1
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Wu J, Li L, Liu M, Bai L, Luan X. Selective C(sp
3
)−N Bond Cleavage of
N
,
N
‐Dialkyl Tertiary Amines with the Loss of a Large Alkyl Group via an S
N
1 Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Linqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Mengtian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Lu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Xinjun Luan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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2
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Wu J, Li L, Liu M, Bai L, Luan X. Selective C(sp 3 )-N Bond Cleavage of N,N-Dialkyl Tertiary Amines with the Loss of a Large Alkyl Group via an S N 1 Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113820. [PMID: 34783149 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polar disconnection of the C(sp3 )-N bond of N,N-dialkyl-substituted tertiary amines via ammonium species conventionally favored the loss of the smaller alkyl group by an SN 2 displacement, while selective C(sp3 )-N bond cleavage by cutting off the larger alkyl group is still underdeveloped. Herein, we present a novel Pd0 -catalyzed [2+2+1] annulation, proceeding through an alkyne-directed palladacycle formation and consecutive diamination with a tertiary hydroxylamine by cleaving its N-O bond and one C(sp3 )-N bond, for the rapid assembly of tricyclic indoles in a single-step transformation. Noteworthy, experimental results indicated that large tert-butyl and benzyl groups were selectively cleaved via an SN 1 pathway, in the presence of a smaller alkyl group (Me, Et, i Pr). Under the guidance of this new finding, tricyclic indoles bearing a removable alkyl group could be exclusively obtained by using a (α-methyl)benzyl/benzyl or tert-butyl/2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl mixed amino source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Linqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Mengtian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Xinjun Luan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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3
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Synthesis of Indoles via Intermolecular and Intramolecular Cyclization by Using Palladium-Based Catalysts. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of natural products or biologically active compounds, the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles is becoming incredibly valuable. Palladium is a transition metal that is widely utilized as a catalyst to facilitate carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling; it is used in the synthesis of various heterocycles. This review includes the twelve years of successful indole synthesis using various palladium catalysts to establish carbon-carbon or carbon-nitrogen coupling, as well as the conditions that have been optimized.
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4
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Mao J, Wang Z, Xu X, Liu G, Jiang R, Guan H, Zheng Z, Walsh PJ. Synthesis of Indoles through Domino Reactions of 2‐Fluorotoluenes and Nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyou Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Zhiting Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Liu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Runsheng Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Haixing Guan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Zheng
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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5
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Mao J, Wang Z, Xu X, Liu G, Jiang R, Guan H, Zheng Z, Walsh PJ. Synthesis of Indoles through Domino Reactions of 2-Fluorotoluenes and Nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11033-11038. [PMID: 31062472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoles are essential heterocycles in medicinal chemistry, and therefore, novel and efficient approaches to their synthesis are in high demand. Among indoles, 2-aryl indoles have been described as privileged scaffolds. Advanced herein is a straightforward, practical, and transition-metal-free assembly of 2-aryl indoles. Simply combining readily available 2-fluorotoluenes, nitriles, LiN(SiMe3 )2 , and CsF enables the generation of a diverse array of indoles (38 examples, 48-92 % yield). A range of substituents can be introduced into each position of the indole backbone (C4 to C7, and aryl groups at C2), providing handles for further elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyou Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhiting Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Liu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Runsheng Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Haixing Guan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Zheng
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China.,Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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6
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Sun Y, Wang X, Sun F, Chen Q, Cao J, Xu Z, Xu L. Enantioselective Cross‐Exchange between C−I and C−C σ Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Xing‐Ben Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Feng‐Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Qian‐Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Li‐Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
- Suzhou Research Institute and State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective OxidationLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences P. R. China
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7
