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Fadaei F, Tortora M, Gessini A, Masciovecchio C, Vigna J, Mancini I, Mele A, Vacek J, Minofar B, Rossi B. Local and cooperative structural transitions of double-stranded DNA in choline-based deep eutectic solvents. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128443. [PMID: 38035952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as co-solvents for stabilizing and preserving the native structure of DNA provides an attractive opportunity in the field of DNA biotechnology. The rationale of this work is a systematic investigation of the effect of hydrated choline-based DES on the structural stability of a 30-base-pair double-stranded DNA model via a combination of spectroscopic experiments and MD simulations. UV absorption and CD experiments provide evidence of a significant contribution of DESs to the stabilization of the double-stranded canonical (B-form) DNA structure. Multi-wavelength synchrotron UV Resonance Raman (UVRR) measurements indicate that the hydration shell of adenine-thymine pairs is strongly perturbed in the presence of DESs and that the preferential interaction between H-bond sites of guanine residues and DESs is significantly involved in the stabilization of the dsDNA. Finally, MD calculations show that the minor groove of DNA is significantly selective for the choline part of the investigated DESs compared to the major groove. This finding is likely to have a significant impact not only in terms of thermal stability but also in the modulation of ligand-DNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fadaei
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mariagrazia Tortora
- Area Science Park, Padriciano, 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 114 km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gessini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 114 km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Jacopo Vigna
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 14, 38123 Povo Trento, Italy
| | - Ines Mancini
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 14, 38123 Povo Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Babak Minofar
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 114 km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 14, 38123 Povo Trento, Italy.
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2
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Khokhar V, Pandey S. Constituent- and Composition-Dependent Surfactant Aggregation in (Lanthanide Salt + Urea) Deep Eutectic Solvents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5129-5136. [PMID: 37001023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to the ease of tailoring the physicochemical properties by simply changing a constituent or composition, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) possess widely varying capabilities for surfactant self-assembly that could depend on the surfactant headgroup charge. The self-aggregation process of three surfactants, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and Triton X-100 (TX-100), dissolved in DESs composed of a lanthanide salt (Ln) and urea (U) is investigated. The role of the identity of the metal salt is assessed by using [La(NO3)3·6H2O] (La) and [Ce(NO3)3·6H2O] (Ce) and that of the composition is deciphered by systematically changing the mole ratio of the metal salt and urea in (La/U) DESs. The response to a fluorescence probe pyrene-1-carboxaldehyde along with electrical conductance and surface tension measurements is used to obtain the critical aggregation concentration (CAC). While the CACs in 1:3.5 (Ln/U) for SDS are significantly lower than that in water, the values are marginally higher for CTAB and TX-100. The CACs for all three surfactants are similar in 1:3.5 (La/U) and (Ce/U) DESs, implying that the identity of the metal in the salt is not so important. Increasing the urea composition in (La/U) DESs results in increased CAC for SDS and CTAB; however, a minimal decrease in CAC is observed for TX-100. From the temperature dependence of CAC, thermodynamic parameters, ΔGagg0, ΔHagg0, and ΔSagg0, of the surfactant self-aggregation process are estimated. These parameters reveal that while at a lower urea content, the SDS/CTAB self-assembly process is enthalpically driven, it becomes entropically favored at higher urea concentrations. The TX-100 self-aggregation in these DESs is found to be strongly enthalpically favored and entropically un-favored. These parameters are explained as a combination of passage of the solvophobic surfactant chain from the bulk DES to the aggregate pseudo-phase and differential orientation/organization of DES constituents around surfactant monomers and/or aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Khokhar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Siddharth Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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3
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Dziubinska-Kühn K, Pupier M, Matysik J, Viger-Gravel J, Karg B, Kowalska M. Time-Dependent Hydrogen Bond Network Formation in Glycerol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. Chemphyschem 2022. [PMID: 35452172 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, Deep Eutectic Solvents have gained popularity as a novel class of green solvents, due to their feasible synthesis and overall low production costs. The properties of glycerol (Gly)-based Deep Eutectic Solvents are frequently associated with the formation of an extended hydrogen bond network. In this study, two-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is employed to analyse the effect of glycerol oversaturation of the hydrogen bond acceptor, choline chloride (ChCl) on the structural arrangement of glyceline (molar ratio 1 : 2 ChCl:Gly), selected to represent Gly-based Deep Eutectic Solvents. The rearrangement of glycerol molecules, additionally trapping water molecules inside of isolated clusters, is revealed during a time-resolved analysis, performed in the presence of various fractions of water added to solvent. 200 % oversaturated Deep Eutectic Solvent (1 : 4 ChCl:Gly) is found to be a suitable cryoprotectant candidate, based on the revealed glycerol-water interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dziubinska-Kühn
