1
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Bartalucci E, Schumacher C, Hendrickx L, Puccetti F, d'Anciães Almeida Silva I, Dervişoğlu R, Puttreddy R, Bolm C, Wiegand T. Disentangling the Effect of Pressure and Mixing on a Mechanochemical Bromination Reaction by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203466. [PMID: 36445819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces, including compressive stresses, have a significant impact on chemical reactions. Besides the preparative opportunities, mechanochemical conditions benefit from the absence of any organic solvent, the possibility of a significant synthetic acceleration and unique reaction pathways. Together with an accurate characterization of ball-milling products, the development of a deeper mechanistic understanding of the occurring transformations at a molecular level is critical for fully grasping the potential of organic mechanosynthesis. We herein studied a bromination of a cyclic sulfoximine in a mixer mill and used solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for structural characterization of the reaction products. Magic-angle spinning (MAS) was applied for elucidating the product mixtures taken from the milling jar without introducing any further post-processing on the sample. Ex situ 13 C-detected NMR spectra of ball-milling products showed the formation of a crystalline solid phase with the regioselective bromination of the S-aryl group of the heterocycle in position 4. Completion is reached in less than 30 minutes as deduced from the NMR spectra. The bromination can also be achieved by magnetic stirring, but then, a longer reaction time is required. Mixing the solid educts in the NMR rotor allows to get in situ insights into the reaction and enables the detection of a reaction intermediate. The pressure alone induced in the rotor by MAS is not sufficient to lead to full conversion and the reaction occurs on slower time scales than in the ball mill, which is crucial for analysing mixtures taken from the milling jar by solid-state NMR. Our data suggest that on top of centrifugal forces, an efficient mixing of the starting materials is required for reaching a complete reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Bartalucci
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leeroy Hendrickx
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rıza Dervişoğlu
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Rakesh Puttreddy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry P. O. Box. 35, Survontie 9B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Lonergan RF, Conway GA, Doheny PW, Shepherd HJ. Spontaneous Synthesis of [Fe II (Atrz) 3 ]SO 4 and its Analogues Through Accelerated Ageing: New Insights from Small-Scale Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201823. [PMID: 35984234 PMCID: PMC9826154 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated ageing reactions that take place between two solid materials on contact in the absence of added solvent have been used to synthesize two spin-crossover-active 1D coordination polymers and one of their Cu(II) analogues. The hygroscopy of the ligands and the relative humidity of the reaction chamber have been shown to be particularly important factors in the rate of reaction. Small-scale reactions between a few individual crystals have allowed observation of deliquescence of the 4-aminotriazole ligand at high humidity. The metal salt does not dissolve, and the ligand diffuses into the crystal of the metal salt during the reaction. In the case of the Cu analogue, the formation of the product causes the crystal of the metal salt to deform with the formation of pseudocrystals, which have a fibrous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona F. Lonergan
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentGiles LaneCanterburyCT2 7NZUK
| | - Georgina A. Conway
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentGiles LaneCanterburyCT2 7NZUK
| | - Patrick W. Doheny
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentGiles LaneCanterburyCT2 7NZUK
| | - Helena J. Shepherd
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentGiles LaneCanterburyCT2 7NZUK
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3
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Petersen H, De Bellis J, Leiting S, Das SM, Schmidt W, Schüth F, Weidenthaler C. Operando X‐ray Powder Diffraction Study of Mechanochemical Activation Tested for the CO Oxidation over Au@Fe2O3 as Model Reaction. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilke Petersen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung Heterogeneous Catalysis GERMANY
| | - Jacopo De Bellis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung Heterogeneous Catalysis GERMANY
| | - Sebastian Leiting
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung Heterogeneous Catalysis GERMANY
| | - Saurabh Mohan Das
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Eisenforschung GmbH Structure and Nano-/ Micromechanics of Materials GERMANY
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung Heterogeneous Catalysis GERMANY
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung Heterogeneous Catalysis GERMANY
| | - Claudia Weidenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Heterogeneous Catalysis Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr GERMANY
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4
