1
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Peelikuburage BGD, Martens WN, Waclawik ER. Light switching for product selectivity control in photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10168-10207. [PMID: 38722105 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00885e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Artificial switchable catalysis is a new, rapidly expanding field that offers great potential advantages for both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. Light irradiation is widely accepted as the best stimulus to artificial switchable chemical systems. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in the synthesis and application of photo-switchable catalysts that can control when and where bond formation and dissociation take place in reactant molecules. Photo-switchable catalysis is a niche area in current catalysis, on which systematic analysis and reviews are still lacking in the scientific literature, yet it offers many intriguing and versatile applications, particularly in organic synthesis. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in photo-switchable catalyst systems that can result in two different chemical product outcomes and thus achieve a degree of control over organic synthetic reactions. Furthermore, this review evaluates different approaches that have been employed to achieve dynamic control over both the catalytic function and the selectivity of several different types of synthesis reactions, along with the remaining challenges and potential opportunities. Owing to the great diversity of the types of reactions and conditions adopted, a quantitative comparison of efficiencies between considered systems is not the focus of this review, instead the review showcases how insights from successful adopted strategies can help better harness and channel the power of photoswitchability in this new and promising area of catalysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan G D Peelikuburage
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Wayde N Martens
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Eric R Waclawik
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
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2
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Tilly DP, Morris DTJ, Clayden J. Anion-Dependent Hydrogen-Bond Polarity Switching in Ethylene-bridged Urea Oligomers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302210. [PMID: 37589333 PMCID: PMC10946793 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The reversible coordination of anions to an N,N'-disubstituted 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylurea located at a terminus of a linear chain of ethylene-bridged hydrogen-bonded ureas triggers a cascade of conformational changes. A series of hydrogen-bond polarity reversals propagates along the oligomer, leading to a global switch of its hydrogen-bond directionality. The induced polarity switch, transmitted through four reversible urea groups, results in a change in emission and excitation wavelengths of a fluorophore located at the opposite terminus of the oligomer. The molecule thus behaves as a chemical sensor with a relayed remote spectroscopic response to variations in anion concentration. The polarity switch induced by anion concentration constitutes an artificial communication mechanism for conveying information through oligomeric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Tilly
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - David T. J. Morris
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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3
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Meredith NY, Borsley S, Smolyar IV, Nichol GS, Baker CM, Ling KB, Cockroft SL. Dissecting Solvent Effects on Hydrogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206604. [PMID: 35608961 PMCID: PMC9400978 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The experimental isolation of H‐bond energetics from the typically dominant influence of the solvent remains challenging. Here we use synthetic molecular balances to quantify amine/amide H‐bonds in competitive solvents. Over 200 conformational free energy differences were determined using 24 H‐bonding balances in 9 solvents spanning a wide polarity range. The correlations between experimental interaction energies and gas‐phase computed energies exhibited wild solvent‐dependent variation. However, excellent correlations were found between the same computed energies and the experimental data following empirical dissection of solvent effects using Hunter's α/β solvation model. In addition to facilitating the direct comparison of experimental and computational data, changes in the fitted donor and acceptor constants reveal the energetics of secondary local interactions such as competing H‐bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y Meredith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Stefan Borsley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Ivan V Smolyar
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Gary S Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Christopher M Baker
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Kenneth B Ling
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Scott L Cockroft
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
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4
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Meredith NY, Borsley S, Smolyar IV, Nichol GS, Baker CM, Ling KB, Cockroft SL. Dissecting Solvent Effects on Hydrogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y. Meredith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Stefan Borsley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Ivan V. Smolyar
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Christopher M. Baker
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY UK
| | - Kenneth B. Ling
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY UK
| | - Scott L. Cockroft
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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5
