1
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Sokolova D, Lurshay TC, Rowbotham JS, Stonadge G, Reeve HA, Cleary SE, Sudmeier T, Vincent KA. Selective hydrogenation of nitro compounds to amines by coupled redox reactions over a heterogeneous biocatalyst. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7297. [PMID: 39181899 PMCID: PMC11344822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cleaner synthesis of amines remains a key challenge in organic chemistry because of their prevalence in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and synthetic building blocks. Here, we report a different paradigm for chemoselective hydrogenation of nitro compounds to amines, under mild, aqueous conditions. The hydrogenase enzyme releases electrons from H2 to a carbon black support which facilitates nitro-group reduction. For 30 nitroarenes we demonstrate full conversion (isolated yields 78 - 96%), with products including pharmaceuticals benzocaine, procainamide and mesalazine, and 4-aminophenol - precursor to paracetamol (acetaminophen). We also showcase gram-scale synthesis of procainamide with 90% isolated yield. We demonstrate potential for extension to aliphatic substrates. The catalyst is highly selective for reduction of the nitro group over other unsaturated bonds, tolerant to a wide range of functional groups, and exhibits excellent stability in reactions lasting up to 72 hours and full reusability over 5 cycles with a total turnover number over 1 million, indicating scope for direct translation to fine chemical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Sokolova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Tara C Lurshay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- HydRegen Limited, Centre for Innovation and Enterprise, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Jack S Rowbotham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Georgia Stonadge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Holly A Reeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- HydRegen Limited, Centre for Innovation and Enterprise, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Sarah E Cleary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
- HydRegen Limited, Centre for Innovation and Enterprise, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, OX5 1PF, UK.
| | - Tim Sudmeier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Kylie A Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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2
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Ash PA, Kendall-Price SET, Evans RM, Carr SB, Brasnett AR, Morra S, Rowbotham JS, Hidalgo R, Healy AJ, Cinque G, Frogley MD, Armstrong FA, Vincent KA. The crystalline state as a dynamic system: IR microspectroscopy under electrochemical control for a [NiFe] hydrogenase. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12959-12970. [PMID: 34745526 PMCID: PMC8514002 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01734a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled formation of catalytically-relevant states within crystals of complex metalloenzymes represents a significant challenge to structure-function studies. Here we show how electrochemical control over single crystals of [NiFe] hydrogenase 1 (Hyd1) from Escherichia coli makes it possible to navigate through the full array of active site states previously observed in solution. Electrochemical control is combined with synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy, which enables us to measure high signal-to-noise IR spectra in situ from a small area of crystal. The output reports on active site speciation via the vibrational stretching band positions of the endogenous CO and CN- ligands at the hydrogenase active site. Variation of pH further demonstrates how equilibria between catalytically-relevant protonation states can be deliberately perturbed in the crystals, generating a map of electrochemical potential and pH conditions which lead to enrichment of specific states. Comparison of in crystallo redox titrations with measurements in solution or of electrode-immobilised Hyd1 confirms the integrity of the proton transfer and redox environment around the active site of the enzyme in crystals. Slowed proton-transfer equilibria in the hydrogenase in crystallo reveals transitions which are only usually observable by ultrafast methods in solution. This study therefore demonstrates the possibilities of electrochemical control over single metalloenzyme crystals in stabilising specific states for further study, and extends mechanistic understanding of proton transfer during the [NiFe] hydrogenase catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Ash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Sophie E T Kendall-Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Rhiannon M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Stephen B Carr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus Didcot UK
| | - Amelia R Brasnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simone Morra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jack S Rowbotham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Ricardo Hidalgo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Adam J Healy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Gianfelice Cinque
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX UK
- Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PJ UK
| | - Mark D Frogley
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Fraser A Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Kylie A Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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3
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Joseph Srinivasan S, Cleary SE, Ramirez MA, Reeve HA, Paul CE, Vincent KA. E. coli Nickel-Iron Hydrogenase 1 Catalyses Non-native Reduction of Flavins: Demonstration for Alkene Hydrogenation by Old Yellow Enzyme Ene-reductases*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13824-13828. [PMID: 33721401 PMCID: PMC8252551 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new activity for the [NiFe] uptake hydrogenase 1 of Escherichia coli (Hyd1) is presented. Direct reduction of biological flavin cofactors FMN and FAD is achieved using H2 as a simple, completely atom-economical reductant. The robust nature of Hyd1 is exploited for flavin reduction across a broad range of temperatures (25-70 °C) and extended reaction times. The utility of this system as a simple, easy to implement FMNH2 or FADH2 regenerating system is then demonstrated by supplying reduced flavin to Old Yellow Enzyme "ene-reductases" to support asymmetric alkene reductions with up to 100 % conversion. Hyd1 turnover frequencies up to 20.4 min-1 and total turnover numbers up to 20 200 were recorded during flavin recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiny Joseph Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Cleary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Holly A Reeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kylie A Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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4
