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Karipal Padinjare Veedu D, Connal LA, Malins LR. Tunable Electrochemical Peptide Modifications: Unlocking New Levels of Orthogonality for Side-Chain Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215470. [PMID: 36336657 PMCID: PMC10107541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical transformations provide enticing opportunities for programmable, residue-specific peptide modifications. Herein, we harness the potential of amidic side-chains as underutilized handles for late-stage modification through the development of an electroauxiliary-assisted oxidation of glutamine residues within unprotected peptides. Glutamine building blocks bearing electroactive side-chain N,S-acetals are incorporated into peptides using standard Fmoc-SPPS. Anodic oxidation of the electroauxiliary in the presence of diverse alcohol nucleophiles enables the installation of high-value N,O-acetal functionalities. Proof-of-principle for an electrochemical peptide stapling protocol, as well as the functionalization of dynorphin B, an endogenous opioid peptide, demonstrates the applicability of the method to intricate peptide systems. Finally, the site-selective and tunable electrochemical modification of a peptide bearing two discretely oxidizable sites is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Karipal Padinjare Veedu
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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2
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Najmi AA, Bhat MF, Bischoff R, Poelarends GJ, Permentier HP. TEMPO‐Mediated Electrochemical N‐demethylation of Opiate Alkaloids. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alipour Najmi
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen A. Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - M. Faizan Bhat
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen A. Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen A. Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen A. Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar P. Permentier
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen A. Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
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3
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Beil SB, Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Reproducibility in Electroorganic Synthesis-Myths and Misunderstandings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14750-14759. [PMID: 33428811 PMCID: PMC8251947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of electric current as a traceless activator and reagent is experiencing a renaissance. This sustainable synthetic method is evolving into a hot topic in contemporary organic chemistry. Since researchers with various scientific backgrounds are entering this interdisciplinary field, different parameters and methods are reported to describe the experiments. The variation in the reported parameters can lead to problems with the reproducibility of the reported electroorganic syntheses. As an example, parameters such as current density or electrode distance are in some cases more significant than often anticipated. This Minireview provides guidelines on reporting electrosynthetic data and dispels myths about this technique, thereby streamlining the experimental parameters to facilitate reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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4
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Beil SB, Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Reproduzierbarkeit in der elektroorganischen Synthese – Mythen und Missverständnisse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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5
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Jones AM. Dialling-In New Reactivity into the Shono-Type Anodic Oxidation Reaction. CHEM REC 2020; 21:2120-2129. [PMID: 33146948 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This Personal Account describes the author's groups' research in the field of electrosynthetic anodic oxidation, beginning with initial trial and error attempts with the Shono oxidation. Early setbacks with complex rotameric amide mixtures, provided the ideal environment for the discovery of the Oxa-Shono reaction-Osp 2 -Csp 3 bond cleavage of esters-providing two useful products in one-step: aldehyde selective oxidation level products and a mild de-esterification method to afford carboxylic acids in the process. The development of the Oxa-Shono reaction provided the impetus for the discovery of other electrically propelled-Nsp 2 -Csp 2 and Nsp 2 -Csp 3 -bond breaking reactions in bioactive amide and sulfonamide systems. Understanding the voltammetric behaviour of the molecule under study, switching between controlled current- or controlled potential- electrolysis, and restricting electron flow (the reagent), affords exquisite control over the reaction outcomes in batch and flow. Importantly, this bio-inspired advance in electrosynthetic dealkylation chemistry mimics the metabolic outcomes observed in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Jones
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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6
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Lee BJ, DeGlopper KS, Yoon TP. Site‐Selective Alkoxylation of Benzylic C−H Bonds by Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Joo Lee
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison USA
| | - Kimberly S. DeGlopper
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison USA
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison USA
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7