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Wootten MM, Le Bailly BAF, Tshepelevitsh S, Leito I, Clayden J. Inducing a pH-dependent conformational response by competitive binding to Zn 2+ of a series of chiral ligands of disparate basicity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2258-2269. [PMID: 35310487 PMCID: PMC8864710 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules that change shape in response to environmental conditions are central to biological molecular communication devices and their synthetic chemical analogues. Here we report a molecular system in which a series of chiral anionic ligands of differing basicity are selectively protonated according to the pH of the medium. A cationic circular dichroism (CD) reporter complex responds to anion binding by selecting one of two alternative enantiomeric conformations. Exploiting the principle that less basic anions have, in general, weaker electrostatic interactions than more basic anions, a set of three chiral acids with large (>5 unit) pK a differences and differing configurations were sequentially deprotonated in acetonitrile by addition of base, allowing the most basic anion in the mixture at any time to bind to the reporter complex. A characteristic CD output resulted, which changed in sign as the next-most basic anion was revealed by the next deprotonation in the series. Four cycles of switching between three ligand-bound states were achieved with minimal changes in signal magnitude, by alternating addition of base and acid. The pH-dependent conformational response was used to transduce a signal by appending to the binding site a 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) oligomer, whose M or P helical conformation depended on the chirality of the bound ligand, and was reported by a remote 13C-labelled NMR reporter group. The multicomponent system thus converts a pH signal into a programmable conformational response which induces a remote spectroscopic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Wootten
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | | | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu Ravila 14a Tartu 50411 Estonia
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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6
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Tilly DP, Cullen W, Zhong H, Jamagne R, Vitórica-Yrezábal I, Webb SJ. α-Amino-iso-butyric acid foldamers terminated with rhodium(I) N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104293. [PMID: 34932229 PMCID: PMC9305545 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To investigate how remotely induced changes in ligand folding might affect catalysis by organometallic complexes, dynamic α‐amino‐iso‐butyric acid (Aib) peptide foldamers bearing rhodium(I) N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes have been synthesized and studied. X‐ray crystallography of a foldamer with an N‐terminal azide and a C‐terminal Rh(NHC)(Cl)(diene) complex showed a racemate with a chiral axis in the Rh(NHC) complex and a distorted 310 helical body. Replacing the azide with either one or two chiral L‐α‐methylvaline (L‐αMeVal) residues gave diastereoisomeric foldamers that each possessed point, helical and axial chirality. NMR spectroscopy revealed an unequal ratio of diastereoisomers for some foldamers, indicating that the chiral conformational preference of the N‐terminal residue(s) was relayed down the 1 nm helical body to the axially chiral Rh(NHC) complex. Although the remote chiral residue(s) did not affect the stereoselectivity of hydrosilylation reactions catalysed by these foldamers, these studies suggest a potential pathway towards remote conformational control of organometallic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Tilly
- The University of Manchester, Department of Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - William Cullen
- The University of Manchester, Department of Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Heng Zhong
- The University of Manchester, Department of Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Romain Jamagne
- The University of Manchester, Department of Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Simon John Webb
- University of Manchester, School of Chemistry and MIB, 131 Princess St, M1 7DN, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
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7
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Bodero L, Guitot K, Lensen N, Lequin O, Brigaud T, Ongeri S, Chaume G. Introducing the Chiral Constrained α-Trifluoromethylalanine in Aib foldamers to Control, Quantify and Assign the Helical Screw-Sense. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103887. [PMID: 34890083 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oligomers of α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) are achiral peptides that adopt 3 10 helical structures with equal population of left- and right-handed conformers. Yet, the screw-sense preference of the helical chain may be controlled by a single chiral residue located at one terminus. 1 H and 19 F NMR, X-ray crystallography and circular dichroism studies on new Aib oligomers show that the incorporation of a chiral quaternary α-trifluoromethylalanine at their N -terminus induces a reversal of the screw-sense preference of the 3 10 -helix compared to that of a non-fluorinated analogue having an l-α-methyl valine residue. This work demonstrates that, among the many particular properties of introducing a trifluoromethyl group into foldamers, its stereo-electronic properties are of major interest to control the helical screw sense. Its use as an easy-to-handle 19 F NMR probe to reliably determine both the magnitude of the screw-sense preference and its sign assignment is also of remarkable interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Université Campus Pierre et Marie Curie: Sorbonne Universite Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, chemistry, FRANCE
| | | | | | - Grégory Chaume
- CY Cergy Paris Universite, Chemistry, 5 mail Gay Lussac, 95000, Cergy-Pontoise, FRANCE
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8
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Sahoo D, Benny R, Ks NK, De S. Stimuli-Responsive Chiroptical Switching. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100322. [PMID: 34694736 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
"Chirality" governs many fundamental properties in chemistry and biochemistry. While early investigations on stereochemistry are primarily dedicated to static chirality, there is an increasing interest in the field of dynamic chirality (chiral switches). These chiral switches are essential in controlling the directionality in molecular motors. Dynamic chiralities are equally crucial in switchable stereoselectivity, switchable asymmetric catalysis and enantioselective separation. Herein, we limit our discussion to recent advances on stimuli-induced chiroptical switching of axial, helical, and planar chirality in response to external stimuli. We also discuss a few examples of applications of the switchable chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptiprava Sahoo
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Renitta Benny
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Nithish Kumar Ks
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Soumen De
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
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9
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Loro C, Sala R, Penso M, Foschi F. DBU Catalysed Enantioselective Degradative Rearrangement: a Way to Tetrasubstituted 2‐Aryl‐2‐Amino Esters. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Loro
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 9 IT-20100 Como Italy
| | - Roberto Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 9 IT-20100 Como Italy