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Michalchuk AAL, Emmerling F. Time-Resolved In Situ Monitoring of Mechanochemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117270. [PMID: 35128778 PMCID: PMC9400867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical transformations offer environmentally benign synthesis routes, whilst enhancing both the speed and selectivity of reactions. In this regard, mechanochemistry promises to transform the way in which chemistry is done in both academia and industry but is greatly hindered by a current lack of mechanistic understanding. The continued development and use of time-resolved in situ (TRIS) approaches to monitor mechanochemical reactions provides a new dimension to elucidate these fascinating transformations. We here discuss recent trends in method development that have pushed the boundaries of mechanochemical research. New features of mechanochemical reactions obtained by TRIS techniques are subsequently discussed, which sheds light on how different TRIS approaches have been used. Emphasis is placed on the strength of combining complementary techniques. Finally, we outline our views on the potential of TRIS methods in mechanochemical research, towards establishing a new, environmentally benign paradigm in the chemical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Strasse1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Strasse1112489BerlinGermany
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Strasse 212489BerlinGermany
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5
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Michalchuk AAL, Emmerling F. Zeitaufgelöste In‐Situ‐Untersuchungen von mechanochemischen Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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6
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Leroy C, Métro TX, Hung I, Gan Z, Gervais C, Laurencin D. From Operando Raman Mechanochemistry to "NMR Crystallography": Understanding the Structures and Interconversion of Zn-Terephthalate Networks Using Selective 17O-Labeling. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:2292-2312. [PMID: 35281972 PMCID: PMC8908548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c04132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The description of the formation, structure, and reactivity of coordination networks and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) remains a real challenge in a number of cases. This is notably true for compounds composed of Zn2+ ions and terephthalate ligands (benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate, BDC) because of the difficulties in isolating them as pure phases and/or because of the presence of structural defects. Here, using mechanochemistry in combination with operando Raman spectroscopy, the observation of the formation of various zinc terephthalate compounds was rendered possible, allowing the distinction and isolation of three intermediates during the ball-milling synthesis of Zn3(OH)4(BDC). An "NMR crystallography" approach was then used, combining solid-state NMR (1H, 13C, and 17O) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to refine the poorly described crystallographic structures of these phases. Particularly noteworthy are the high-resolution 17O NMR analyses, which were made possible in a highly efficient and cost-effective way, thanks to the selective 17O-enrichment of either hydroxyl or terephthalate groups by ball-milling. This allowed the presence of defect sites to be identified for the first time in one of the phases, and the nature of the H-bonding network of the hydroxyls to be established in another. Lastly, the possibility of using deuterated precursors (e.g., D2O and d 4-BDC) during ball-milling is also introduced as a means for observing specific transformations during operando Raman spectroscopy studies, which would not have been possible with hydrogenated equivalents. Overall, the synthetic and spectroscopic approaches developed herein are expected to push forward the understanding of the structure and reactivity of other complex coordination networks and MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Leroy
- ICGM,
Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ivan Hung
- National
High Magnetic Laboratory (NHMFL), Tallahassee, Florida 32310-3706, United States
| | - Zhehong Gan
- National
High Magnetic Laboratory (NHMFL), Tallahassee, Florida 32310-3706, United States
| | - Christel Gervais
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP),
UMR 7574, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
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7
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Puccetti F, Lukin S, Užarević K, Colacino E, Halasz I, Bolm C, Hernández JG. Mechanistic Insights on the Mechanosynthesis of Phenytoin, a WHO Essential Medicine. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104409. [PMID: 35041251 PMCID: PMC9304275 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mechanochemistry has enriched the toolbox of synthetic chemists, enabling faster and more sustainable access to new materials and existing products, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, molecular‐level understanding of most mechanochemical reactions remains limited, delaying the implementation of mechanochemistry in industrial applications. Herein, we have applied in situ monitoring by Raman spectroscopy to the mechanosynthesis of phenytoin, a World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Medicine, enabling the observation, isolation, and characterization of key molecular‐migration intermediates involved in the single‐step transformation of benzil, urea, and KOH into phenytoin. This work contributes to the elucidation of a reaction mechanism that has been subjected to a number of interpretations over time and paints a clear picture of how mechanosynthesis can be applied and optimized for the preparation of added‐value molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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8
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Leroy C, Mittelette S, Félix G, Fabregue N, Špačková J, Gaveau P, Métro TX, Laurencin D. Operando acoustic analysis: a valuable method for investigating reaction mechanisms in mechanochemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6328-6334. [PMID: 35733892 PMCID: PMC9159074 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01496c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new operando approach for following reactions taking place in mechanochemistry, relying on the analysis of the evolution of the sound during milling. We show that differences in...