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Lee BJ, DeGlopper KS, Yoon TP. Site-Selective Alkoxylation of Benzylic C-H Bonds by Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:197-202. [PMID: 31650673 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Methods that enable the direct C-H alkoxylation of complex organic molecules are significantly underdeveloped, particularly in comparison to analogous strategies for C-N and C-C bond formation. In particular, almost all methods for the incorporation of alcohols by C-H oxidation require the use of the alcohol component as a solvent or co-solvent. This condition limits the practical scope of these reactions to simple, inexpensive alcohols. Reported here is a photocatalytic protocol for the functionalization of benzylic C-H bonds with a wide range of oxygen nucleophiles. This strategy merges the photoredox activation of arenes with copper(II)-mediated oxidation of the resulting benzylic radicals, which enables the introduction of benzylic C-O bonds with high site selectivity, chemoselectivity, and functional-group tolerance using only two equivalents of the alcohol coupling partner. This method enables the late-stage introduction of complex alkoxy groups into bioactive molecules, providing a practical new tool with potential applications in synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Joo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, USA
| | - Kimberly S DeGlopper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, USA
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, USA
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Wang F, Rafiee M, Stahl SS. Electrochemical Functional-Group-Tolerant Shono-type Oxidation of Cyclic Carbamates Enabled by Aminoxyl Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6686-6690. [PMID: 29659129 PMCID: PMC6201259 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical method has been developed for α-oxygenations of cyclic carbamates by using a bicyclic aminoxyl as a mediator and water as the nucleophile. The mediated electrochemical process enables substrate oxygenation to proceed at a potential that is approximately 1 V lower than the redox potential of the carbamate substrate. This feature allows for functional-group compatibility that is inaccessible with conventional Shono oxidations, which proceed by direct electrochemical substrate oxidation. This reaction also represents the first α-functionalization of non-activated cyclic carbamates with oxoammonium oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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9
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Wiebe A, Gieshoff T, Möhle S, Rodrigo E, Zirbes M, Waldvogel SR. Electrifying Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5594-5619. [PMID: 29292849 PMCID: PMC5969240 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct synthetic organic use of electricity is currently experiencing a renaissance. More synthetically oriented laboratories working in this area are exploiting both novel and more traditional concepts, paving the way to broader applications of this niche technology. As only electrons serve as reagents, the generation of reagent waste is efficiently avoided. Moreover, stoichiometric reagents can be regenerated and allow a transformation to be conducted in an electrocatalytic fashion. However, the application of electroorganic transformations is more than minimizing the waste footprint, it rather gives rise to inherently safe processes, reduces the number of steps of many syntheses, allows for milder reaction conditions, provides alternative means to access desired structural entities, and creates intellectual property (IP) space. When the electricity originates from renewable resources, this surplus might be directly employed as a terminal oxidizing or reducing agent, providing an ultra-sustainable and therefore highly attractive technique. This Review surveys recent developments in electrochemical synthesis that will influence the future of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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10
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Wang F, Rafiee M, Stahl SS. Electrochemical Functional‐Group‐Tolerant Shono‐type Oxidation of Cyclic Carbamates Enabled by Aminoxyl Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemistry: Calling All Engineers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4149-4155. [PMID: 28834012 PMCID: PMC5823775 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Unmet potential: Electrochemistry is the most simple and basic way of altering the redox-states of organic molecules. Despite extensive studies and its demonstrated promise, it has yet to take off in mainstream synthesis. The reason is due to engineering challenges in instrument design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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12
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Wiebe A, Gieshoff T, Möhle S, Rodrigo E, Zirbes M, Waldvogel SR. Elektrifizierung der organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetisch-organische Elektrochemie: Ein Aufruf an alle Ingenieure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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Shoji T, Kim S, Chiba K. Synthesis of Azanucleosides by Anodic Oxidation in a Lithium Perchlorate-Nitroalkane Medium and Diversification at the 4′-Nitrogen Position. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4011-4014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Shoji
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Shokaku Kim
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
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Shoji T, Kim S, Chiba K. Synthesis of Azanucleosides by Anodic Oxidation in a Lithium Perchlorate-Nitroalkane Medium and Diversification at the 4′-Nitrogen Position. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Shoji
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Shokaku Kim
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
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