1
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Sheng C, Ling Z, Ahmad T, Xie F, Zhang W. Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective [3+3] Annulations of Alkynyl Ketimines with
α
‐Cyano Ketones: the Synthesis of Polysubstituted 4
H
‐Pyran Derivatives with a CF
3
‐Containing Quaternary Center. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200128. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zheng Ling
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Fang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
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2
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Woldegiorgis AG, Gu H, Lin X. Enantioselective synthesis of indole-based unnatural β-Alkynyl α-amino acid derivatives via chiral phosphoric acid catalysis. Chirality 2022; 34:678-693. [PMID: 35128727 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of unnatural α-amino acid derivatives has attracted considerable interest in recent years, as they are ubiquitous in protein synthesis and peptide-based drug discovery. Herein, we reported the chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed asymmetric reaction of indoles with β,γ-alkynyl-α-imino esters for the enantioselective synthesis of unnatural indole-based α-amino acid derivatives. This asymmetric organocatalysis protocol enables efficient synthesis of unnatural α-amino acid derivatives with a tetrasubstituted stereogenic center and an alkyne moiety with up to 99% yield and 98% ee, resulting in operationally simple conditions, short reaction time, and broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haorui Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xufeng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Woldegiorgis AG, Han Z, Lin X. Chiral Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrazole‐Based Unnatural α‐Amino Acid Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alemayehu Gashaw Woldegiorgis
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Han
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Xufeng Lin
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
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4
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Wu H, Li X, Yan Z, Ma N, Song S, Zhang G, Jiao N. Cu(I)-Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] Cycloaddition of Amines, Alkynes, and Ketenes: An Umpolung and Regioselective Approach to Full-Substituted β-Pyrrolinones. Org Lett 2021; 23:762-766. [PMID: 33443435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Described here is a Cu-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] modular synthesis of full-substituted β-pyrrolinones from simple amines, alkynes, and α-diazo-β-ketoesters. This approach involving the regioselective C-nucleophilic attack of enamines, uncommon C-nucleophilic addition to ketenes, and umpolung of imines enables the direct synthesis of full-substituted β-pyrrolinones, which were hardly constructed by traditional synthetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zixi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nana Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
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5
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Ishihara K, Nishimura K, Yamakawa K. Enantio- and Site-Selective α-Fluorination of N-Acyl 3,5-Dimethylpyrazoles Catalyzed by Chiral π-Cu II Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17641-17647. [PMID: 32633892 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective α-fluorination reactions of carbonyl compounds are among the most powerful and efficient synthetic methods for constructing optically active α-fluorinated carbonyl compounds. Nevertheless, α-fluorination of α-nonbranched carboxylic acid derivatives is still a big challenge because of relatively high pKa values of their α-hydrogen atoms and difficulty of subsequent synthetic transformation without epimerization. Herein we show that chiral copper(II) complexes of 3-(2-naphthyl)-l-alanine-derived amides are highly effective catalysts for the enantio- and site-selective α-fluorination of N-(α-arylacetyl) and N-(α-alkylacetyl) 3,5-dimethylpyrazoles. The substrate scope of the transformation is very broad (25 examples including a quaternary α-fluorinated α-amino acid derivative). α-Fluorinated products were converted into the corresponding esters, secondary amides, tertiary amides, ketones, and alcohols with almost no epimerization in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nishimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamakawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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6
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Ishihara K, Nishimura K, Yamakawa K. Enantio‐ and Site‐Selective α‐Fluorination of
N
‐Acyl 3,5‐Dimethylpyrazoles Catalyzed by Chiral π–Cu
II
Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuki Nishimura
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamakawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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7
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Yang J, Wang Z, He Z, Li G, Hong L, Sun W, Wang R. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted α‐Amino Allenoates by Dearomative γ‐Addition of 2,3‐Disubstituted Indoles to β,γ‐Alkynyl‐α‐imino Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:642-647. [PMID: 31664758 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu ProvinceInstitute of Drug Design & SynthesisInstitute of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Nano-Micro Material ResearchSchool of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zeyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu ProvinceInstitute of Drug Design & SynthesisInstitute of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Liang Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu ProvinceInstitute of Drug Design & SynthesisInstitute of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu ProvinceInstitute of Drug Design & SynthesisInstitute of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
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8