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Affiliation(s)
- César Leroy
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
| | | | - Gautier Félix
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
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9
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Belenguer AM, Lampronti GI, Sanders JKM. Implications of Thermodynamic Control: Dynamic Equilibrium Under Ball Mill Grinding Conditions. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Belenguer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW United Kingdom
| | - Giulio I. Lampronti
- Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EQ United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW United Kingdom
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
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11
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Koby RF, Schley ND, Hanusa TP. Di(indenyl)beryllium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21174-21178. [PMID: 34227203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The bonding in beryllocene, [BeCp2 ], took decades to establish, owing to its unexpected mixed hapticity structure (i.e., [Be(η5 -Cp)(η1 -Cp)]). Beryllium complexes containing the indenyl ligand, which is a close relative of the cyclopentadienyl anion, but which is also known to exhibit its own bonding peculiarities (e.g., facile η5 ⇄ η3 shifts), have remained unknown. Standard metathetical approaches to their synthesis (e.g., with K[Ind'] + BeX2 in an ether solvent) give rise to intractable oils from which nothing identifiable can be isolated. In contrast, mechanochemical preparation, involving the solvent-free grinding of BeBr2 and potassium indenides, leads to the production of discrete (indenyl)beryllium complexes, including [Be(C9 H7 )2 ] (1) and [Be{1,3-(SiMe3 )2 C9 H5 }Br] (2). The former displays η5 /η1 -coordinated ligands in the solid state, but DFT calculations indicate that an η5 /η5 -conformation is less than 5 kcal mol-1 higher in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross F Koby
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Nathan D Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
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12
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Petersen H, Reichle S, Leiting S, Losch P, Kersten W, Rathmann T, Tseng J, Etter M, Schmidt W, Weidenthaler C. In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Studies of the Mechanochemical Synthesis of ZnS from its Elements. Chemistry 2021; 27:12558-12565. [PMID: 34062026 PMCID: PMC8456871 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry, as a synthesis tool for inorganic materials, became an ever-growing field in material chemistry. The direct energy transfer by collision of the educts with the milling media gives the possibility to design environmental-friendly reactions. Nevertheless, the underlying process of energy transfer and hence the kinetics of mechanosynthesis remain unclear. Herein, we present in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies coupled with pressure measurements performed during the formation of ZnS and the subsequent phase transition (PT) from the hexagonal to the cubic modification. Milling Zn and S8 results in the sublimation of S8 , observed by a sudden pressure increase. Simultaneously, the hexagonal metastable ZnS-modification (wurtzite) forms. Via detection of the pressure maximum, the exact start of the wurtzite formation can be determined. Immediately after the formation of wurtzite, the structural PT to the thermodynamic stable cubic modification sphalerite takes place. This PT can be described by the Prout-Tompkins equation for autocatalytic reactions, similar to thermally induced PT in sulfur vapor at high temperatures (T>1133 K). The increase in the reactivity of the wurtzite formation is explained by the reaction in sulfur vapor and the induction of defect structures by the collisions with the milling media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilke Petersen
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Steffen Reichle
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sebastian Leiting
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Pit Losch
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kersten
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Rathmann
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jochi Tseng
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Martin Etter
- P02.1 Petra III, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Claudia Weidenthaler
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Hernández JG. Sustainability Assessment of Mechanochemistry by Using the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2145-2162. [PMID: 33835716 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mechanochemistry has been growing into a widely accepted alternative for chemical synthesis. In addition to their efficiency and practicality, mechanochemical reactions are also recognized for their sustainability. The association between mechanochemistry and Green Chemistry often originates from the solvent-free nature of most mechanochemical protocols, which can reduce waste production. However, mechanochemistry satisfies more than one of the Principles of Green Chemistry. In this Review we will present a series of examples that will clearly illustrate how mechanochemistry can significantly contribute to the fulfillment of Green Chemistry in a more holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Amrute AP, De Bellis J, Felderhoff M, Schüth F. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Catalytic Materials. Chemistry 2021; 27:6819-6847. [PMID: 33427335 PMCID: PMC8248068 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The mechanochemical synthesis of nanomaterials for catalytic applications is a growing research field due to its simplicity, scalability, and eco-friendliness. Besides, it provides materials with distinct features, such as nanocrystallinity, high defect concentration, and close interaction of the components in a system, which are, in most cases, unattainable by conventional routes. Consequently, this research field has recently become highly popular, particularly for the preparation of catalytic materials for various applications, ranging from chemical production over energy conversion catalysis to environmental protection. In this Review, recent studies on mechanochemistry for the synthesis of catalytic materials are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the straightforwardness of the mechanochemical route-in contrast to more conventional synthesis-in fabricating the materials, which otherwise often require harsh conditions. Distinct material properties achieved by mechanochemistry are related to their improved catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol P. Amrute
- Department of Heterogeneous CatalysisMax-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Current address: Institute of Chemical and Engineering SciencesA*STAR1 Pesek RoadJurong Island627833 SingaporeSingapore
| | - Jacopo De Bellis
- Department of Heterogeneous CatalysisMax-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Michael Felderhoff
- Department of Heterogeneous CatalysisMax-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Department of Heterogeneous CatalysisMax-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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15
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Štrukil V. Highly Efficient Solid-State Hydrolysis of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate by Mechanochemical Milling and Vapor-Assisted Aging. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:330-338. [PMID: 32986929 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant methodological and technological advancements in chemical recycling of synthetic polymers, an efficient and quantitative conversion of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into terephthalic acid (TPA) under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure still remains a challenge. In this respect, the application of mechanochemistry and multiple advantages offered by solid-state ball milling and vapor-assisted aging have remained insufficiently explored. To further expand their potential, the implementation of organic solvent-free milling as a superior methodology for successful alkaline depolymerization of waste PET (e. g., bottles and textile) into TPA monomer in near-quantitative yields was reported herein. The solid-state alkaline PET hydrolysis was also shown to proceed in excellent yields under aging conditions in humid environment or in the presence of alcohol vapors. Moreover, the performance of mechanochemical ball milling and aging in the gram-scale depolymerization of PET into TPA was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vjekoslav Štrukil
- Laboratory for Physical Organic Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Pickhardt W, Grätz S, Borchardt L. Direct Mechanocatalysis: Using Milling Balls as Catalysts. Chemistry 2020; 26:12903-12911. [PMID: 32314837 PMCID: PMC7589287 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Direct mechanocatalysis describes catalytic reactions under the involvement of mechanical energy with the distinct feature of milling equipment itself being the catalyst. This novel type of catalysis features no solubility challenges of the catalysts nor the substrate and on top offering most facile way of separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilm Pickhardt
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Sven Grätz
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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17
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Ardila‐Fierro KJ, Lukin S, Etter M, Užarević K, Halasz I, Bolm C, Hernández JG. Direct Visualization of a Mechanochemically Induced Molecular Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Division of Physical Chemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestr. 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical Chemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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18
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Ardila‐Fierro KJ, Lukin S, Etter M, Užarević K, Halasz I, Bolm C, Hernández JG. Direct Visualization of a Mechanochemically Induced Molecular Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13458-13462. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Division of Physical Chemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestr. 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical Chemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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19
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Vogt CG, Grätz S, Lukin S, Halasz I, Etter M, Evans JD, Borchardt L. Direct Mechanocatalysis: Palladium as Milling Media and Catalyst in the Mechanochemical Suzuki Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18942-18947. [PMID: 31593331 PMCID: PMC6972522 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The milling ball is the catalyst. We introduce a palladium-catalyzed reaction inside a ball mill, which makes catalyst powders, ligands, and solvents obsolete. We present a facile and highly sustainable synthesis concept for palladium-catalyzed C-C coupling reactions, exemplarily showcased for the Suzuki polymerization of 4-bromo or 4-iodophenylboronic acid giving poly(para-phenylene). Surprisingly, we observe one of the highest degrees of polymerization (199) reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G. Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry ITechnische Universität DresdenBergstrasse 6601062DresdenGermany