- CERN, Esplanade des Particules 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, D-, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marion Pupier
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, D-, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jasmine Viger-Gravel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Karg
- CERN, Esplanade des Particules 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Ahmed SF, Mofijur M, Rafa N, Chowdhury AT, Chowdhury S, Nahrin M, Islam ABMS, Ong HC. Green approaches in synthesising nanomaterials for environmental nanobioremediation: Technological advancements, applications, benefits and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111967. [PMID: 34450159 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Green synthesis approaches of nanomaterials (NMs) have received considerable attention in recent years as it addresses the sustainability issues posed by conventional synthesis methods. However, recent works of literature do not present the complete picture of biogenic NMs. This paper addresses the previous gaps by providing insights into the stability and toxicity of NMs, critically reviewing the various biological agents and solvents required for synthesis, sheds light on the factors that affect biosynthesis, and outlines the applications of NMs across various sectors. Despite the advantages of green synthesis, current methods face challenges with safe and appropriate solvent selection, process parameters that affect the synthesis process, nanomaterial cytotoxicity, bulk production and NM morphology control, tedious maintenance, and knowledge deficiencies. Consequently, the green synthesis of NMs is largely trapped in the laboratory phase. Nevertheless, the environmental friendliness, biocompatibility, and sensitivities of the resulting NMs have wider applications in biomedical science, environmental remediation, and consumer industries. To the scale-up application of biogenic NMs, future research should be focused on understanding the mechanisms of the synthesis processes, identifying more biological and chemical agents that can be used in synthesis, and developing the practicality of green synthesis at the industrial scale, and optimizing the factors affecting the synthesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Forruque Ahmed
- Science and Math Program, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, 4000, Bangladesh.
| | - M Mofijur
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nazifa Rafa
- Environmental Sciences Program, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, 4000, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sidratun Chowdhury
- Science and Math Program, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, 4000, Bangladesh; Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies (BCAS), Bangladesh
| | - Muntasha Nahrin
- Science and Math Program, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, 4000, Bangladesh
| | - A B M Saiful Islam
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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5
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Chang T, He S, Amini R, Li Y. Functional Nucleic Acids Under Unusual Conditions. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2368-2383. [PMID: 33930229 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional nucleic acids (FNAs), including naturally occurring ribozymes and riboswitches as well as artificially created DNAzymes and aptamers, have been popular molecular toolboxes for diverse applications. Given the high chemical stability of nucleic acids and their ability to fold into diverse sequence-dependent structures, FNAs are suggested to be highly functional under unusual reaction conditions. This review will examine the progress of research on FNAs under conditions of low pH, high temperature, freezing conditions, and the inclusion of organic solvents and denaturants that are known to disrupt nucleic acid structures. The FNA species to be discussed include ribozymes, riboswitches, G-quadruplex-based peroxidase mimicking DNAzymes, RNA-cleaving DNAzymes, and aptamers. Research within this space has not only revealed the hidden talents of FNAs but has also laid important groundwork for pursuing these intriguing functional macromolecules for unique applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjun Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biology, Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Sisi He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ryan Amini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Yingfu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada
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6
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Tan Z, Peng Y, Liu J, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Mao B, Yan J. An In Situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study on the Electrochemical Interface between Au(111) and Ethaline Deep Eutectic Solvent. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China E-mail: mailto
| | - Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China E-mail: mailto
| | - Jingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China E-mail: mailto
| | - Yun Yang
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research Institution College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhisen Zhang
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research Institution College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhaobin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China E-mail: mailto
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China E-mail: mailto
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China E-mail: mailto
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7
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Gu C, Peng Y, Li J, Wang H, Xie X, Cao X, Liu C. Supramolecular G4 Eutectogels of Guanosine with Solvent‐Induced Chiral Inversion and Excellent Electrochromic Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18768-18773. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Gu
- Henan Provincial Key Lab of Surface & Interface Science Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Yu Peng