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Yang J, Wang Z, He Z, Li G, Hong L, Sun W, Wang R. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted α‐Amino Allenoates by Dearomative γ‐Addition of 2,3‐Disubstituted Indoles to β,γ‐Alkynyl‐α‐imino Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu ProvinceInstitute of Drug Design & SynthesisInstitute of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Nano-Micro Material ResearchSchool of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zeyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu ProvinceInstitute of Drug Design & SynthesisInstitute of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Liang Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu ProvinceInstitute of Drug Design & SynthesisInstitute of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu ProvinceInstitute of Drug Design & SynthesisInstitute of PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou University 199 West Donggang Rd Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
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9
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Zirak
- Department
of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran 19395-3697, Iran
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10
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Muñoz MT, Barandika G, Bazán B, Cuenca T, Mosquera MEG. Aluminum Alkali Metalate Derivatives: Factors Driving the Final Nuclearity in the Crystal Form. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Teresa Muñoz
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department University of Alcalá Campus Universitario 28805 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Gotzone Barandika
- Inorganic Chemistry Department University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Barrio Sarriena s/n 48940 Leioa Spain
- BCMaterials Parque Tecnológico de Zamudio Ibaizabal Bidea, Edificio 500‐Planta 1 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Begoña Bazán
- BCMaterials Parque Tecnológico de Zamudio Ibaizabal Bidea, Edificio 500‐Planta 1 48160 Derio Spain
- Mineralogy and Petrology Department University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Barrio Sarriena s/n 48940 Leioa Spain
| | - Tomás Cuenca
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department University of Alcalá Campus Universitario 28805 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Marta E. G. Mosquera
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department University of Alcalá Campus Universitario 28805 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
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11
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Yang S, Bian G, Chen Z, Xia X, Zhou M, Cui C, Song L. Highly efficient synthesis of chiral quaternary 3-aminooxindoles promoted by zinc( ii) chloride via Et 2Zn-catalysed addition of Grignard reagents to isaltin-derived N-tert-butanesulfinyl ketimines. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07692d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach to chiral quaternary 3-aminooxindoles via Et2Zn catalyzed diastereoselective addition of various Grignard reagents to broad isaltin-derived N-tert-butanesulfinyl ketimines promoted by zinc(ii) chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Guangling Bian
- The Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zhongxiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Caiyan Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Ling Song
- The Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
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12
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Chen N, Dai XJ, Wang H, Li CJ. Umpolung Addition of Aldehydes to Aryl Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:6260-6263. [PMID: 28026143 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the classical ways to synthesize amines involves the coupling of carbonyl compounds and imines, either through enolate chemistry or acyl-based carbanion equivalents. We herein report an alternative strategy that is based on the use of aldehydes as alkyl carbanion equivalents in a reductive coupling with aryl imines. A wide array of secondary amines can be synthesized in moderate to high yields. This reaction is mediated by hydrazine and catalyzed by ruthenium(II) complexes, and it tolerates various functional groups, such as esters, amides, and nitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Jie Dai
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Haining Wang
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing China
| | - Xi-Jie Dai
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Haining Wang
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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14
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis; Aizkraukles 21 1006 Riga Latvia
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15
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Mao J, Li H, Wen H, Li M, Fan X, Bao W. Palladium-Catalyzed Two-Component Domino Coupling Reaction of (Z)-β-Bromostyrenes with Norbornenes: Synthesis of 1,5-Enynes. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Roth T, Wadepohl H, Clot E, Gade LH. Azaphilic versus Carbophilic Coupling at C=N Bonds: Key Steps in Titanium-Assisted Multicomponent Reactions. Chemistry 2015; 21:18730-8. [PMID: 26542982 PMCID: PMC4832833 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Consecutive C- and N-arylation of N-heterocyclic nitriles is mediated by titanium(IV) alkoxides. The carbo- and azaphilic arylation step may be separated by choosing the order in which the two equivalents of aryl transfer reagent are added. In the course of this transformation, the ancillary N-heterocycle acts as both a directing anchor group and electron reservoir. In the selectivity-determining step, the selectivity is governed by a choice between (direct) C- and Ti-arylation; the latter opens up a reaction pathway that allows further migration to the nitrogen atom. The isolation of metal-containing aggregates from the reaction mixture and computational studies gave insights into the reaction mechanism. Subsequently, a multicomponent one-pot protocol was devised to rapidly access complex quaternary carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Roth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany)
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany)
| | - Eric Clot
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34000 Montpellier (France).
| | - Lutz H Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany).
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