| | - Sven Grätz
- Inorganic Chemistry ITechnische Universität DresdenBergstrasse 6601062DresdenGermany
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Laboratory for Green SynthesisRuđer Bošković InstituteBijenicka 54HR-10000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Laboratory for Green SynthesisRuđer Bošković InstituteBijenicka 54HR-10000ZagrebCroatia
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)22607HamburgGermany
| | - Jack D. Evans
- Inorganic Chemistry ITechnische Universität DresdenBergstrasse 6601062DresdenGermany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry ITechnische Universität DresdenBergstrasse 6601062DresdenGermany
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
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20
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Vogt CG, Grätz S, Lukin S, Halasz I, Etter M, Evans JD, Borchardt L. Direkte Mechanokatalyse: Palladium als Mahlmaterial und Katalysator in der mechanochemischen Suzuki‐Polymerisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian G. Vogt
- Anorganische Chemie ITechnische Universität Dresden Bergstraße 66 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Sven Grätz
- Anorganische Chemie ITechnische Universität Dresden Bergstraße 66 01062 Dresden Deutschland
- Anorganische Chemie IRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Labor für Grüne SyntheseRuđer Bošković Institut Bijenicka 54 HR-10000 Zagreb Kroatien
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Labor für Grüne SyntheseRuđer Bošković Institut Bijenicka 54 HR-10000 Zagreb Kroatien
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) 22607 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - Jack D. Evans
- Anorganische Chemie ITechnische Universität Dresden Bergstraße 66 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Anorganische Chemie ITechnische Universität Dresden Bergstraße 66 01062 Dresden Deutschland
- Anorganische Chemie IRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
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21
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Wu B, Ecken S, Swyer I, Li C, Jenne A, Vincent F, Schmidig D, Kuehn T, Beck A, Busse F, Stronks H, Soong R, Wheeler AR, Simpson A. Rapid Chemical Reaction Monitoring by Digital Microfluidics‐NMR: Proof of Principle Towards an Automated Synthetic Discovery Platform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15372-15376. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Sebastian Ecken
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Ian Swyer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Chunliang Li
- Laboratory of Physical ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Amy Jenne
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Franck Vincent
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Armin Beck
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH Silberstreifen 4 76287 Rheinstetten Germany
| | - Henry Stronks
- Bruker Canada Ltd. 2800 High Point Drive Milton Ontario L9T 6P4 Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Aaron R. Wheeler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - André Simpson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
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22
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Wu B, Ecken S, Swyer I, Li C, Jenne A, Vincent F, Schmidig D, Kuehn T, Beck A, Busse F, Stronks H, Soong R, Wheeler AR, Simpson A. Rapid Chemical Reaction Monitoring by Digital Microfluidics‐NMR: Proof of Principle Towards an Automated Synthetic Discovery Platform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Sebastian Ecken
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Ian Swyer
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Chunliang Li
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Amy Jenne
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Franck Vincent
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Armin Beck
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH Silberstreifen 4 76287 Rheinstetten Germany
| | - Henry Stronks
- Bruker Canada Ltd. 2800 High Point Drive Milton Ontario L9T 6P4 Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Aaron R. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - André Simpson
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
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23
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Mechanochemistry of Metal Hydrides: Recent Advances. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12172778. [PMID: 31470536 PMCID: PMC6747837 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a collection of selected contributions of the 1st International Workshop on Mechanochemistry of Metal Hydrides that was held in Oslo in May 2018. In this paper, the recent developments in the use of mechanochemistry to synthesize and modify metal hydrides are reviewed. A special emphasis is made on new techniques beside the traditional way of ball milling. High energy milling, ball milling under hydrogen reactive gas, cryomilling and severe plastic deformation techniques such as High-Pressure Torsion (HPT), Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT) and cold rolling are discussed. The new characterization method of in-situ X-ray diffraction during milling is described.