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Joseph Srinivasan S, Cleary SE, Ramirez MA, Reeve HA, Paul CE, Vincent KA. E. coli Nickel-Iron Hydrogenase 1 Catalyses Non-native Reduction of Flavins: Demonstration for Alkene Hydrogenation by Old Yellow Enzyme Ene-reductases. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:13943-13947. [PMID: 38529476 PMCID: PMC10962552 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new activity for the [NiFe] uptake hydrogenase 1 of Escherichia coli (Hyd1) is presented. Direct reduction of biological flavin cofactors FMN and FAD is achieved using H2 as a simple, completely atom-economical reductant. The robust nature of Hyd1 is exploited for flavin reduction across a broad range of temperatures (25-70 °C) and extended reaction times. The utility of this system as a simple, easy to implement FMNH2 or FADH2 regenerating system is then demonstrated by supplying reduced flavin to Old Yellow Enzyme "ene-reductases" to support asymmetric alkene reductions with up to 100 % conversion. Hyd1 turnover frequencies up to 20.4 min-1 and total turnover numbers up to 20 200 were recorded during flavin recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiny Joseph Srinivasan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordInorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3QRUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Cleary
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordInorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3QRUnited Kingdom
| | - Miguel A. Ramirez
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordInorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3QRUnited Kingdom
| | - Holly A. Reeve
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordInorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3QRUnited Kingdom
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Kylie A. Vincent
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordInorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3QRUnited Kingdom
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5
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Souza JCP, Macedo LJA, Hassan A, Sedenho GC, Modenez IA, Crespilho FN. In Situ
and
Operando
Techniques for Investigating Electron Transfer in Biological Systems. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João C. P. Souza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo 13560-970 São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
- Campus Rio Verde Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology 75901-970 Rio Verde Goiás Brazil
| | - Lucyano J. A. Macedo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo 13560-970 São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ayaz Hassan
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo 13560-970 São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Graziela C. Sedenho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo 13560-970 São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Iago A. Modenez
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo 13560-970 São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Frank N. Crespilho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo 13560-970 São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
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6
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Tai H, Hirota S. Mechanism and Application of the Catalytic Reaction of [NiFe] Hydrogenase: Recent Developments. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1573-1581. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hulin Tai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional MoleculesDepartment of ChemistryYanbian University Park Road 977 Yanji 133002 Jilin China
| | - Shun Hirota
- Division of Materials ScienceGraduate School of Science and TechnologyNara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
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7
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Tai H, Nishikawa K, Higuchi Y, Mao ZW, Hirota S. Cysteine SH and Glutamate COOH Contributions to [NiFe] Hydrogenase Proton Transfer Revealed by Highly Sensitive FTIR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13285-13290. [PMID: 31343102 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A [NiFe] hydrogenase (H2 ase) is a proton-coupled electron transfer enzyme that catalyses reversible H2 oxidation; however, its fundamental proton transfer pathway remains unknown. Herein, we observed the protonation of Cys546-SH and Glu34-COOH near the Ni-Fe site with high-sensitivity infrared difference spectra by utilizing Ni-C-to-Ni-L and Ni-C-to-Ni-SIa photoconversions. Protonated Cys546-SH in the Ni-L state was verified by the observed SH stretching frequency (2505 cm-1 ), whereas Cys546 was deprotonated in the Ni-C and Ni-SIa states. Glu34-COOH was double H-bonded in the Ni-L state, as determined by the COOH stretching frequency (1700 cm-1 ), and single H-bonded in the Ni-C and Ni-SIa states. Additionally, a stretching mode of an ordered water molecule was observed in the Ni-L and Ni-C states. These results elucidate the organized proton transfer pathway during the catalytic reaction of a [NiFe] H2 ase, which is regulated by the H-bond network of Cys546, Glu34, and an ordered water molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulin Tai
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Koji Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Higuchi
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shun Hirota
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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8
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Tai H, Nishikawa K, Higuchi Y, Mao Z, Hirota S. Cysteine SH and Glutamate COOH Contributions to [NiFe] Hydrogenase Proton Transfer Revealed by Highly Sensitive FTIR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hulin Tai
- Division of Materials Science Graduate School of Science and Technology Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Koji Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Life Science University of Hyogo 3-2-1 Koto Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Higuchi
- Graduate School of Life Science University of Hyogo 3-2-1 Koto Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