| | - Michele Penso
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) Via Golgi 19 IT-20133 Milano Italy
| | - Francesca Foschi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 9 IT-20100 Como Italy
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10
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Sato K, Umeno T, Ueda A, Kato T, Doi M, Tanaka M. Asymmetric 1,4-Addition Reactions Catalyzed by N-Terminal Thiourea-Modified Helical l-Leu Peptide with Cyclic Amino Acids. Chemistry 2021; 27:11216-11220. [PMID: 34028101 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
N-terminal thiourea-modified l-Leu-based peptide {(3,5-diCF3 Ph)NHC(=S)-(l-Leu-l-Leu-Ac5 c)2 -OMe} with five-membered ring α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids (Ac5 c) catalyzed a highly enantioselective 1,4-addition reaction between β-nitrostyrene and dimethyl malonate. The enantioselective reaction required only 0.5 mol % chiral peptide-catalyst in the presence of i Pr2 EtN (2.5 equiv.), and gave a 1,4-adduct with 93 % ee of an 85 % yield. As Michael acceptors, various β-nitrostyrene derivatives such as methyl, p-fluoro, p-bromo, and p-methoxy substituents on the phenyl group, 2-furyl, 2-thiophenyl, and naphthyl β-nitroethylenes could be applied. Furthermore, various alkyl malonates and cyclic β-keto-esters could be used as Michael donors. It became clear that the length of the peptide chain, a right-handed helical structure, amide N-Hs, and the N-terminal thiourea moiety play crucial roles in asymmetric induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sato
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 8528521, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Umeno
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 8528521, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ueda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 8528521, Japan
| | - Takuma Kato
- Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, 5698686, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Doi
- Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, 5698686, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 8528521, Japan
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11
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Pham AT, Matile S. Peptide Stapling with Anion-π Catalysts. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1562-1566. [PMID: 32311232 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of naphthalenediimides (NDIs) that are bridged with short peptides. Reminiscent of peptide stapling technologies, the macrocycles are conveniently accessible by a chromogenic nucleophilic aromatic substitution of two bromides in the NDI core with two thiols from cysteine sidechains. The dimension of core-bridged NDIs matches that of one turn of an α helix. NDI-stapled peptides exist as two, often separable atropisomers. Introduction of tertiary amine bases in amino-acid sidechains above the π-acidic NDI surface affords operational anion-π catalysts. According to an enolate chemistry benchmark reaction, anion-π catalysis next to peptides occurs with record chemoselectivity but weak enantioselectivity. Catalytic activity drops with increasing distance of the amine base to the NDI surface, looser homocysteine bridges, mismatched, shortened and elongated α-helix turns, and acyclic peptide controls. Elongation of isolated turns into short α helices significantly increases activity. This increase is consistent with remote control of anion-π catalysis from the α-helix macrodipole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh-Tuan Pham
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Rodríguez R, Suárez‐Picado E, Quiñoá E, Riguera R, Freire F. A Stimuli‐Responsive Macromolecular Gear: Interlocking Dynamic Helical Polymers with Foldamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rodríguez
- Centro Singular de investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Esteban Suárez‐Picado
- Centro Singular de investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Centro Singular de investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Ricardo Riguera
- Centro Singular de investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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13
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Rodríguez R, Suárez‐Picado E, Quiñoá E, Riguera R, Freire F. A Stimuli‐Responsive Macromolecular Gear: Interlocking Dynamic Helical Polymers with Foldamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8616-8622. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rodríguez
- Centro Singular de investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Esteban Suárez‐Picado
- Centro Singular de investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Centro Singular de investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Ricardo Riguera
- Centro Singular de investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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14
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Baráth E, Mejía E. Ein Fest der Wissenschaft inmitten der Natur: Die 54. Bürgenstock‐Konferenz. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Baráth
- Department ChemieZentralforschungsinstitut für KatalyseTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Esteban Mejía
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse (LIKAT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
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15
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Baráth E, Mejía E. A Celebration of Science amidst Nature: The 54th Bürgenstock Conference. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17107-17113. [PMID: 31441577 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Baráth
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Esteban Mejía
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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16
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Dommaschk M, Echavarren J, Leigh DA, Marcos V, Singleton TA. Dynamic Control of Chiral Space Through Local Symmetry Breaking in a Rotaxane Organocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14955-14958. [PMID: 31454135 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on a switchable rotaxane molecular shuttle that features a pseudo-meso 2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidine catalytic unit on the axle whose local symmetry is broken according to the position of a threaded benzylic amide macrocycle. The macrocycle can be selectively switched (with light in one direction; with catalytic acid in the other) with high fidelity between binding sites located to either side of the pyrrolidine unit. The position of the macrocycle dictates the facial bias of the rotaxane-catalyzed conjugate addition of aldehydes to vinyl sulfones. The pseudo-meso non-interlocked thread does not afford significant selectivity as a catalyst (2-14 % ee), whereas the rotaxane affords selectivities of up to 40 % ee with switching of the position of the macrocycle changing the handedness of the product formed (up to 60 % Δee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dommaschk