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Sun YL, Wang XB, Sun FN, Chen QQ, Cao J, Xu Z, Xu LW. Enantioselective Cross-Exchange between C-I and C-C σ Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6747-6751. [PMID: 30912227 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular σ-bond cross-exchange between C-I and C-C bonds is realized, providing chiral indanones bearing an alkyl iodide group and an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter. Pd/TADDOL-derived phosphoramidite is found to be an efficient catalytic system for both C-C bond cleavage and alkyl iodide reductive elimination. In addition to aryl iodides, aryl bromides can also be used for this transformation in the presence of KI. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculation studies support the ring-opening of cyclobutanones occuring through an oxidative addition/reductive elimination process involving PdIV species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Ben Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China.,Suzhou Research Institute and State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China
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8
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Vahabi AH, Alizadeh A, Khavasi HR, Bazgir A. Palladium-Catalyzed Migratory Insertion of Isocyanides into C(thiophene)-SMe Bonds: Access to Atom-Transfer Reactions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Vahabi
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; P. O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| | - Abdolali Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; P. O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Khavasi
- Department of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; 1983963113 Tehran Iran
| | - Ayoob Bazgir
- Department of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; 1983963113 Tehran Iran
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9
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Youn SW, Lee SR, Kim YA, Kang DY, Jang MJ. Unusual 1,2-Aryl Migration and Depalladation of Alkylpalladium Intermediates Containing asyn-β-Hydrogen Atom. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- So Won Youn
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry and Institute for Material Design; Hanyang University; 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu Seoul 04763 Korea
| | - So Ra Lee
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry and Institute for Material Design; Hanyang University; 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu Seoul 04763 Korea
| | - Yun Ah Kim
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry and Institute for Material Design; Hanyang University; 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu Seoul 04763 Korea
| | - Da Young Kang
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry and Institute for Material Design; Hanyang University; 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu Seoul 04763 Korea
| | - Min Jung Jang
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry and Institute for Material Design; Hanyang University; 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu Seoul 04763 Korea
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10
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Quesnel JS, Moncho S, Ylijoki KEO, Torres GM, Brothers EN, Bengali AA, Arndtsen BA. Computational Study of the Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of Aromatic Acid Chlorides: The Synergistic Effect of Pt
Bu3
and CO on Reductive Elimination. Chemistry 2016; 22:15107-15118. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Quesnel
- McGill University; Chemistry; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | | | - Kai E. O. Ylijoki
- Department of Chemistry; Saint Mary's University; 923 Robie St Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | | | | | | | - Bruce A. Arndtsen
- McGill University; Chemistry; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
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11
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Yang S, Xu Q, Shi M. Palladium-Initiated Radical Cascade Stereoselective Iodofluoroalkylation/Cycloisomerization of Ene-vinylidenecyclopropanes. Chemistry 2016; 22:10387-92. [PMID: 27189649 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Qin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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12
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Xu JK, Wang Y, Gu Y, Tian SK. Palladium-Catalyzed Stereospecific Allylation of Nitroacetates with Enantioenriched Primary Allylic Amines. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Zhenfeng Xi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Zhenfeng Xi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Hao W, Wei J, Chi Y, Walsh PJ, Xi Z. A DFT Study on the Conversion of Aryl Iodides to Alkyl Iodides: Reductive Elimination of R−I from Alkylpalladium Iodide Complexes with Accessible β-Hydrogens. Chemistry 2016; 22:3422-3429. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Yue Chi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories; Department of Chemistry; University of Pennsylvania; 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
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16
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Yao B, Wang Q, Zhu J. Pd/C-Catalyzed Cyclizative Cross-Coupling of Twoortho-Alkynylanilines under Aerobic Conditions: Synthesis of 2,3′-Bisindoles. Chemistry 2015; 21:7413-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Chen C, Hou L, Cheng M, Su J, Tong X. Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Iminohalogenation of Alkenes: Synthesis of 2-Halomethyl Dihydropyrroles and Mechanistic Insights into the Alkyl Halide Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Chen C, Hou L, Cheng M, Su J, Tong X. Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Iminohalogenation of Alkenes: Synthesis of 2-Halomethyl Dihydropyrroles and Mechanistic Insights into the Alkyl Halide Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3092-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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