- Henan Provincial Key Lab of Surface & Interface Science Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Jingjing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Hai Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Lab of Surface & Interface Science Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Xiao‐Qiao Xie
- Henan Provincial Key Lab of Surface & Interface Science Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Chun‐Sen Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Lab of Surface & Interface Science Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450002 China
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8
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Gu C, Peng Y, Li J, Wang H, Xie X, Cao X, Liu C. Supramolecular G4 Eutectogels of Guanosine with Solvent‐Induced Chiral Inversion and Excellent Electrochromic Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Gu
- Henan Provincial Key Lab of Surface & Interface Science Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Yu Peng
- Henan Provincial Key Lab of Surface & Interface Science Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Jingjing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Hai Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Lab of Surface & Interface Science Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Xiao‐Qiao Xie
- Henan Provincial Key Lab of Surface & Interface Science Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Chun‐Sen Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Lab of Surface & Interface Science Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450002 China
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9
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Ishutkina MV, Berry AR, Hussain R, Khelevina OG, Siligardi G, Stulz E. Self-Assembled Porphyrazine Nucleosides on DNA Templates: Highly Fluorescent Chromophore Arrays and Sizing Forensic Tandem Repeat Sequences. European J Org Chem 2018; 2018:5054-5059. [PMID: 30333712 PMCID: PMC6174987 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The formation of chromophore arrays using a DNA templating approach leads to the creation of supramolecular assemblies, where the optical properties of the overall system can be fine-tuned to a large extent. In particular, porphyrin derivatives have been shown to be versatile building blocks; mostly covalent chemistry was used for embedding the units into DNA strands. Self-assembly of porphyrin modified nucleosides, on the other hand, has not been investigated as a simplified approach. We report on the synthesis of a magnesium(II) tetraaza porphine (MgTAP) coupled to deoxyuridine, and array formation on DNA templates which contain well-defined oligo(dA) segments showing strong fluorescence enhancement which is significantly larger than that with a Zn-porphyrin. The use of the deep-eutectic solvent glycholine is essential for successful assembly formation. The system allows for sizing of short tandem repeat markers with multiple adenosines, thus the concept could be adaptable to in vitro forensic DNA profiling with a suitable set of different chromophores on all nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia V. Ishutkina
- Department of Organic ChemistryIvanovo State University of Chemistry and TechnologySheremetev Av. 7RF‐153000IvanovoRussia
| | - Alice R. Berry
- School of Chemistry & Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSO17 1BJSouthamptonUK
| | - Rohanah Hussain
- Diamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0DEOxfordshireUK
| | - Olga G. Khelevina
- Department of Organic ChemistryIvanovo State University of Chemistry and TechnologySheremetev Av. 7RF‐153000IvanovoRussia
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0DEOxfordshireUK
| | - Eugen Stulz
- School of Chemistry & Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSO17 1BJSouthamptonUK
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10
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Svigelj R, Dossi N, Toniolo R, Miranda-Castro R, de-Los-Santos-Álvarez N, Lobo-Castañón MJ. Selection of Anti-gluten DNA Aptamers in a Deep Eutectic Solvent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12850-12854. [PMID: 30070419 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we show the feasibility of using deep eutectic solvents as a faster way of selecting aptamers targeting poorly water-soluble species. This unexplored concept is illustrated for gluten proteins. In this way, aptamer-based gluten detection can be performed directly in the extraction media with improved detectability. We envision deep implications for applications not only in food safety control but also in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Svigelj
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Nicolò Dossi
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Rosanna Toniolo
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Rebeca Miranda-Castro
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8., 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - M Jesús Lobo-Castañón
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8., 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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11
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Svigelj R, Dossi N, Toniolo R, Miranda-Castro R, de-los-Santos-Álvarez N, Lobo-Castañón MJ. Selection of Anti-gluten DNA Aptamers in a Deep Eutectic Solvent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Svigelj
- Department of Agrifood; Environmental and Animal Sciences; University of Udine; via Cotonificio 108 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Nicolò Dossi
- Department of Agrifood; Environmental and Animal Sciences; University of Udine; via Cotonificio 108 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Rosanna Toniolo
- Department of Agrifood; Environmental and Animal Sciences; University of Udine; via Cotonificio 108 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Rebeca Miranda-Castro
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería 8. 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | | | - M. Jesús Lobo-Castañón
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería 8. 33006 Oviedo Spain
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