Side Chain via Cross-Coupling-Mediated Syntheses. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Frackenpohl
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Erwin Grill
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan; Technische Universität München; Emil-Ramann-Straße 4 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Guido Bojack
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Rachel Baltz
- Bayer S.A.S. Centre de Recherche de La Dargoire; 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet 69263 Cedex 09 Lyon France
| | - Marco Busch
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jan Dittgen
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jana Franke
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jörg Freigang
- Research & Development, Research Technology; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Gebäude 6240, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 50 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Susana Gonzalez
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ines Heinemann
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Hendrik Helmke
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Martin Hills
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sabine Hohmann
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Pascal von Koskull-Döring
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jochen Kleemann
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Gudrun Lange
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Elisabeth Peschel
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Fabien Poree
- Bayer SAS, Toxicology, Toxicology Research; 355, rue Dostoievski, CS 90153 Valbonne, 06906 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex France
| | - Dirk Schmutzler
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Arno Schulz
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Lothar Willms
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Christian Wunschel
- Research & Development, Weed Control; Bayer AG, CropScience Division; Industriepark Höchst; Geb. G836 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Quesne MG, Borowski T, de Visser SP. Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Modeling of Enzymatic Processes: Caveats and Breakthroughs. Chemistry 2015; 22:2562-81. [PMID: 26696271 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nature has developed large groups of enzymatic catalysts with the aim to transfer substrates into useful products, which enables biosystems to perform all their natural functions. As such, all biochemical processes in our body (we drink, we eat, we breath, we sleep, etc.) are governed by enzymes. One of the problems associated with research on biocatalysts is that they react so fast that details of their reaction mechanisms cannot be obtained with experimental work. In recent years, major advances in computational hardware and software have been made and now large (bio)chemical systems can be studied using accurate computational techniques. One such technique is the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) technique, which has gained major momentum in recent years. Unfortunately, it is not a black-box method that is easily applied, but requires careful set-up procedures. In this work we give an overview on the technical difficulties and caveats of QM/MM and discuss work-protocols developed in our groups for running successful QM/MM calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Quesne
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry of the, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Krakow, Poland. .,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Tomasz Borowski
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry of the, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Sam P de Visser
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|