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24
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Bjelopetrović A, Lukin S, Halasz I, Užarević K, Đilović I, Barišić D, Budimir A, Juribašić Kulcsár M, Ćurić M. Mechanism of Mechanochemical C−H Bond Activation in an Azobenzene Substrate by PdII
Catalysts. Chemistry 2018; 24:10672-10682. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alen Bjelopetrović
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ivica Đilović
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Zagreb; Horvatovac 102a 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Dajana Barišić
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ana Budimir
- Division of General and Inorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1; 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | | | - Manda Ćurić
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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25
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Fischer F, Wenzel KJ, Rademann K, Emmerling F. Quantitative determination of activation energies in mechanochemical reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:23320-5. [PMID: 27498986 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04280e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions often result in 100% yields of single products, making purifying procedures obsolete. Mechanochemistry is also a sustainable and eco-friendly method. The ever increasing interest in this method is contrasted by a lack in mechanistic understanding of the mechanochemical reactivity and selectivity. Recent in situ investigations provided direct insight into formation pathways. However, the currently available theories do not predict temperature T as an influential factor. Here, we report the first determination of an apparent activation energy for a mechanochemical reaction. In a temperature-dependent in situ study the cocrystallisation of ibuprofen and nicotinamide was investigated as a model system. These experiments provide a pivotal step towards a comprehensive understanding of milling reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fischer
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany. and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, B.-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus-Jürgen Wenzel
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaus Rademann
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany. and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, B.-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St.W. H3A0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St.W. H3A0B8 Montreal Canada
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27
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Biliškov N, Borgschulte A, Užarević K, Halasz I, Lukin S, Milošević S, Milanović I, Novaković JG. In-Situ and Real-time Monitoring of Mechanochemical Preparation of Li 2 Mg(NH 2 BH 3 ) 4 and Na 2 Mg(NH 2 BH 3 ) 4 and Their Thermal Dehydrogenation. Chemistry 2017; 23:16274-16282. [PMID: 28902966 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, in situ monitoring of uninterrupted mechanochemical synthesis of two bimetallic amidoboranes, M2 Mg(NH2 BH3 )4 (M=Li, Na), by means of Raman spectroscopy, has been applied. This approach allowed real-time observation of key intermediate phases, and a straightforward follow-up of the reaction course. Detailed analysis of time-dependent spectra revealed a two-step mechanism through MNH2 BH3 ⋅NH3 BH3 adducts as key intermediate phases which further reacted with MgH2 , giving M2 Mg(NH2 BH3 )4 as final products. The intermediates partially take a competitive pathway toward the oligomeric M(BH3 NH2 BH2 NH2 BH3 ) phases. The crystal structure of the novel bimetallic amidoborane Li2 Mg(NH2 BH3 )4 was solved from high-resolution powder diffraction data and showed an analogous metal coordination to Na2 Mg(NH2 BH3 )4 , but a significantly different crystal packing. Li2 Mg(NH2 BH3 )4 thermally dehydrogenates releasing highly pure H2 in the amount of 7 wt.%, and at a lower temperature then its sodium analogue, making it significantly more viable for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Biliškov
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreas Borgschulte
- Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Milošević
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Material Sciences, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Milanović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Material Sciences, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Grbović Novaković
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Material Sciences, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
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28
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Chen J, Shen K, Li Y. Greening the Processes of Metal-Organic Framework Synthesis and their Use in Sustainable Catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:3165-3187. [PMID: 28589626 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the shortage of sustainable resources and the increasingly serious environmental issues in recent decades, the demand for clean technologies and sustainable feedstocks is of great interest to researchers worldwide. With regard to the fields of energy saving and environmental remediation, the key point is the development of efficient catalysts, not only in terms of facile synthesis methods, but also the benign utilization of such catalysts. This work reviews the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF-based materials in these fields. The definition of MOFs and MOF-based materials will be primarily introduced followed by a brief description of the characterization and stability of MOF-related materials under the applied conditions. The greening of MOF synthesis processes will then be discussed and catalogued by benign solvents and conditions and green precursors of MOFs. Furthermore, their suitable application in sustainable catalysis will be summarized, focusing on several typical atom-economic reactions, such as the direct introduction of H2 or O2 and C-C bond formation. Approaches towards reducing CO2 emission by MOF-based catalysts will be described with special emphasis on CO2 fixation and CO2 reduction. In addition, driven by the explosive growth of energy consumption in the last century, much research has gone into biomass, which represents a renewable alternative to fossil fuels and a sustainable carbon feedstock for chemical production. The advanced progress of biomass-related transformations is also illustrated herein. Fundamental insights into the nature of MOF-based materials as constitutionally easily recoverable heterogeneous catalysts and as supports for various active sites is thoroughly discussed. Finally, challenges facing the development of this field and the outlook for future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yingwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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29