| | - Zong‐wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Shun Hirota
- Division of Materials Science Graduate School of Science and Technology Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
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9
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Ahmed ME, Chattopadhyay S, Wang L, Brazzolotto D, Pramanik D, Aldakov D, Fize J, Morozan A, Gennari M, Duboc C, Dey A, Artero V. Hydrogen Evolution from Aqueous Solutions Mediated by a Heterogenized [NiFe]‐Hydrogenase Model: Low pH Enables Catalysis through an Enzyme‐Relevant Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16001-16004. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Estak Ahmed
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 700032 Kolkata India
| | | | - Lianke Wang
- Université Grenoble AlpesUMR CNRS 5250Département de Chimie Moléculaire 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Deborah Brazzolotto
- Université Grenoble AlpesUMR CNRS 5250Département de Chimie Moléculaire 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Debajyoti Pramanik
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR CNRS 5249, CEALaboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Dmitry Aldakov
- Univ. Grenoble AlpesCNRS, CEA, INAC-SyMMES 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Jennifer Fize
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR CNRS 5249, CEALaboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Adina Morozan
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR CNRS 5249, CEALaboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Marcello Gennari
- Université Grenoble AlpesUMR CNRS 5250Département de Chimie Moléculaire 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Carole Duboc
- Université Grenoble AlpesUMR CNRS 5250Département de Chimie Moléculaire 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Abhishek Dey
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 700032 Kolkata India
| | - Vincent Artero
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR CNRS 5249, CEALaboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 38000 Grenoble France
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10
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Ahmed ME, Chattopadhyay S, Wang L, Brazzolotto D, Pramanik D, Aldakov D, Fize J, Morozan A, Gennari M, Duboc C, Dey A, Artero V. Hydrogen Evolution from Aqueous Solutions Mediated by a Heterogenized [NiFe]‐Hydrogenase Model: Low pH Enables Catalysis through an Enzyme‐Relevant Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Estak Ahmed
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 700032 Kolkata India
| | | | - Lianke Wang
- Université Grenoble AlpesUMR CNRS 5250Département de Chimie Moléculaire 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Deborah Brazzolotto
- Université Grenoble AlpesUMR CNRS 5250Département de Chimie Moléculaire 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Debajyoti Pramanik
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR CNRS 5249, CEALaboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Dmitry Aldakov
- Univ. Grenoble AlpesCNRS, CEA, INAC-SyMMES 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Jennifer Fize
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR CNRS 5249, CEALaboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Adina Morozan
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR CNRS 5249, CEALaboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Marcello Gennari
- Université Grenoble AlpesUMR CNRS 5250Département de Chimie Moléculaire 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Carole Duboc
- Université Grenoble AlpesUMR CNRS 5250Département de Chimie Moléculaire 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Abhishek Dey
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 700032 Kolkata India
| | - Vincent Artero
- Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR CNRS 5249, CEALaboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 38000 Grenoble France
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11
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Nayak S, McPherson IJ, Vincent KA. Adsorbed Intermediates in Oxygen Reduction on Platinum Nanoparticles Observed by In Situ IR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simantini Nayak
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Ian J. McPherson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Kylie A. Vincent
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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12
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Nayak S, McPherson IJ, Vincent KA. Adsorbed Intermediates in Oxygen Reduction on Platinum Nanoparticles Observed by In Situ IR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12855-12858. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simantini Nayak
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Ian J. McPherson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Kylie A. Vincent
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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13
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Greene BL, Vansuch GE, Chica BC, Adams MWW, Dyer RB. Applications of Photogating and Time Resolved Spectroscopy to Mechanistic Studies of Hydrogenases. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2718-2726. [PMID: 29083854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and facile redox chemistry is exemplified in nature by the oxidoreductases, the class of enzymes that catalyze electron transfer (ET) from a donor to an acceptor. The key role of oxidoreductases in metabolism and biosynthesis has imposed evolutionary pressure to enhance enzyme efficiency, pushing some toward the diffusion limit. Understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms of these highly optimized enzymes would provide an important foundation for the rational design of catalysts for multielectron chemistry, including fuel production. The hydrogenases (H2ases) are the oxidoreductases that catalyze the most basic electron and proton transfer reactions relevant to fuel production, the interconversion of protons and hydrogen, with kcat > 103 s-1. Thus, they provide a model system for studying the efficiency exhibited by oxidoreductases. Because of the extraordinarily fast catalytic rates of these enzymes, their mechanisms have been difficult to study directly but instead have been inferred from structural and steady-state measurements. Although informative, the kinetic competency of observed equilibrium steps can only be suggested by these methods, not demonstrated, because the fundamental (fast) catalytic steps remain