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Javier Echavarren
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Vanesa Marcos
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Thomas A Singleton
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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17
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Dommaschk M, Echavarren J, Leigh DA, Marcos V, Singleton TA. Dynamic Control of Chiral Space Through Local Symmetry Breaking in a Rotaxane Organocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dommaschk
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Javier Echavarren
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Vanesa Marcos
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Thomas A. Singleton
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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18
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Aguesseau-Kondrotas J, Simon M, Legrand B, Bantigniès JL, Kang YK, Dumitrescu D, Van der Lee A, Campagne JM, de Figueiredo RM, Maillard LT. Prospect of Thiazole-based γ-Peptide Foldamers in Enamine Catalysis: Exploration of the Nitro-Michael Addition. Chemistry 2019; 25:7396-7401. [PMID: 30946485 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As three-dimensional folding is prerequisite to biopolymer activity, complex functions may also be achieved through foldamer science. Because of the diversity of sizes, shapes and folding available with synthetic monomers, foldamer frameworks enable a numerous opportunities for designing new generations of catalysts. We herein demonstrate that heterocyclic γ-peptide scaffolds represent a versatile platform for enamine catalysis. One central feature was to determine how the catalytic activity and the transfer of chiral information might be under the control of the conformational behaviours of the oligomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Aguesseau-Kondrotas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR CNRS-UM-ENSCM 5247, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Matthieu Simon
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR CNRS-UM-ENSCM 5247, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Baptiste Legrand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR CNRS-UM-ENSCM 5247, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Young Kee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Korea
| | - Dan Dumitrescu
- XRD2 beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Arie Van der Lee
- Institut Européen des Membranes, UMR CNRS-UM-ENSCM 5635, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marc Campagne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), UMR 5253, UMR CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ludovic T Maillard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR CNRS-UM-ENSCM 5247, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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19
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Urushima A, Ousaka N, Yashima E. Tug-of-War in a Dynamic Helical Peptide: Solvent-Induced Helix-Helix Transition of a Lactam-Bridged Peptide Composed of Point- and Axial Chiralities Remote from Each Other. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3150-3154. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Urushima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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20
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Eto R, Oba M, Ueda A, Uku T, Doi M, Matsuo Y, Tanaka T, Demizu Y, Kurihara M, Tanaka M. Diastereomeric Right- and Left-Handed Helical Structures with Fourteen (R)-Chiral Centers. Chemistry 2017; 23:18120-18124. [PMID: 29134704 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between chiral centers and the helical-screw control of their peptides has already been reported, but it has yet to be elucidated in detail. A chiral four-membered ring α,α-disubstituted α-amino acid with a (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol acetal moiety at the γ-position, but no α-chiral carbon, was synthesized. X-ray crystallographic analysis unambiguously revealed that its homo-chiral heptapeptide formed right-handed (P) and left-handed (M) 310 -helical structures at a ratio of 1:1. They appeared to be enantiomeric at the peptide backbone, but diastereomeric with fourteen (R)-configuration chiral centers. Conformational analyses of homopeptides in solution also indicated that diastereomeric (P) and (M) helices existed at approximately equal amounts, with a slight preference toward right-handedness, and they quickly interchanged at room temperature. The circumstances of chiral centers are important for the control of their helical-screw direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Eto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Makoto Oba
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ueda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Uku
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Doi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsuo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurihara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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21
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Rudzińska-Szostak E, Berlicki Ł. Sequence Engineering to Control the Helix Handedness of Peptide Foldamers. Chemistry 2017; 23:14980-14986. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Rudzińska-Szostak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Science and Technology; Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Science and Technology; Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
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22
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Zimbron JM, Caumes X, Li Y, Thomas CM, Raynal M, Bouteiller L. Real-Time Control of the Enantioselectivity of a Supramolecular Catalyst Allows Selecting the Configuration of Consecutively Formed Stereogenic Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Zimbron
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS; Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris; 75005 Paris France
| | - Xavier Caumes
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères; 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Yan Li
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères; 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Christophe M. Thomas
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS; Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris; 75005 Paris France
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères; 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères; 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