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Lukin S, Stolar T, Tireli M, Blanco MV, Babić D, Friščić T, Užarević K, Halasz I. Tandem In Situ Monitoring for Quantitative Assessment of Mechanochemical Reactions Involving Structurally Unknown Phases. Chemistry 2017. [PMID: 28639258 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report herein quantitative in situ monitoring by simultaneous PXRD and Raman spectroscopy of the mechanochemical reaction between benzoic acid and nicotinamide, affording a rich polymorphic system with four new cocrystal polymorphs, multiple phase transformations, and a variety of reaction pathways. After observing polymorphs by in situ monitoring, we were able to isolate and characterize three of the four polymorphs, most of which are not accessible from solution. Relative stabilities among the isolated polymorphs at ambient conditions were established by slurry experiments. Using two complementary methods for in situ monitoring enabled quantitative assessment and kinetic analysis of each studied mechanochemical reaction, even when involving unknown crystal structures, and short-lived intermediates. In situ Raman monitoring was introduced here also as a standalone laboratory technique for quantitative assessment of mechanochemical reactions and understanding of mechanochemical reactivity. Our results provide an important step toward a complete and high-throughput quantitative approach to mechanochemical reaction kinetics and mechanisms, necessary for the development of the mechanistic framework of milling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stipe Lukin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Stolar
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Tireli
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Darko Babić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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30
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Martins ICB, Oliveira MC, Diogo HP, Branco LC, Duarte MT. MechanoAPI-ILs: Pharmaceutical Ionic Liquids Obtained through Mechanochemical Synthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:1360-1363. [PMID: 28199779 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An alternative, efficient, and green synthetic strategy for the preparation of pharmaceutical ionic liquids using mechanochemistry (MechanoAPI-ILs) is reported. Six new API-ILs based on gabapentin and l-glutamic acid were successfully synthesized and characterized, demonstrating that mechanochemistry is a very promising synthetic strategy. Results compare both the new and the classical approach and clearly show the advantages of the new method. This new technique is faster, solvent free, reproducible, selective, and leads to higher yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C B Martins
- CQE-Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Conceição Oliveira
- CQE-Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hermínio P Diogo
- CQE-Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís C Branco
- REQUIMTE-LAQV-Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - M Teresa Duarte
- CQE-Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
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31
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Fischer F, Fendel N, Greiser S, Rademann K, Emmerling F. Impact Is Important—Systematic Investigation of the Influence of Milling Balls in Mechanochemical Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fischer
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, B.-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Fendel
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, B.-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Greiser
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, B.-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Rademann
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, B.-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Eckert R, Felderhoff M, Schüth F. Preferential Carbon Monoxide Oxidation over Copper-Based Catalysts under In Situ Ball Milling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rene Eckert
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis; Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Michael Felderhoff
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis; Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis; Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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33
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Eckert R, Felderhoff M, Schüth F. Preferential Carbon Monoxide Oxidation over Copper-Based Catalysts under In Situ Ball Milling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2445-2448. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rene Eckert
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis; Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Michael Felderhoff
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis; Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis; Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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Kulla H, Wilke M, Fischer F, Röllig M, Maierhofer C, Emmerling F. Warming up for mechanosynthesis – temperature development in ball mills during synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1664-1667. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08950j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a first direct measurement of the temperature during milling combined with in situ Raman spectroscopy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Kulla
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- Berlin
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Manuel Wilke
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- Berlin
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Franziska Fischer
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- Berlin
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Mathias Röllig
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- Berlin
- Germany
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Chen D, Han X, Du Y, Wang HL, Xu P. In Situ Raman Monitoring of Silver(I)-Aided Laser-Driven Cleavage Reaction of Cyclobutane. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:46-50. [PMID: 26510491 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cyclobutane cleavage reaction is an important process and has received continuous interest. Herein, we demonstrate the visible laser-driven cleavage reaction of cyclobutane in crystal form by using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Silver(I) coordination-induced strain and thermal effects from the laser irradiation are the two main driving forces for the cleavage of cyclobutane crystals. This work may open up a new avenue for studying cyclobutane cleavage reactions, as compared to the conventional routes using ex situ techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengtai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Xijiang Han
- Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China.
| | - Yunchen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Hsing-Lin Wang
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China.