unresolved, resulting in minimal insight regarding the underlying ET and proton transfer (PT) events. Motivated by this gap in understanding, we developed an approach capable of observing elementary ET and PT during such fast enzyme turnover by combining a laser-induced potential jump with time-resolved spectroscopy. The potential jump initiates enzyme turnover by utilizing a short-pulsed laser to release a "caged" electron from a nanomaterial or NAD(P)H, which is then captured by a mediator such as methyl viologen. The subsequent enzyme reduction and turnover are monitored by transient absorption spectroscopy in the visible or mid-IR spectral regions. The method is completely general and in principle can be applied to any catalytic redox reaction. In the case of hydrogenases, time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of the active site CO ligands is particularly informative since the IR frequencies are exquisitely sensitive to the redox and protonation states. Using this methodology, we have developed a description of the catalytic mechanism of the Pyrococcus furiosus [NiFe]-hydrogenase by demonstrating the kinetic and chemical competency of equilibrium states and by invoking new intermediates. Additionally, the pre-steady-state kinetics revealed a distinct role of proton tunneling in concerted electron-proton transfer (EPT) modulated by a conserved glutamic acid residue. Similar multisite EPT processes have been implicated in numerous enzymes but have not been demonstrated explicitly. These methods have also been successfully applied to an electron bifurcating [FeFe]-H2ase from Thermotoga maritima, establishing the kinetic competency of the Hox, Hred, and Hsred intermediates of the [FeFe] enzyme. These results provide fundamental insight on the factors that control low barrier proton and electron flow in enzymes and thus provide a foundation for the rational design of reversible biomimetic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L. Greene
- Department
of Chemistry, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Gregory E. Vansuch
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Bryant C. Chica
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Michael W. W. Adams
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, B122 Life
Sciences Bldg., Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - R. Brian Dyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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14
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Adamson H, Bond AM, Parkin A. Probing biological redox chemistry with large amplitude Fourier transformed ac voltammetry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:9519-9533. [PMID: 28804798 PMCID: PMC5708363 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03870d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological electron-exchange reactions are fundamental to life on earth. Redox reactions underpin respiration, photosynthesis, molecular biosynthesis, cell signalling and protein folding. Chemical, biomedical and future energy technology developments are also inspired by these natural electron transfer processes. Further developments in techniques and data analysis are required to gain a deeper understanding of the redox biochemistry processes that power Nature. This review outlines the new insights gained from developing Fourier transformed ac voltammetry as a tool for protein film electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Adamson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Alan M Bond
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Alison Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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15
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Artz JH, Zadvornyy OA, Mulder DW, King PW, Peters JW. Structural Characterization of Poised States in the Oxygen Sensitive Hydrogenases and Nitrogenases. Methods Enzymol 2017; 595:213-259. [PMID: 28882202 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization of FeS cluster-containing proteins has been challenging due to their oxygen sensitivity, and yet these enzymes are involved in many critical catalytic reactions. The last few years have seen a wealth of innovative experiments designed to elucidate not just structural but mechanistic insights into FeS cluster enzymes. Here, we focus on the crystallization of hydrogenases, which catalyze the reversible reduction of protons to hydrogen, and nitrogenases, which reduce dinitrogen to ammonia. A specific focus is given to the different experimental parameters and strategies that are used to trap distinct enzyme states, specifically, oxidants, reductants, and gas treatments. Other themes presented here include the recent use of Cryo-EM, and how coupling various spectroscopies to crystallization is opening up new approaches for structural and mechanistic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H Artz
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Oleg A Zadvornyy
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - David W Mulder
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biosciences Center, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Paul W King
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biosciences Center, Golden, CO, United States
| | - John W Peters
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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16
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Mechanism for rapid growth of organic-inorganic halide perovskite crystals. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13303. [PMID: 27830749 PMCID: PMC5109546 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices based on hybrid halide perovskites have shown remarkable progress to high performance. However, despite their apparent success, there remain many open questions about their intrinsic properties. Single crystals are often seen as the ideal platform for understanding the limits of crystalline materials, and recent reports of rapid, high-temperature crystallization of single crystals should enable a variety of studies. Here we explore the mechanism of this crystallization and find that it is due to reversible changes in the solution where breaking up of colloids, and a change in the solvent strength, leads to supersaturation and subsequent crystallization. We use this knowledge to demonstrate a broader range of processing parameters and show that these can lead to improved crystal quality. Our findings are therefore of central importance to enable the continued advancement of perovskite optoelectronics and to the improved reproducibility through a better understanding of factors influencing and controlling crystallization.