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23
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Zimbron JM, Caumes X, Li Y, Thomas CM, Raynal M, Bouteiller L. Real-Time Control of the Enantioselectivity of a Supramolecular Catalyst Allows Selecting the Configuration of Consecutively Formed Stereogenic Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14016-14019. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Zimbron
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS; Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris; 75005 Paris France
| | - Xavier Caumes
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères; 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Yan Li
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères; 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Christophe M. Thomas
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS; Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris; 75005 Paris France
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères; 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères; 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
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24
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Wang C, Matile S. Anion-π Catalysts with Axial Chirality. Chemistry 2017; 23:11955-11960. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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25
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Mándity IM, Nekkaa I, Paragi G, Fülöp F. Homochirality of β-Peptides: A Significant Biomimetic Property of Unnatural Systems. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:492-496. [PMID: 28794942 PMCID: PMC5542748 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Homochirality, an interesting phenomenon of life, is mainly an unresolved problem and was thought to be a property of living matter. Herein, we show that artificial β-peptides have the tendency toward homochiral diastereoselective chain elongation. Chain-length-dependent stereochemical discrimination was investigated in the synthesis of foldamers with various side chains and secondary structures. It was found that there is a strong tendency toward the synthesis of homochiral oligomers. The size of the side chain drastically influenced the selectivity of the stereodiscriminative chain-elongation reaction. It is noteworthy that water as the co-solvent increases the selectivity. Such behavior is a novel fundamental biomimetic property of foldamers with a potential of future industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- István M. Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of SzegedEötvös u. 66720SzegedHungary
| | - Imane Nekkaa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of SzegedEötvös u. 66720SzegedHungary
| | - Gábor Paragi
- MTA-SZTE Supramolecular and Nanostructured Materials Research GroupDóm tér 86720SzegedHungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of SzegedEötvös u. 66720SzegedHungary
- Research Group of Stereochemistry of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesDóm tér 86720SzegedHungary
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26
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Jiang J, Ouyang G, Zhang L, Liu M. Self‐Assembled Chiral Nanostructures as Scaffolds for Asymmetric Reactions. Chemistry 2017; 23:9439-9450. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao 100190 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
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27
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Cho J, Ishida Y, Aida T. Helical Oligopeptides of a Quaternized Amino Acid with Tunable Chiral-Induction Ability and an Anomalous pH Response. Chemistry 2017; 23:4818-4826. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joonil Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- Emergent Bioinspired Soft Matter Research Team; Center for Emergent Matter Science; RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishida
- Emergent Bioinspired Soft Matter Research Team; Center for Emergent Matter Science; RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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28
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Liu Z, Hu X, Abramyan AM, Mészáros Á, Csékei M, Kotschy A, Huc I, Pophristic V. Computational Prediction and Rationalization, and Experimental Validation of Handedness Induction in Helical Aromatic Oligoamide Foldamers. Chemistry 2017; 23:3605-3615. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of the Sciences 600 South 43rd Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248) Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248) France
- Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique CBMN (UMR 5248) France
| | - Ara M. Abramyan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of the Sciences 600 South 43rd Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Ádám Mészáros
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry Záhony utca 7. 1031 Budapest Hungary
| | - Márton Csékei
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry Záhony utca 7. 1031 Budapest Hungary
| | - András Kotschy
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry Záhony utca 7. 1031 Budapest Hungary
| | - Ivan Huc
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248) Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie 2 rue Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248) France
- Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique CBMN (UMR 5248) France
| | - Vojislava Pophristic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of the Sciences 600 South 43rd Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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29
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Demizu Y, Okitsu K, Yamashita H, Doi M, Misawa T, Oba M, Tanaka M, Kurihara M. α-Helical Structures of Oligopeptides with an Alternating l-Leu-Aib Segment. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Demizu
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Setagaya 158-8501 Tokyo Japan
| | - Koyo Okitsu
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Setagaya 158-8501 Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamashita
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Setagaya 158-8501 Tokyo Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Doi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 569-1094 Osaka Japan
| | - Takashi Misawa
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Setagaya 158-8501 Tokyo Japan
| | - Makoto Oba
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; 852-8521 Nagasaki Japan
| | - Masakazu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; 852-8521 Nagasaki Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurihara
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Setagaya 158-8501 Tokyo Japan
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