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Dong P, Lin L, Li Y, Huang Z, Lang T, Wu C, Lu M. In-situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction as a rapid method for cocrystal/salt screening. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:107-16. [PMID: 25804498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to explore in-situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) as a rapid and accurate tool to screen and monitor the formation of cocrystal/salts during heating. The active pharmaceutical ingredients (caffeine, carbamazepine and lamotrigine) were respectively mixed with the coformer (saccharin), and then heated by the hot stage. Real-time process monitoring was performed using synchrotron WAXD to assess cocrystal formation and subsequently compared to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The effect of heating rates and cocrystal growth behavior were investigated. Synchrotron WAXD was fast and sensitive to detect cocrystal formation with the appearance of characteristic diffraction rings, even at the heating rate of 30°C/min, while DSC curves showed overlapped peaks. Unlike the indirect characterization of DSC on endo/exothermic peaks, synchrotron WAXD can directly and qualitatively determine cocrystal by diffraction peaks. The diffraction intensity-temperature curves and the corresponding first-derivative curves clearly exhibited the growth behavior of cocrystal upon heating, providing useful information to optimize the process temperature of hot melt extrusion to continuously manufacture cocrystal. The study suggests that in-situ synchrotron WAXD could provide a one-step process to screen cocrystal at high efficiency and reveal the details of cocrystal/salts growth behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ling Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yongcheng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Tianqun Lang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Métro TX, Bonnamour J, Reidon T, Duprez A, Sarpoulet J, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Comprehensive study of the organic-solvent-free CDI-mediated acylation of various nucleophiles by mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2015; 21:12787-96. [PMID: 26177831 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acylation reactions are ubiquitous in the synthesis of natural products and biologically active compounds. Unfortunately, these reactions often require the use of large quantities of volatile and/or toxic solvents, either for the reaction, purification or isolation of the products. Herein we describe and discuss the possibility of completely eliminating the use of organic solvents for the synthesis, purification and isolation of products resulting from the acylation of amines and other nucleophiles. Thus, utilisation of N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) allows efficient coupling between carboxylic acids and various nucleophiles under solvent-free mechanical agitation, and water-assisted grinding enables both the purification and isolation of pure products. Critical parameters such as the physical state and water solubility of the products, milling material, type of agitation (vibratory or planetary) as well as contamination from wear are analysed and discussed. In addition, original organic-solvent-free conditions are proposed to overcome the limitations of this approach. The calculations of various green metrics are included, highlighting the particularly low environmental impact of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas-Xavier Métro
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France).
| | - Julien Bonnamour
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Thomas Reidon
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Anthony Duprez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Jordi Sarpoulet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France)
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France).
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Štrukil V, Gracin D, Magdysyuk OV, Dinnebier RE, Friščić T. Trapping Reactive Intermediates by Mechanochemistry: Elusive ArylN-Thiocarbamoylbenzotriazoles as Bench-Stable Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8440-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Štrukil V, Gracin D, Magdysyuk OV, Dinnebier RE, Friščić T. Trapping Reactive Intermediates by Mechanochemistry: Elusive ArylN-Thiocarbamoylbenzotriazoles as Bench-Stable Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Batzdorf L, Fischer F, Wilke M, Wenzel KJ, Emmerling F. Direct In Situ Investigation of Milling Reactions Using Combined X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1799-802. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Batzdorf L, Fischer F, Wilke M, Wenzel KJ, Emmerling F. Direct In Situ Investigation of Milling Reactions Using Combined X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mandala VS, Loewus SJ, Mehta MA. Monitoring Cocrystal Formation via In Situ Solid-State NMR. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3340-3344. [PMID: 26278442 DOI: 10.1021/jz501699h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the mechanism of organic cocrystal formation remains elusive. Techniques that interrogate a reacting system in situ are preferred, though experimentally challenging. We report here the results of a solid-state in situ NMR study of the spontaneous formation of a cocrystal between a pharmaceutical mimic (caffeine) and a coformer (malonic acid). Using (13)C magic angle spinning NMR, we show that the formation of the cocrystal may be tracked in real time. We find no direct evidence for a short-lived, chemical shift-resolved amorphous solid intermediate. However, changes in the line width and line center of the malonic acid methylene resonance, in the course of the reaction, provide subtle clues to the mode of mass transfer that underlies cocrystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata S Mandala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Sarel J Loewus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Manish A Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
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