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17
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Armstrong FA, Evans RM, Hexter SV, Murphy BJ, Roessler MM, Wulff P. Guiding Principles of Hydrogenase Catalysis Instigated and Clarified by Protein Film Electrochemistry. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:884-92. [PMID: 27104487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein film electrochemistry (PFE) is providing cutting-edge insight into the chemical principles underpinning biological hydrogen. Attached to an electrode, many enzymes exhibit "reversible" electrocatalytic behavior, meaning that a catalyzed redox reaction appears reversible or quasi-reversible when viewed by cyclic voltammetry. This efficiency is most relevant for enzymes that are inspiring advances in renewable energy, such as hydrogen-activating and CO2-reducing enzymes. Exploiting the rich repertoire of available instrumental methods, PFE experiments yield both a general snapshot and fine detail, all from tiny samples of enzyme. The dynamic electrochemical investigations blaze new trails and add exquisite detail to the information gained from structural and spectroscopic studies. This Account describes recent investigations of hydrogenases carried out in Oxford, including ideas initiated with PFE and followed through with complementary techniques, all contributing to an eventual complete picture of fast and efficient H2 activation without Pt. By immobilization of an enzyme on an electrode, catalytic electron flow and the chemistry controlling it can be addressed at the touch of a button. The buried nature of the active site means that structures that have been determined by crystallography or spectroscopy are likely to be protected, retained, and fully relevant in a PFE experiment. An electrocatalysis model formulated for the PFE of immobilized enzymes predicts interesting behavior and gives insight into why some hydrogenases are H2 producers and others are H2 oxidizers. Immobilization also allows for easy addition and removal of inhibitors along with precise potential control, one interesting outcome being that formaldehyde forms a reversible complex with reduced [FeFe]-hydrogenases, thereby providing insight into the order of electron and proton transfers. Experiments on O2-tolerant [NiFe]-hydrogenases show that O2 behaves like a reversible inhibitor: it is also a substrate, and implicit in the description of some hydrogenases as "H2/O2 oxidoreductases" is the hypothesis that fast and efficient multielectron transfer is a key to O2 tolerance because it promotes complete reduction of O2 to harmless water. Not only is a novel [4Fe-3S] cluster (able to transfer two electrons consecutively) an important component, but connections to additional electron sources (other Fe-S clusters, an electrode, another quaternary structure unit, or the physiological membrane itself) ensure that H2 oxidation can be sustained in the presence of O2, as demonstrated with enzyme fuel cells able to operate on a H2/air mixture. Manipulating the H-H bond in the active site is the simplest proton-coupled electron-transfer reaction to be catalyzed by an enzyme. Unlike small molecular catalysts or the surfaces of materials, metalloenzymes are far better suited to engineering the all-important outer-coordination shell. Hence, recent successful site-directed mutagenesis of the conserved outer-shell "canopy" residues in a [NiFe]-hydrogenase opens up new opportunities for understanding the mechanism of H2 activation beyond the role of the inner coordination shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Rhiannon M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Suzannah V. Hexter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Bonnie J. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Maxie M. Roessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Philip Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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18
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Jordan PC, Patterson DP, Saboda KN, Edwards EJ, Miettinen HM, Basu G, Thielges MC, Douglas T. Self-assembling biomolecular catalysts for hydrogen production. Nat Chem 2015; 8:179-85. [PMID: 26791902 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of highly evolved protein-based compartments has inspired the design of new catalytically active materials that self-assemble from biological components. A frontier of this biodesign is the potential to contribute new catalytic systems for the production of sustainable fuels, such as hydrogen. Here, we show the encapsulation and protection of an active hydrogen-producing and oxygen-tolerant [NiFe]-hydrogenase, sequestered within the capsid of the bacteriophage P22 through directed self-assembly. We co-opted Escherichia coli for biomolecular synthesis and assembly of this nanomaterial by expressing and maturing the EcHyd-1 hydrogenase prior to expression of the P22 coat protein, which subsequently self assembles. By probing the infrared spectroscopic signatures and catalytic activity of the engineered material, we demonstrate that the capsid provides stability and protection to the hydrogenase cargo. These results illustrate how combining biological function with directed supramolecular self-assembly can be used to create new materials for sustainable catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47407-7102, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Dustin P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry &Biochemistry, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75799, USA
| | - Kendall N Saboda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Ethan J Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47407-7102, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Heini M Miettinen
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Gautam Basu
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Megan C Thielges
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47407-7102, USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47407-7102, USA
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